Chronaxie

chronaxie

[′krä‚nak·sē] (physiology) The time interval required to excite a tissue by an electric current of twice the galvanic threshold.

Chronaxie

the minimum time required for a constant electric current of twice the threshold voltage to excite tissue. The concept of chronaxie was introduced in 1909 by the French physiologist L. Lapicque.

Until the late 19th century, excitability in tissues was determined according to the stimulus threshold. In 1892 the Russian physiologist N. E. Vvedenskii established the importance of time as a factor determining the course of a physiological reaction. The Dutch physicist L. Gorweg (1892) and the French physiologist G. Weis (1901) established experimentally that the magnitude of a stimulus producing excitation in tissues was inversely dependent on the duration of the stimulus’s action and could be expressed graphically by a hyperbola (see Figure 1). The minimum voltage that will produce excitation when applied without time limitation, that is, the rheobase, corresponds in the figure to the segment OA (BC). The minimum effective time of action of the threshold stimulus corresponds to the segment OC; this time of action is termed effective because any further increase in the current’s time of action has no effect on the origin of the action potential.

Figure 1. Intensity-time (intensityduration) curve

In the case of brief stimuli, the intensity-time curve becomes parallel to the ordinate axis, that is, excitation does not occur regardless of the intensity of the stimulus. The asymptotic approach of the curve to a line parallel to the abscissa makes it impossible to determine the effective time with sufficient accuracy. This is because insignificant deviations in the rheobase that reflect changes in the functional state of the biological membranes at rest are accompanied by significant fluctuations in the duration of the stimulus. Lapicque consequently proposed measuring another conventional magnitude, the chronaxie—that is, a duration of the stimulus equal to twice the rheobase; in Figure 1 this corresponds to the segment OD (EF). At a given magnitude of the stimulus, the minimum time of the stimulus’s action that produces a threshold effect is equal to OF. It has been established that the shape of the curve representing the excitability of tissue in relation to the intensity and duration of a stimulus is similar in highly diverse tissues. The differences among such tissues are meaningful only in relation to the absolute values of the corresponding magnitudes, and primarily to that of time; that is, excitable tissues differ from one another in terms of the time constant of stimulation.

Chronaxie may be constitutional or subordinative. Constitutional chronaxie is relevant to tissue exclusive of the tissue’s neural relationship with the body. Subordinative chronaxie is relevant to tissue in its natural relationship with the body, and primarily with the central nervous system, which regulates the tissue’s activity. Consequently, changes in subordinative chronaxie, for example, in that of muscles, reflect changes both in the given muscle and in the central nervous system. Subordinative chronaxie is generally more brief than constitutional chronaxie.

The chronaxie of excitable tissues varies; it is less prolonged in nerves than in skeletal muscles. Among the different types of muscle tissue, skeletal striated muscles have the briefest chronaxie. The chronaxie of the heart muscle is more prolonged, and that of the smooth muscles is the most prolonged. The measurement of chronaxie by means of chronaximetry was formerly a common means of studying man’s locomotor activity.

REFERENCES

Beritov, I. S. Obshchaia fiziologiia myshechnoi i nervnoi sistemy, 3rd ed., vol. 1. Moscow, 1959.
Ufliand, Iu. M. Teoriia i praktika khronaksimetrii. Leningrad, 1941.
Ufliand, Iu. M. Fiziologiia dvigalel’nogo apparata cheloveka. Leningrad, 1965.
Lapicque, L. L’Excitabilité en function du temps: La chronaxie, sa signification et sa mesure. Paris, 1926.

V. G. ZlLOV

chronaxie

[kro´nak-se] the minimum time at which an electric current must flow at a voltage twice the rheobase to cause a muscle to contract. In a curve" >strength-duration curve for muscle stimulation, it is the width" >pulse width at a voltage twice that at the rheobase.

chro·nax·ie

(krō'nak-sē), A measurement of excitability of nervous or muscular tissue; the shortest duration of an effective electrical stimulus having a strength equal to twice the minimum strength required for excitation. Synonym(s): chronaxia, chronaxis, chronaxy [G. chronos, time, + axia, value]

chronaxie

also

chronaxy

(krō′năk′sē, krŏn′ăk′-)n. pl. chronax·ies The minimum interval of time necessary to electrically stimulate a muscle or nerve fiber, using twice the minimum current needed to elicit a threshold response.

chro·nax·ie

(krō'nak-sē) A measurement of excitability of nervous or muscular tissue; the shortest duration of an effective electrical stimulus having a strength equal to twice the minimum strength required for excitation. [G.chronos, time, + axia, value]

chronaxie

The minimum time for which an adequate electric current must be applied to a nerve to produce a contraction of the associated muscle. An adequate current is one that is at least twice the threshold value.

单词	chronaxie
释义	chronaxie chro·nax·ie also chro·nax·y C0340200 (krō′năk′sē, krŏn′ăk′-)n. pl. chro·nax·ies The minimum interval of time necessary to electrically stimulate a muscle or nerve fiber, using twice the minimum current needed to elicit a threshold response. [French : Greek khronos, time + Greek axiā, value (from axios, worthy; see ag- in Indo-European roots).] chronaxie (ˈkrəʊnæksɪ) or chronaxy n (Physiology) physiol the minimum time required for excitation of a nerve or muscle when the stimulus is double the minimum (threshold) necessary to elicit a basic response. Compare rheobase[C20: from French, from chrono- + Greek axia worth, from axios worthy, of equal weight] chro•nax•ie or chro•nax•y (ˈkroʊ næk si, ˈkrɒn æk-) n. the minimum time that an electric current of twice the threshold strength must flow in order to excite a muscle or nerve tissue. [1915–20; < French, =chron- chron- + -axie < Greek axía worth, value] Chronaxie chronaxie [′krä‚nak·sē] (physiology) The time interval required to excite a tissue by an electric current of twice the galvanic threshold. Chronaxie the minimum time required for a constant electric current of twice the threshold voltage to excite tissue. The concept of chronaxie was introduced in 1909 by the French physiologist L. Lapicque. Until the late 19th century, excitability in tissues was determined according to the stimulus threshold. In 1892 the Russian physiologist N. E. Vvedenskii established the importance of time as a factor determining the course of a physiological reaction. The Dutch physicist L. Gorweg (1892) and the French physiologist G. Weis (1901) established experimentally that the magnitude of a stimulus producing excitation in tissues was inversely dependent on the duration of the stimulus’s action and could be expressed graphically by a hyperbola (see Figure 1). The minimum voltage that will produce excitation when applied without time limitation, that is, the rheobase, corresponds in the figure to the segment OA (BC). The minimum effective time of action of the threshold stimulus corresponds to the segment OC; this time of action is termed effective because any further increase in the current’s time of action has no effect on the origin of the action potential. Figure 1. Intensity-time (intensityduration) curve In the case of brief stimuli, the intensity-time curve becomes parallel to the ordinate axis, that is, excitation does not occur regardless of the intensity of the stimulus. The asymptotic approach of the curve to a line parallel to the abscissa makes it impossible to determine the effective time with sufficient accuracy. This is because insignificant deviations in the rheobase that reflect changes in the functional state of the biological membranes at rest are accompanied by significant fluctuations in the duration of the stimulus. Lapicque consequently proposed measuring another conventional magnitude, the chronaxie—that is, a duration of the stimulus equal to twice the rheobase; in Figure 1 this corresponds to the segment OD (EF). At a given magnitude of the stimulus, the minimum time of the stimulus’s action that produces a threshold effect is equal to OF. It has been established that the shape of the curve representing the excitability of tissue in relation to the intensity and duration of a stimulus is similar in highly diverse tissues. The differences among such tissues are meaningful only in relation to the absolute values of the corresponding magnitudes, and primarily to that of time; that is, excitable tissues differ from one another in terms of the time constant of stimulation. Chronaxie may be constitutional or subordinative. Constitutional chronaxie is relevant to tissue exclusive of the tissue’s neural relationship with the body. Subordinative chronaxie is relevant to tissue in its natural relationship with the body, and primarily with the central nervous system, which regulates the tissue’s activity. Consequently, changes in subordinative chronaxie, for example, in that of muscles, reflect changes both in the given muscle and in the central nervous system. Subordinative chronaxie is generally more brief than constitutional chronaxie. The chronaxie of excitable tissues varies; it is less prolonged in nerves than in skeletal muscles. Among the different types of muscle tissue, skeletal striated muscles have the briefest chronaxie. The chronaxie of the heart muscle is more prolonged, and that of the smooth muscles is the most prolonged. The measurement of chronaxie by means of chronaximetry was formerly a common means of studying man’s locomotor activity. REFERENCES Beritov, I. S. Obshchaia fiziologiia myshechnoi i nervnoi sistemy, 3rd ed., vol. 1. Moscow, 1959. Ufliand, Iu. M. Teoriia i praktika khronaksimetrii. Leningrad, 1941. Ufliand, Iu. M. Fiziologiia dvigalel’nogo apparata cheloveka. Leningrad, 1965. Lapicque, L. L’Excitabilité en function du temps: La chronaxie, sa signification et sa mesure. Paris, 1926. V. G. ZlLOV chronaxie chronaxie [kro´nak-se] the minimum time at which an electric current must flow at a voltage twice the rheobase to cause a muscle to contract. In a curve" >strength-duration curve for muscle stimulation, it is the width" >pulse width at a voltage twice that at the rheobase. chro·nax·ie (krō'nak-sē), A measurement of excitability of nervous or muscular tissue; the shortest duration of an effective electrical stimulus having a strength equal to twice the minimum strength required for excitation. Synonym(s): chronaxia, chronaxis, chronaxy [G. chronos, time, + axia, value] chronaxie also chronaxy (krō′năk′sē, krŏn′ăk′-)n. pl. chronax·ies The minimum interval of time necessary to electrically stimulate a muscle or nerve fiber, using twice the minimum current needed to elicit a threshold response. chro·nax·ie (krō'nak-sē) A measurement of excitability of nervous or muscular tissue; the shortest duration of an effective electrical stimulus having a strength equal to twice the minimum strength required for excitation. [G.chronos, time, + axia, value] chronaxie The minimum time for which an adequate electric current must be applied to a nerve to produce a contraction of the associated muscle. An adequate current is one that is at least twice the threshold value.
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chronaxie

chro·nax·ie

chronaxie

chronaxy

chro•nax•ie

or chro•nax•y

Chronaxie

chronaxie

Chronaxie

REFERENCES

chronaxie

chronaxie

chro·nax·ie

chronaxie

chronaxy

chro·nax·ie

chronaxie