| 单词 | electron gun | |||
| 释义 | electron gunelectron gunelectron gunelec′tron gun`n.
electron gunelectron gun[i′lek‚trän ‚gən]Electron Guna device for the production of streams of electrons (electron beams) in a region from which air has been removed (a vacuum). The electrons in an electron gun are emitted from a cathode and are accelerated by an electric field (Figure 1). Electron emission from the cathode occurs primarily through thermionic emission, emission from a plasma, field emission, and photoemission. The formation of a specific electron beam distribution at the exit of an electron gun is governed by the selection of the electric and magnetic field configurations and strengths and is the subject of electron optics (see). The term “electron gun” may be applied both to devices for forming high-intensity electron beams (high-current electron guns) and to simpler arrangements of electrodes for producing low-intensity beams, which are used in klystrons, magnetrons, and electron-beam devices; in the Soviet literature, these simpler arrangements are often referred to as electron projectors (elektronnye prozhektory). The designs and parameters of low-current electron guns are extremely varied. A diagram of one type is shown in Figure 2. Electron guns are used extensively in technology and scientific research, particularly in television systems, electron microscopes, image converters, metal-melting and welding equipment, and equipment for the excitation of gas lasers. The currents of electron beams in low-current electron guns may have values ranging from tens of microamperes to tens of amperes, and the electron energies may reach hundreds of kilo-electron volts.
High-current electron guns are two-electrode devices (diodes) capable of generating electron beams with much higher currents (up to 104–107 amperes); the accelerated electrons have energies up to 10–20 megaelectron volts, and the power rating is ≲1013watts. Cold cathodes that exhibit explosive electron emission are normally used in a high-current electron gun at current densities of ≳ kiloampere per cm2. Such brief, intense emission occurs upon the heating and explosion of micropeaks on the surface of the cathode by the field emission current. The ionization of vapor leads to formation near the cathode surface of a dense plasma and to an increase by a factor of 103–104 in the average emission current density. The plasma near the cathode expands toward the anode with a velocity v = 2–3 × 106 cm/sec and closes the diode circuit consisting of a cathode and an anode in a time d/v (where d is the cathode-anode distance), thereby limiting the duration of the beam current across the diode to times of ~10–8–10–6 sec. At low currents and in the absence of a tenuous plasma between the cathode and the anode, the motion of electrons in a high-current electron gun is similar to the motion in a low-current electron gun, with allowance for relativistic corrections. The distinguishing feature of electron guns operating in high-current modes lies in the strong influence exerted by the magnetic field of the beam on the electron trajectories. Calculation shows that at a diode current
(Figure 3, where e is the total energy of the electrons at the anode and mc2 is the rest energy; seeRELATIVITY, THEORY OF), the magnetic field of the electron flow turns the electrons toward the axis of the flow and compresses the flow toward the center of the anode. Compression of the beam at the anode results in a screening of the central cathode region by the space charge of the beam. As a result, electrons are emitted mainly by the edge of the cathode, which can be easily seen in Figure 3. The effect of compression is most pronounced if the space charge and its electric field are partially compensated by the plasma ions filling the axis region of the diode or covering the anode surface. The plasma in the diode is produced either by means of external sources or as a result of heating of the anode by the electron beam. In the latter case, the current density of the focused beam on the anode reaches 106–108amperes per cm2, and the energy flux density is ≲1013 watts per cm2. The beam in this case can only by convention be called a beam, since the transverse velocity of the electrons is comparable to the longitudinal velocity.
If there is a layer of dense plasma on the anode, the ions are accelerated toward the cathode by the electric field, and the current in the diode is transported by both electrons and ions. Theory and calculations, confirmed by experiments, predict that as a result of the interaction of the magnetic field with the electrons, the electron current ceases increasing with increasing Rid (in contrast to the ion current). This opens up the possibility of producing ion beams with a current of ≳106 amperes in high-current electron guns. The effect of suppression of electron currents on the periphery of the diode by means of magnetic fields, which may be called magnetic insulation, is used in the vacuum transmission lines that connect the power supply to the diode of the electron gun; the lines can withstand an electric field strength of ≲4 × 106 watts per cm without breakdown. High-current electron guns are used to heat plasmas, to provide collective acceleration of charged particles, to produce bremsstrahlung and neutron fluxes, and to generate microwave oscillations and laser radiation. They are also employed in research in solid-state physics.
REFERENCESAliamovskii, I. V. Elektronnye puchki i elektronnye pushki. Moscow, 1966.Mesiats, G. A. Generirovanie moshchnykh nanosekundnykh impul’sov. Moscow, 1974. Smirnov, V. P. “Poluchenie sil’notochnykh puchkov elektronov.” Pribory i tekhnika eksperimenta, 1977, issue 2. V. P. SMIRNOV electron gunA device that creates a fine beam of electrons that is focused on a phosphor screen in a CRT.electron gun
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