chlorate

(klōr`āt, klôr`–) and

perchlorate

(pərklōr`āt, –klôr`–), saltssalt,
chemical compound (other than water) formed by a chemical reaction between an acid and a base (see acids and bases). Characteristics and Classification of Salts

The most familiar salt is sodium chloride, the principal component of common table salt.
..... Click the link for more information. of chloric acid, HClO₃, and perchloric acid, HClO₄, respectively.

Chloric Acid and Its Salts

Chloric acid, HClO₃·7H₂O, is a colorless substance that occurs only in solution. It is a strong acid and a strong oxidizing agent that decomposes if heated above 40&degC;. Under certain conditions it forms oxygen, water, and the explosive gas chlorine dioxide, ClO₂; under other conditions it forms perchloric acid and hydrochloric acid.

Formation of Chlorates

A chlorate may be formed (together with the corresponding chloride) by heating the hypochlorite; e.g., 3Ca(ClO)₂→Ca(ClO₃)₂+2CaCl₂. This reaction takes place when chlorine gas is passed into a hot aqueous solution of a metal hydroxide; the hypochlorite is formed and decomposes almost immediately. Commercially, a chlorate is derived when a hot aqueous metal chloride solution is decomposed by electrolysis, forming chlorine gas at the anode and metal hydroxide at the cathode (with evolution of hydrogen); the chlorine reacts with the hydroxide to form the hypochlorite, which decomposes to form the chlorate.

Commercial Uses of Chlorates

The most industrially important chlorate is potassium chlorate, or chlorate of potash, KClO₃; sodium chlorate, or chlorate of soda, NaClO₃, is also used. Potassium chlorate is a colorless crystalline substance that melts at 356&degC; and decomposes violently at about 400&degC;. It is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in making explosives and matches; a mixture of potassium chlorate with phosphorus, sulfur, or any of numerous organic compounds (e.g., charcoal or sugar) explodes upon friction or percussion. When a chlorate is heated, oxygen is evolved, often explosively, and the chloride is formed; e.g., 2KClO₃→2KCl+3O₂. The reaction proceeds controllably at lower temperatures if a catalyst, e.g., manganese dioxide, is used; this provides a convenient source of oxygen. If the chlorate is heated carefully at a lower temperature so that no oxygen is given off, the perchlorate and chloride are formed; e.g., 4KClO₃→3KClO₄+KCl.

Perchloric Acid and Its Salts

Perchloric acid, HClO₄, is a volatile, unstable, colorless liquid that is a strong, corrosive acid and a powerful oxidizing agent, especially when hot. It explodes if heated to about 90&degC; or on contact with combustible materials. The monohydrate, HClO₄·H₂O, is fairly stable and forms needlelike crystals that melt at 50&degC;. It explodes if heated to 110&degC;. The dihydrate, HClO₄·2H₂O, is a stable liquid that boils at 200&degC;.

Formation of Perchlorates

Perchloric anhydride, or chlorine heptoxide, Cl₂O₇, is a colorless, oily liquid that boils at 82&degC; without exploding but that may be detonated by shock; it can be prepared by adding phosphorus pentoxide to cold perchloric acid. The perchlorate free radical (chlorine tetroxide, ClO₄) can be prepared by adding bromine to silver perchlorate; it is extremely reactive and unstable.

Commercial Uses of Perchlorates

Perchlorates are safer to handle than chlorates; they are more stable when exposed to heat or shock. Potassium perchlorate, KClO₄, is perhaps most widely used, e.g., in matches, fireworks, and explosives. It is a colorless crystalline substance that melts at about 610&degC;.

Chlorate

any one of a group of salts of chloric acid, HClO₃. Chlorates are crystalline compounds that are stable at ordinary temperatures but decompose upon heating or in the presence of catalysts with the liberation of oxygen. Most are readily soluble in water and some organic solvents. Chlorates form explosive mixtures with organic and readily oxidizable compounds. Sodium chlorate, potassium chlorate, calcium chlorate, and magnesium chlorate are produced on an industrial scale.

Potassium chlorate, KClO₃, has a density of 2.344 g/cm³ and a melting point of 370°C. It was first produced in 1786 by C. L. Berthollet by the addition of chlorine to a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide. Its solubility in water is 32.4 g/liter (g/l) at 0°C, 170.5 g/l at 50°C, and 437 g/l at 100°C. Potassium chlorate is nonhygroscopic. It decomposes at about 400°C with the liberation of oxygen; however, in the presence of catalysts, such as MnO₂ and Fe₂O₃, it decomposes at about 150°–200°C. Chemically pure potassium chlorate explodes at 550°–600°C, and in a mixture with sulfur, phosphorus, and many organic compounds, it explodes upon impact or friction. Its explosiveness increases in the presence of bromates and ammonium salts. Potassium chlorate is produced by the exchange decomposition of calcium chlorate or sodium chlorate with KCl. It is used in the production of matches and pyrotechnical substances.

Sodium chlorate, NaClO₃, has a density of 2.49 g/cm³ at 15°C and a melting point of 248°C. Its solubility in water is 612 g/l at 0°C, 870 g/l at 50°C, and 1,190 at g/l at 100°C. Slightly hygroscopic, it is similar to potassium chlorate in chemical properties. It is produced by the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of NaCl in cells without diaphragms. It is used to obtain chlorine dioxide and in the production of other chlorates and perchlorates.

Calcium chlorate, Ca(ClO₃)₂, is a very hygroscopic salt. With water it forms the crystal hydrates Ca(ClO₃) · nH₂O, where n ranges from 1 to 6. It disperses in the air. Calcium chlorate is produced by the chlorination of milk of lime:

6Ca(OH)₂ + 6Cl₂ = Ca(ClO₃)₂ + 5CaCl₂ + 6H₂O

It is used as an intermediate in the production of potassium chlorate; it is also used in agriculture as a herbicide and defoliant.

Magnesium chlorate, Mg(ClO₃)₂, is a very hygroscopic salt. With water it forms crystal hydrates, such as Mg(ClO₃)₂ · 6H₂O. Anhydrous magnesium chlorate has not been obtained. Magnesium chlorate disperses in the air. The crystal hydrate is obtained by melting sodium chlorate with bischofite:

2NaClO₃ + MgCl₂ · 6H₂O = Mg(ClO₃)₂ · 6H₂O + 2NaCl

It is flammable and explosive. Magnesium chlorate is used for the preharvest removal of leaves from the cotton plant and for the desiccation of sunflower, rice, seed plants of leguminous crops, and sugar-beet transplantations.

Chlorates have low toxicity. Chronic chlorate poisoning results from internal consumption or the breathing of chlorate dust.

L. M. IAKIMENKO

chlorate

[′klȯr‚āt] (inorganic chemistry) ClO₃^- A negative ion derived from chloric acid. A salt of chloric acid.

chlorate

any salt of chloric acid, containing the monovalent ion ClO₃^--

chlorate

chlorpheniramine

(klor-fen-ir-a-meen) chlorpheniramine,

Aller-Chlor

(trade name),

Allergy

(trade name),

Chlo-Amine

(trade name),

Chlorate

(trade name),

Chlor-Trimeton

(trade name),

Chlor-Trimeton Allergy 4 Hour

(trade name),

Chlor-Trimeton Allergy 8 Hour

(trade name),

Chlor-Trimeton Allergy 12 Hour

(trade name),

Chlor-Tripolon

(trade name),

PediaCare Allergy Formula

(trade name),

Phenetron

(trade name),

Telechlor

(trade name),

Teldrin

(trade name)

Classification

Therapeutic: allergy cold cough remedies
Pregnancy Category: B

Indications

Relief of allergic symptoms caused by histamine release, including:

Nasal allergies,

Allergic dermatoses.

Management of severe allergic or hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and transfusion reactions.

Action

Antagonizes the effects of histamine at H₂-receptor sites; does not bind to or inactivate histamine.

Therapeutic effects

Decreased symptoms of histamine excess (sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal and ocular pruritus, ocular tearing, and redness).

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption: Well absorbed following oral and parenteral administration.Distribution: Widely distributed. Minimal amounts excreted in breast milk. Crosses the blood-brain barrier.Metabolism and Excretion: Extensively metabolized by the liver.Half-life: 12–15 hr.

Time/action profile (antihistaminic effects)

ROUTE	ONSET	PEAK	DURATION
PO	15–30 min	6 hr	4–12 hr
PO–ER	unknown	unknown	8–24 hr
Subcut	unknown	unknown	4–12 hr
IM	unknown	unknown	4–12 hr
IV	rapid	unknown	4–12 hr

Contraindications/Precautions

Contraindicated in: Hypersensitivity; Acute attacks of asthma; Lactation: Avoid use or use alternative feeding method; Known alcohol intolerance (some liquid forms); Pediatric: Children <4 yr (OTC cough and cold products containing this medication should be avoided).Use Cautiously in: Angle-closure glaucoma; Liver disease; Geriatric: Appears on Beers list. Geriatric patients are more susceptible to adverse reactions due to anticholinergic effects; Obstetric: Safety not established.

Adverse Reactions/Side Effects

Central nervous system

drowsiness (most frequent)
dizziness
excitation (in children)

Ear, Eye, Nose, Throat

blurred vision (most frequent)

Cardiovascular

hypertension (most frequent)
arrhythmias
hypotension
palpitations

Gastrointestinal

dry mouth (most frequent)
constipation
obstruction

Genitourinary

retention
urinary hesitancy

Interactions

Drug-Drug interaction

↑ CNS depression with other CNS depressants, including alcohol, opioid analgesics, and sedative/hypnotics.MAO inhibitors intensify and prolong anticholinergic effects of antihistamines.↑ anticholinergic effects with other drugs possessing anticholinergic properties, including antidepressants, atropine, haloperidol, phenothiazines, quinidine, and disopyramide.

Route/Dosage

Oral (Adults) 4 mg q 4–6 hr or 8–12 mg of extended-release formulation q 8–12 hr (not to exceed 24 mg/day).Oral (Geriatric Patients) 4 mg twice daily or 8 mg of extended-release formulation at bedtime.Oral (Children 6–12 yr) 2 mg 3–4 times daily (not to exceed 12 mg/day).Injectable formulation is available only in CanadaSubcutaneous Intramuscular Intravenous (Adults) 5–40-mg single dose (not to exceed 40 mg/day).Subcutaneous (Children) 87.5 mcg (0.0875 mg)/kg or 2.5 mg/m² q 6 hr as needed.

Availability (generic available)

Tablets: 4 mg^{Rx, OTC}, 8 mg^{Rx, OTC}, 12 mg^{Rx, OTC}Chewable tabletsorange flavor: 2 mg^{Rx, OTC}Timed-release tablets: 8 mg^{Rx, OTC}, 12 mg^{Rx, OTC}Timed-release capsules: 8 mg^{Rx, OTC}, 12 mg^{Rx, OTC}Syrup: 1 mg/5 mL^{Rx, OTC}, 2 mg/5 mL^{Rx, OTC}Injection: 10 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL In combination with: hydrocodone (Tussionex),, hydrocodone and pseudoephedrine (Zutripro), and decongestants^{Rx, OTC}. See combination drugs.

Nursing implications

Nursing assessment

Assess allergy symptoms (rhinitis, conjunctivitis, hives) prior to and periodically during therapy.
Monitor pulse and BP before initiating and throughout IV therapy.
Geriatric: Assess for adverse anticholinergic effects (delirium, acute confusion, dizziness, dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia).
Assess lung sounds and character of bronchial secretions. Maintain fluid intake of 1500–2000 mL/day to decrease viscosity of secretions.
Lab Test Considerations: May cause false-negative reactions on allergy skin tests; discontinue 4 days prior to testing.

Potential Nursing Diagnoses

Ineffective airway clearance (Indications)
Risk for injury (Adverse Reactions)

Implementation

Oral: Administer oral doses with food or milk to decrease GI irritation. Extended-release tablets and capsules should be swallowed whole; do not crush, break, or chew. Chewable tablets should not be swallowed whole; chew well before swallowing.
Subcutaneous: Intramuscular: The 100-mg/mL solution is recommended for IM or subcut routes only. The 10-mg/mL solution may be used for IM, subcut, or IV.
Intravenous Administration
pH: No Data.
Diluent: May be given undiluted. Use only the 10 mg/mL strength for IV administration. Concentration: 10 mg/mL.
Rate: Administer each 10-mg dose over at least 1 min.

Patient/Family Teaching

Instruct patient to take chlorpheniramine as directed.
Caution parents to avoid OTC cough and cold products while breastfeeding or to children <4 yrs.
Geriatric: Teach patient and family about anticholinergic effects and to contact health care professional if effects persist.
May cause drowsiness. Caution patient to avoid driving or other activities requiring alertness until response to drug is known.
Caution patient to avoid using alcohol or other CNS depressants concurrently with this drug.
Advise patient that good oral hygiene, frequent rinsing of mouth with water, and sugarless gum or candy may help relieve dryness of mouth.
Instruct patient to contact health care professional if symptoms persist.

Evaluation/Desired Outcomes

Decrease in allergic symptoms.

chlo·rate

(klōr'āt), A salt of chloric acid.

chlo·rate

(klōr'āt) A salt of chloric acid.

chlorate

chlo·rate

chlorate

chlo•rate

chlo·rate

chlorate

chlorate

perchlorate

Chloric Acid and Its Salts

Formation of Chlorates

Commercial Uses of Chlorates

Perchloric Acid and Its Salts

Formation of Perchlorates

Commercial Uses of Perchlorates

Chlorate

chlorate

chlorate

chlorate

chlorpheniramine

Aller-Chlor

Allergy

Chlo-Amine

Chlorate

Chlor-Trimeton

Chlor-Trimeton Allergy 4 Hour

Chlor-Trimeton Allergy 8 Hour

Chlor-Trimeton Allergy 12 Hour

Chlor-Tripolon

PediaCare Allergy Formula

Phenetron

Telechlor

Teldrin

Classification

Indications

Action

Therapeutic effects

Pharmacokinetics

Time/action profile (antihistaminic effects)

Contraindications/Precautions

Adverse Reactions/Side Effects

Central nervous system

Ear, Eye, Nose, Throat

Cardiovascular

Gastrointestinal

Genitourinary

Interactions

Drug-Drug interaction

Route/Dosage

Availability (generic available)

Nursing implications

Nursing assessment

Potential Nursing Diagnoses

Implementation

Intravenous Administration

Patient/Family Teaching

Evaluation/Desired Outcomes

chlo·rate

chlo·rate

chlorate

Words related to chlorate

noun any salt of chloric acid

Related Words