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单词 cpp
释义

CPP


CPP

abbr. common point of purchase

cpp


cpp

C preprocessor.

CPP


CPP

Abbreviation for community psychiatry program. See: community mental health center.

pressure

(presh'ur) [L. pressura] 1. A compression.2. Stress or force exerted on a body, as by tension, weight, or pulling.3. In psychology, the quality of sensation aroused by moderate compression of the skin.4. In physics, the quotient obtained by dividing a force by the area of the surface on which it acts.

airway opening pressure

The pressure at the access point to a patient's airway, (nose, mouth, or for a mechanically ventilated patient, the trachea). When this pressure exceeds the alveolar pressure, gases tend to move into the lower airways and open the alveoli. When this pressure is less than the alveolar pressure, gases tend to move out of the lungs and into the atmosphere. See: alveolar pressure

alveolar pressure

Air pressure in the alveoli and bronchial tree. When this pressure is positive, it is higher than atmospheric pressure; when negative, less. Gases flow from higher to lower pressures: when alveolar pressures are higher than atmospheric pressure, respiratory gases tend to be exhaled. When alveolar pressures are less than atmospheric pressures, gas flows into the lungs. Synonym: intrapulmonic pressure

arterial pressure

The pressure of the blood in the arteries. For a normal young person at physical and mental rest and in sitting position, systolic blood pressure averages about 120 mm Hg; diastolic pressure about 80 mm Hg. A wide range of normal variation is due to constitutional, physical, and psychic factors. For women, the figures are slightly lower. For older people, they are higher. Normally there is little difference in the blood pressure recorded in the two arms. See: blood pressure

atmospheric pressure

The pressure of the weight of the atmosphere; at sea level it averages about 760 mm Hg.

bilevel positive airway pressure

Abbreviation: BiPAP
A type of continuous positive airway pressure in which inspiratory and expiratory pressure differ from each other.

biting pressure

The pressure exerted on the teeth during biting. Synonym:

blood pressure

See: blood pressure

capillary pressure

The blood pressure in the capillaries.

central venous pressure

Abbreviation: CVP
The pressure within the superior vena cava. It reflects the pressure under which the blood is returned to the right atrium. The normal range is between 5 and 10 cm H2O. A high CVP indicates circulatory overload (as in congestive heart failure), whereas a low CVP indicates reduced blood volume (as in hemorrhage or fluid loss). CVP can be estimated by examining the cervical veins or the dorsal veins of the hand if the neck and hand are at the level of the heart. Those veins are well filled if CVP is normal or high, and tend to collapse if it is low.

cerebrospinal pressure

The pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. This varies with body position but is normally about 100 to 180 mm H2O when the spinal canal is initially entered during lumbar puncture with the patient lying on his or her side.

continuous positive airway pressure

Abbreviation: CPAP
A method of ventilatory support applied to the spontaneously breathing patient in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure throughout the respiratory cycle. CPAP can be applied by way of a nasal mask, a face mask, or an endotracheal tube. It can be used to treat congestive heart failure, acute pulmonary edema, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and other conditions. A potential adverse effect of CPAP is barotrauma to the lungs.

coronary perfusion pressure

Abbreviation: CPP
The blood pressure in the aorta during diastole minus the blood pressure during right atrial diastole. For ICU patients it is an indicator of the adequacy of blood flow through the epicardial coronary arteries, e.g., during CPR. Patients whose CPP is > 15 mm Hg during CPR are more likely to regain spontaneous circulation than patients whose CPP is lower.

cricoid pressure

The application of manual pressure onto the cricoid cartilage during intubation and mechanical ventilation. This technique helps to occlude the esophagus and prevent the entry of air into the gastrointestinal tract during ventilation. It also diminishes the chances for regurgitation from the stomach and aspiration of gastric contents.

critical pressure

The pressure exerted by a vapor at its critical temperature in an evacuated container.

cuff pressure

The gas pressure used to inflate and hold in place the balloon surrounding a tracheal tube or laryngeal airway.

CAUTION!

To avoid damage to the trachea, the pressure should be carefully monitored and adjusted. Cuff pressure should be sufficient to prevent aspiration of secretions around the cuff.

driving pressure

1. In respiratory physiology, the difference between the inspiratory pressure and the expiratory pressure.2. In cardiovascular physiology, the difference between the arterial pressure at the source of blood flow, and the pressure at the target tissue.

effective osmotic pressure

That portion of the total osmotic pressure of a solution that determines the tendency of the solvent to pass through a membrane, usually one that is semipermeable. The tendency is for the solvent to pass from a solution containing a high concentration of the solute to the side of the membrane with the low concentration. Synonym: threshold pressure

end-diastolic pressure

Blood pressure in a ventricle of the heart at the end of diastole.

end-expiratory pressure

The pressure in the lungs when exhalation is complete.

expiratory pressure

The pressure in the lungs during the exhalation of a breath.

expiratory positive airway pressure

Abbreviation: EPAP
The amount of positive pressure in excess of the barometric pressure that is used during invasive or noninvasive ventilation while the patient is exhaling.

filling pressure

The average pressure in the atria or the ventricles at the end of diastole.

hydrostatic pressure

The pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system.

increased intracranial pressure

An elevation of the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. In healthy people intracranial pressures range between 0 and 10 mm Hg. Pressures higher than 20 mm Hg increase the risk of compression or herniation of the brain or brainstem.

inspiratory pressure

The pressure in the lungs during the inhalation of a breath.

intra-abdominal pressure

Pressure within the abdominal cavity, such as that caused by descent of the diaphragm.

intracranial pressure

The pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space between the skull and the brain. The pressure is normally the same as that found during lumbar puncture.

intraocular pressure

Abbreviation: IOP
Fluid pressure inside the eye, normally 12 to 21 mm Hg.

intrapleural pressure

Pleural pressure.

intrapulmonic pressure

Alveolar pressure.

intrathoracic pressure

Pleural pressure.

intraventricular pressure

The pressure within the ventricles of the heart during different phases of diastole and systole.

jugular venous pressure

Abbreviation: JVP
Back pressure exerted into the jugular veins from the right side of the heart.

Patient care

To estimate jugular venous pressure, have the patient lie on his or her back with the chest, neck, and head elevated 30 degrees above the horizontal. Measure the vertical height of the fullness seen as the jugular vein fills. In the healthy (and in the dehydrated) little or no blood is seen in the jugular veins, and they appear to be flat. In right-sided heart failure, the column of blood distends the jugular veins to a height of 5 to 6 cm or more.

maximum inspiratory pressure

Maximum inspiratory force.

negative pressure

Any pressure less than that of the atmosphere, or less than that pressure to which the initial pressure is being compared.

oncotic pressure

Osmotic pressure exerted by colloids in a solution.

opening pressure

Abbreviation: OP
The pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid that is detected just after a needle is placed into the spinal canal. It is normally 100 to 180 mm H20.

osmotic pressure

The force with which a solvent, usually water, passes through a semipermeable membrane separating solutions of different concentrations. It is a colligative property, i.e., it depends on the number of particles, not on the nature of the particles, dissolved in solution. It is measured by determining the hydrostatic (mechanical) pressure that must be opposed to the osmotic force to bring the passage to a standstill.

partial pressure

In a gas containing several different components, the pressure exerted by each component.

partial pressure of exhaled carbon dioxide

Abbreviation: PETCO2
The carbon dioxide content of an expired breath. In a patient with normal ventilation and perfusion, it should exceed 40 mm Hg.

peak inspiratory pressure

The maximum pressure in the lungs that is achieved at the peak of inhalation.

plateau pressure

The average pressure in the alveoli during the brief pause that follows an inhaled breath.

pleural pressure

The pressure in the pleural space, e.g., during mechanical ventilation or critical illness. It is normally lower than atmospheric pressure and therefore is sometimes called a negative pressure. It is rarely measured, except during mechanical ventilation, thoracentesis, or critical illness. Synonym: intrapleural pressure; intrathoracic pressure

positive pressure

Pressure greater than atmospheric or greater than the pressure to which the initial pressure is being compared.

positive end-expiratory pressure

Abbreviation: PEEP
In respiratory medicine, a method of holding alveoli open during expiration. This is done by gradually increasing the expiratory pressure during mechanical ventilation. When PEEP is used, it is important to monitor the hemodynamic status of the patient because PEEP reduces venous return to the heart and cardiac output. The goal is to achieve adequate arterial oxygenation, without using toxic levels of oxygen and without compromising cardiac output.

CAUTION!

The patient must be carefully monitored to allow observation for undesired side effects such as pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and pneumothorax.

positive end-expiratory pressure, auto

Abbreviation: auto-PEEP
A complication of mechanical ventilation in which the ventilator does not permit the patient sufficient time to exhale. This causes air to be trapped in the lungs, particularly the alveoli. If continued, auto-PEEP causes respiratory muscle fatigue and can cause rupture of the lung (i.e., pneumothorax). Auto-PEEP may be corrected by increasing exhalation time, decreasing the ventilator rate, or switching the ventilation mode so that the patient's spontaneous respiratory pattern governs the inspiratory and expiratory times.

posterior cricoid pressure

Pressure applied by firmly placing the thumb and index finger on the lateral aspects of a patient's cricoid ring to occlude the esophagus. Once cricoid pressure is applied, it should not be discontinued until control of the airway (as by intubation to achieve a patent airway) has been established. Synonym: Sellick's maneuver

pulmonary artery occlusive pressure

Pulmonary artery wedge pressure

pulmonary artery wedge pressure

Abbreviation: PAWP
Pressure measured in the pulmonary artery after catheterization. The catheter is positioned in the pulmonary artery, and the distal portion of the catheter is isolated from pressure behind it in the artery by inflating a balloon with air. This allows the catheter to float into a wedged position and permits sensing of transmission of pressures ahead of the catheter (in the pulmonary capillary bed) by the transducer. Because no valve is present between this location and the left atrium, the measurement reflects left atrial pressure, and, in the presence of a competent mitral valve, the measurement provides an indication of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The balloon is then passively deflated after measurements of wedge pressure are completed. Elevated wedge pressures are found characteristically in patients with congestive heart failure or fluid overload. Synonym: pulmonary artery occlusive pressure; wedge pressure See: Swan-Ganz catheter

Patient care

The nurse prepares and sets up the transducer equipment to monitor pulmonary artery pressure and PAWP according to institutional protocol and the manufacturer's instructions. The transducer is balanced and calibrated as required (every 4 to 8 hr). Hemodynamic status is monitored, and findings are documented, including pulmonary artery pressure (normally 20 to 30 mm Hg systolic and 8 to 12 mm Hg diastolic) every hour as directed. To measure PAWP every 1 to 4 hr as directed, the nurse inflates the balloon with 0.75 to 1.5 cc of air depending on balloon size (the balloon is never inflated with fluid) while watching for change in waveform (indicating wedging) and assessing for balloon rupture (lack of resistance on inflation, with absence of wedging). If this occurs, the wedging procedure is discontinued (because of concern for air embolism), and therapy is managed based on pulmonary artery diastolic pressures. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure is read, documented (normally 4 to 12 mm Hg), and correlated to clinical findings and other hemodynamic values, and any abnormal findings are reported. The nurse then removes the syringe and permits passive deflation of the balloon while observing for reappearance of pulmonary artery pressure waveform. If the balloon remains inflated, the patient is at risk for pulmonary artery necrosis. The patient should be positioned on the right side and encouraged to take deep breaths and to cough as the nurse mobilizes the right arm. If the balloon remains wedged, the physician should be notified. Fluid and diuretic therapy are adjusted based on PAWP and other values as prescribed. Impedance cardiography may be employed as an alternative to invasive monitoring with a pulmonary artery catheter.

pulse pressure

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures. The systolic pressure is normally about 40 points greater than the diastolic. A pulse pressure over 50 points or under 30 points is considered abnormal.

production pressure

The idea that an institution's quantity of productivity is more important than its quality. In health care institutions, the pressure to move patients quickly from one status or setting to another, or to maximize bed occupancy, may sometimes take precedence over attention to detail and the provision of optimal care. To counteract such pressures, health care professionals must communicate clearly and effectively with each other, follow established safe practices, have methods for reporting errors, and have protocols that link providers of different organizational status.

solution pressure

Pressure that tends to dissolve a solid present in a solution.

static pressure

1. The pressure in the circulatory system between pulses.2. Pressures that are present in a system when any variables that may impact the system are minimized.

systolic pressure

Systolic blood pressure.

threshold pressure

Effective osmotic pressure.

transpulmonary pressure

Alveolar pressure minus pleural pressure. When normal transpulmonary pressures are exceeded, air leaks may develop.

venous pressure

The pressure of the blood within the veins. It is highest near the periphery, diminishing progressively from capillaries to the heart. Near the heart the venous pressure may be below zero (negative pressure) owing to negative intrathoracic pressure.

wedge pressure

Pulmonary artery wedge pressure.

coronary perfusion pressure

Abbreviation: CPP
The blood pressure in the aorta during diastole minus the blood pressure during right atrial diastole. For ICU patients it is an indicator of the adequacy of blood flow through the epicardial coronary arteries, e.g., during CPR. Patients whose CPP is > 15 mm Hg during CPR are more likely to regain spontaneous circulation than patients whose CPP is lower. See also: pressure

CPP


AcronymDefinition
CPP➣C Plus Plus
CPP➣Canada Pension Plan
CPP➣Capital Purchase Program
CPP➣C Preprocessor
CPP➣Certified Payroll Professional
CPP➣Cal Poly Pomona (a California State university in Pomona, California)
CPP➣Communist Party of the Philippines
CPP➣Certified Protection Professional (American Society for Industrial Security)
CPP➣Comité de Protection des Personnes (French: Committee to Protect People)
CPP➣Chicken Pot Pie (band)
CPP➣Cell-Penetrating Peptide
CPP➣Critical Peak Pricing (demand response; utility rates)
CPP➣Committee on Public Policy
CPP➣Classic Performance Products (Anaheim, CA)
CPP➣Convention People's Party (Ghana)
CPP➣Calling Party Pays (Cellular)
CPP➣Community Planning Partnership (Scotland)
CPP➣Customer Preview Program (Microsoft beta testing)
CPP➣College of Pharmacy Practice (UK)
CPP➣Certified Professional Photographer
CPP➣Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
CPP➣Collaboration Protocol Profile (ebXML)
CPP➣Czech Press Photo (award)
CPP➣Código de Processo Penal (Brazilian Code of Criminal Procedure)
CPP➣Chronic Pelvic Pain
CPP➣Custom Product Power
CPP➣Certified Privacy Professional
CPP➣Control Plane Policing
CPP➣Certified Perfect Partners
CPP➣Cordless Phone Profile
CPP➣Command Processing Program
CPP➣Common Profile for Presence
CPP➣Card Photo Printer
CPP➣Corporate Preview Program
CPP➣Combined Proprietary Protocol
CPP➣Computer Protection Program
CPP➣C Pre-Processor
CPP➣Control Path Processor
CPP➣Certified Permitting Professional
CPP➣Collaboration Protocol Profile
CPP➣Certified Professional Program
CPP➣Cost Per Page (printers)
CPP➣Carefree Personal Protection
CPP➣Compiler Preprocessor
CPP➣Child Protection Program (various organizations)
CPP➣Central Precocious Puberty
CPP➣Card Protection Plan
CPP➣Cogeneration Power Plant
CPP➣City Pair Pogram (US GSA)
CPP➣Cost Per Point
CPP➣Chemical Processing Plant
CPP➣Commercial Package Policy (insurance)
CPP➣Citations per Paper (scientific publication)
CPP➣Community Participation Program (various locations)
CPP➣Codice di Procedura Penale (Italian legislation)
CPP➣Controllable Pitch Propeller
CPP➣Canadian Public Policy
CPP➣Current Perpendicular-to-the-Plane (spin valve)
CPP➣Captive Power Plant
CPP➣Comprehensive Protection Plan (church insurance)
CPP➣Contacted Poly Pitch (micorelectronics)
CPP➣Coronary Perfusion Pressure
CPP➣Center for Public Policy
CPP➣Continuing Planning Process
CPP➣Cleveland Public Power
CPP➣Capitol Power Plant (Washington, DC)
CPP➣Concrete Pressure Pipe
CPP➣Conseil Paritaire de la Publicité (French: Joint Council of Advertising)
CPP➣Community Partnership Program
CPP➣Cycle Préparatoire Polytechnique (French: Polytechnic Preparatory Cycle; educational program)
CPP➣Certified Parking Professional (National Parking Association)
CPP➣Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.
CPP➣Certified Packaging Professional
CPP➣Crime Prevention Program (California)
CPP➣Casein Phosphopeptides
CPP➣Circuit Primaire Principal (French: Primary Main Circuit)
CPP➣Consultation Publique de Psychanalyse (French: Public Consultation of Psychoanalysis)
CPP➣Certified Purchasing Professional
CPP➣Cost per Procedure
CPP➣Conflict Prevention Pool (various locations)
CPP➣Certified Professional Purchaser (Canadian Purchase Research Foundation)
CPP➣Certified Professional Purchaser (Purchasing Management Association of Canada)
CPP➣Corporate Partnership Program (various organizations)
CPP➣Chief Public Prosecutor (various locations)
CPP➣Creative Parallel Processing
CPP➣Core Product Portfolio (various companies)
CPP➣Cambodian Peoples Party
CPP➣Comité de la Prévention et de la Précaution
CPP➣Center for Patient Partnerships (Wisconsin)
CPP➣Cumulative Patient Profile (various organizations)
CPP➣Chinese Postman Problem
CPP➣Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product
CPP➣Choroid Plexus Papilloma
CPP➣Cents Per Pound
CPP➣Command Post Platform
CPP➣Crop Protection Programme (UK)
CPP➣Critical Performance Parameter
CPP➣Current Purchasing Power
CPP➣Certified Prevention Professional
CPP➣Centre de Plongée du Pradet (French diving center)
CPP➣Conservation Partners Program (various locations)
CPP➣Core Python Programming
CPP➣Central Processing Platform (offshore drilling)
CPP➣Career Planning Program
CPP➣Certified Program Planner
CPP➣Comprehensive Personality Profile
CPP➣College of Practitioners of Phytotherapy
CPP➣Career Preparation Program
CPP➣Centre for Public Participation
CPP➣Creating Profitable Partnerships (UK)
CPP➣Corrugated Plastic Pipe
CPP➣Certified Pricing Professional
CPP➣Computer Plus Peripherals (Blantyre, Malawi)
CPP➣Concertation des Parlementaires Progressistes (French: Coalition of Parliamentarians for Progress; Haiti)
CPP➣Cuba Poster Project
CPP➣Critical Process Parameter
CPP➣Clutch Pedal Position (Switch)
CPP➣Church Planting Process
CPP➣Celebrity Ping Pong (magazine)
CPP➣Chinese Philosophy Page
CPP➣Characters Per Pica
CPP➣Centre Professionnel de Porrentruy (Switzerland)
CPP➣Cooperative Pharmacy Program
CPP➣Certified Purple Processor (National Association of Mortgage Processors)
CPP➣Coalition for Progress Party (Sierra Leone)
CPP➣College Partnership Program
CPP➣Clean Petroleum Product
CPP➣Computational Particle Physics
CPP➣Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc. (Fort Collins, CO and St. Peters, NSW, Australia)
CPP➣Crumpler Plastic Pipe Inc.
CPP➣Competitive Placement Plan
CPP➣Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe
CPP➣Combinet Proprietary Protocol (Cisco)
CPP➣Computer Purchase Program
CPP➣Control Plane Policing (Cisco)
CPP➣Collective Philanthropy Project
CPP➣Certified Process Professional
CPP➣Color Picker Pro
CPP➣Centralized Protection Policy (Cisco)
CPP➣Creative Pioneer Programme (National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts; UK)
CPP➣Cable Patch Panel
CPP➣Casted Polypropylene
CPP➣Certain Places Pay
CPP➣Ashéninca Perené (SIL code, Peru)
CPP➣Communications Protocol Processor
CPP➣Content Protection Parity (EMC)
CPP➣Central Park Players (Grand Haven, MI)
CPP➣Common Practice Period (music theory)
CPP➣Cooperative Purchasing Program
CPP➣Constrained Production Planning (supply chain management)
CPP➣California Plant Protection
CPP➣Club Penguin Planet (gaming website)
CPP➣Centralized Postage Payment System (US Postal Service; for mass mailers)
CPP➣Cell Physiology and Pharmacology
CPP➣Current Patent Practice (World Wide Web Consortium)
CPP➣3,3-(2 Carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-Propyl-1-Phosphonate (NMDA receptor antagonist)
CPP➣Cloud Photopolarimeter
CPP➣Characters Per Page
CPP➣Control Plane Protection (also seen as CPPr)
CPP➣Chemical Production Process
CPP➣Certification Program Plan
CPP➣College of Public Programs
CPP➣Card Punching Printer
CPP➣Credential for Practice Program
CPP➣Career Pilot Program
CPP➣Center for Photographic Projects
CPP➣Computer Program Package
CPP➣Central Park Precinct (NYPD)
CPP➣Computational Physics Project (College of Wooster)
CPP➣Carcinogenic Potency Project
CPP➣Camouflage Pattern Printing
CPP➣Comprehensive Performance Partnership
CPP➣Celebrity Protection Program
CPP➣Certified Point-Of-Purchase Professional
CPP➣Convoy Protection Platform (heavily armored and armed truck)
CPP➣Citrus Pulp Pellet
CPP➣Computer Platform Planning (Sprint)
CPP➣Compliance Policy & Planning
CPP➣Cure Parkinson's Project
CPP➣Complex Privatization Plan
CPP➣Civilian Personnel Pamphlet/Policy
CPP➣Certified Patent Practitioner (National Council on Patent Practicum, Inc.)
CPP➣Currently Permitted Program
CPP➣Caribbean Policy Project
CPP➣Configurable Port Processor
CPP➣Counter Proliferation Programme (Europol)
CPP➣Circuit Pack Power (Lucent)
CPP➣Competitive Pricing Plan
CPP➣Contract Performance Plan
CPP➣Concept Position Papers
CPP➣Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Physiology
CPP➣Complete Price Protection
CPP➣Certified Private Pilot (US FAA designation)
CPP➣Columbus Pro Percussion, Inc
CPP➣Copyproof Positive Paper
CPP➣Coarse Production Planning
CPP➣Concrete Power Pole
CPP➣Cooperative Program / Project Personnel
CPP➣Claimant Program Proposal
CPP➣Coolant Pumping Power
CPP➣Common PIM (Personal Information Management) Portlet (IBM)
CPP➣Corporate Partner Privacy
CPP➣Constant Power-Control Policy
CPP➣Cliente Potecialmente Peligroso (Spanish: Potentially Dangerous Customer)
CPP➣Customer Pallet Preparation
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更新时间：2026/9/25 2:06:01