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单词 capital
释义

capital


make capital out of (something)

To use something to one's advantage or profit. Prosecutors are making capital out of the defendant's conflicting stories.See also: capital, make, of, out

with a capital (some letter)

1. In the most extreme form or degree. I am hungry with a capital H! Let's eat! No, it's not an emergency with a capital E. I can wait until the end of the day.2. In the most typical, formal, or traditional form. When he talks about photography, he means with a capital P. He would never think to consider pictures taken on smartphones. Well, it's not literature with a capital L, but it's still a good story.See also: capital

make capital out of

Use profitably, turn to account, as in The challengers made capital out of the President's signing a bill that increased taxes . This expression, first recorded in 1855, uses capital in the sense of "material wealth used to create more wealth." See also: capital, make, of, out

with a capital A/B/C, etc.

COMMON1. You say with a capital A/B/C, etc. to mean that something has a particular quality to a great extent. You mark my words, that man's Trouble with a capital `T'.2. You say with a capital A/B/C, etc. to mean that a particular idea or concept is being understood in only the strictest sense. The British tend to see things in terms of principles with a capital P. This is art with a capital A. Note: This sense is often used slightly disapprovingly, to suggest that someone is taking something too seriously. See also: capital

with a capital —

used to give emphasis to the word or concept in question. 1991 Nesta Wyn Ellis John Major He is not a personality with a capital P, not flamboyant, not it seems an angry man. See also: capital

make ˈcapital of/out of something

use a situation or an event in a way which benefits yourself; exploit something: The media made great capital out of his careless remarks in the interview.See also: capital, make, of, out, something

with a capital ˈA, ˈB, ˈC, etc.

used to emphasize that a word has a stronger meaning in a particular situation; very: When I say he’s boring, I mean boring with a capital B!See also: capital

capital

n. cash; money. I’m a little short of capital right now.

capital


capital,

in architecture, the crowning member of a column, pilaster, or pier. It acts as the bearing member beneath the lintel or arch supported by the shaft and has a spreading contour appropriate to its function. The most primitive type, of which examples were found in the Beni Hassan tombs, Egypt, consisted of a square block. In later forms the capital had three well-defined parts: the neck, or necking, where it joins the shaft; the echinus, or spreading member above it; and the abacus, or block at the top. In Egypt such types were developed as early as 1500 B.C.; papyrus buds, the lotus, and the palm leaf were used as motifs of ornamentation. The Greeks perfected three types belonging to three separate orders of architecture—the Doric orderDoric order,
earliest of the orders of architecture developed by the Greeks and the one that they employed for most buildings. It is generally believed that the column and its capital derive from an earlier architecture in wood.
..... Click the link for more information. , the Ionic orderIonic order
, one of the early orders of architecture. The spreading scroll-shaped capital is the distinctive feature of the Ionic order; it was primarily a product of Asia Minor, where early embryonic forms of this capital have been found.
..... Click the link for more information. , and the Corinthian orderCorinthian order,
most ornate of the classic orders of architecture. It was also the latest, not arriving at full development until the middle of the 4th cent. B.C. The oldest known example, however, is found in the temple of Apollo at Bassae (c.420 B.C.).
..... Click the link for more information. —which were also used in slightly modified forms by the Romans in the form of the composite order. The classic forms of capitals continued in use after the fall of Rome, but the Romanesque and Gothic designers introduced new forms rich in variety: grotesque heads, birds, and animals. In the 15th cent., with the Renaissance, came a return to the classical orders that continued in use until the late 19th and early 20th cent. when the modernists cast out classical decoration.

capital,

in economics, the elements of production from which an income is derived, usually defined with the exception of land and labor. As originally used in business, capital denoted interest-bearing money. In classical economic theory it was one of the three major factors of production, along with land and labor. In the broad sense, capital consists of such paper as stocks and bonds (financial capital), which is used to acquire the physical capital of tools, machines, stores of merchandise, houses, means of transportation—any materials used to extract, transport, create, or alter goods. Marketable intangibles, such as credits, goodwill, promises, patents, and franchises, are also included by some economists. Capital goods are those that form a nation's productive capacity, as opposed to consumer goods, which are bought for personal or household use. A distinction is also made between capital stocks, or circulating capital (such as raw materials, goods in process, finished goods, and sometimes wages), and capital instruments, or fixed capital (such as machines, tools, railways, and factories). Capital may be classed as specialized, such as railway equipment, or unspecialized, such as lumber or other raw materials having many uses. Economic theorists believe that capital arose out of the need to use the world's limited natural materials efficiently. The scarcity of the earth's resources necessitates the creation of materials (capital) that can act on the resources in such a way as to make more goods available to society than would normally exist. Capital goods can be considered a form of deferred consumption, because they produce goods for future consumption, but are not themselves consumable items. The expansion of capital formation—the flow of savings into the creation of new productive facilities—is often the most important target of economic planning.

Bibliography

See I. Fisher, The Nature of Capital and Income (1906); F. A. von Hayek, The Pure Theory of Capital (1941, repr. 1975); S. S. Kuznets, Capital in the American Economy (1961, repr. 1975); J. Robinson, Accumulation of Capital (3d ed. 1985); S. Ahmad, Capital in Economic Theory (1991).

Capital

The upper member of a column, pillar, pier, or pilaster; usually decorated. It may carry an architrave, arcade, or impost block. The classical orders each have their own distinctive representative capitals.

aeolic capital

A primitive type of Ionic capital featuring a palmlike design, evolved by the Greeks in Asia Minor.

angle capital

A capital occurring at a corner column, especially an Ionic capital where the four volutes project equally on the diagonals, instead of along two parallel planes.

basket capital

A capital with interlaced bands resembling the weave of a basket, found in Byzantine architecture.

bifron capital

A capital with two fronts or faces looking in two directions, similar to a double herm.

bracket capital

A capital extended by brackets, lessening the clear span between posts, often seen in Near Eastern, Muslim, Indian, and some Spanish architecture

campaniform capital

A bell-shaped Egyptian capital representing an open papyrus profile.

composite capital

One of the five classical orders which combines acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order with the volutes of the Ionic order.

cushion capital

A capital resembling a cushion that is weighted down; in medieval architecture, a cubic capital with its lower angles rounded off.

capital

  1. the accumulated wealth embodied in the MEANS OF PRODUCTION or available, or potentially available, for the creation or purchase of the means of production. For MARX, capital is privately owned wealth or VALUE used to generate SURPLUS VALUE (see CAPITALISM AND CAPITALIST MODE OF PRODUCTION).
  2. in a more general sense, any ‘asset’, financial or otherwise, immediately usable, or potentially usable, as a source of income (see also HUMAN CAPITAL, CULTURAL CAPITAL).
While capital in sense 2 exists in all societies, in the more restricted sense l , as used by Marx, it involves a society-wide dominance of private capital which is specific to capitalism.

Marx insists that capital must not be seen as a ‘thing’ (see REIFICATION, COMMODITY FETISHISM) but as a socioeconomic relation which only appears thing-like (see APPEARANCE AND REALITY).

Capital

 

in architecture, the prominent crowning part of a vertical support (pillar or column). The capital transmits the weight from the architrave and superstructure to the support (or to an architectural element, such as a pilaster, that figuratively expresses this supportive function). Various types of capitals appear in the wood and stone architecture of different peoples. The earliest appearance of capitals was in the architecture of ancient Oriental countries. In ancient Greece and Rome, three types of columns were developed—the Doric, the Ionic, and the Corinthian. A combination of elements of the Ionic and Corinthian types resulted in the Composite capital. The use of these classical types of capitals was widespread in European architecture. In China, Japan, and Mexico distinctive capitals were created. New forms also evolved in Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Armenian, Georgian, Middle Asian, and ancient Russian architecture. Since the Renaissance, there have been numerous variations of classical Greek and Roman capitals; classical forms have been combined with local ornamental motifs.

V. F. MARKUZON

Capital

 

an economic category expressing the exploitation of hired labor by the capitalists; it is the value that returns surplus value. Capital concentrated in the hands of the capitalists is the means of appropriating surplus value. It represents a historical category; that is, it is characteristic of a certain socioeconomic formation.

Capital comes into existence at that stage of commodity-production development when labor power becomes a commodity. In the process of the primitive accumulation of capital the direct producers became separated from the means of production, which became concentrated in the hands of the capitalist entrepreneurs. Deprived of the means of production, the worker was forced to sell his labor power to the capitalists. This process meant a conversion from simple commodity production into capitalist production. In the production process the capitalist combines the commodities that he has acquired on the market: labor power and the means of production. As a result of the productive consumption of labor power and the means of production in the production process after the capitalist completes the sale of the newly produced commodity, he receives a greater value than the one he invested. The general formula for capital was advanced by Karl Marx: M—C—M′, in which Mis money, C is the commodity, and M′ is the amount of money plus the increase. This increase, which is the surplus over the advanced amount, represents the surplus value, which comes from the appropriation by the capitalist of the excess value created by the unpaid labor of the hired workers over and above the price of their labor. The production and appropriation of surplus value in ever-growing proportions constitute the goal of capitalist production. In the era of imperalism, the acquisition of monopoly profit becomes the moving force of capitalist production. As capitalism develops and the domination of capital increases, the degree of the exploitation of workers grows.

Bourgeois political economy ignores capital as a social relation and usually considers it as an aggregate of things (the means of production). Such an interpretation of capital is required to prove that the profit of the capitalists is engendered by capital itself and is supposedly not the result of the exploitation of hired labor. The true scientific analysis of the category of capital was given by Marx: “Capital,” he emphasized, “is not a thing, but rather a definite social production relation, belonging to a definite historical formation of society, which is manifested in a thing and lends this thing a specific social character” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed, vol. 25, part 2, pp. 380–81).

Marx revealed the qualitative difference between constant and variable capital, that is, between that part of the initially advanced capital earmarked for the acquisition of the means of production and the part used to buy labor power. Marx showed that the means of production do not create new value by themselves. In the process of production their value is only transferred to a newly created product (commodity) without any surplus. The new value is created by a specific commodity—labor power in the process of its consumption, that is, as a result of the labor of hired workers. Thus, the value of the means of production (constant capital c) remains unchanged in the process of production, but the value of labor power (variable capital v) increases by the amount of the surplus value (s). Constant capital serves only as a precondition for the creation of surplus value, which is in fact created by variable capital. The division of capital into constant and variable components was originated by Marx. It shows that only the hired labor creates the surplus value, which is appropriated without compensation by the capitalist; the source of capitalist profit and of the income of all exploiter classes is the unpaid labor of hired workers.

A prerequisite for the functioning of capital is its constant movement, capital turnover. According to the character of the turnover, that is, the means by which the value is transferred to the created product, the capital can be fixed or working. Marx scientifically substantiated the division of the capital into fixed and working capital, and at the same time he showed the untena-bility of the identification of fixed and working capital with constant and variable capital, a generalization put forward by bourgeois economists. Marx revealed the role of productive capital, which functions in the process of production.

In the process of capital turnover a part of the capital remains permanently in the form of commodities and money. Isolating these parts of the capital results in the creation of commercial and loan capital, from which the owners of the capital derive that part of surplus value which takes the form of commercial profits and interest. As capitalists strive to derive ever-greater profits, they are compelled to use part of the surplus value for accumulation, which leads to a growing concentration and centralization of capital and to a higher level of concentration of production and the emergence of capitalist monopolies. In this process, capitalism shifts from free competition to monopolistic capitalism.

The teachings of Marx on capital and surplus value constitute the basis of the teachings of Marxist-Leninist political economy on capitalism. Lenin developed Marxist-Leninist political economy by thoroughly analyzing the movement of capital during the era of imperialism and revealing for the first time the essence of an important category of political economy—finance capital.

In a socialist society the means of production are owned by the people and constitute the fixed assets and stocks of socialist enterprises. Therefore, the means of production, goods, and money cannot be transformed into capital.

REFERENCES

Marx, K. Das Kapital, vol. 1. K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed, vol. 23.
Marx, K. Teorii pribavochnoi stoimosti (vol. 4 of Das Kapital). Ibid., vol. 26, chs. 1, 3, 4.
Engels, F. “Konspekt pervogo toma Kapitala K. Marksa.” Ibid., vol. 16.
Lenin, V. I. “Tri istochnika i tri sostavnykh chasti marksizma.” Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 23.
Lenin, V. I. “Karl Marks.” Ibid., vol. 26.

V. G. SHEMIATENKOV

Capital

 

the chief city and administrative and political center of a country. The capital is usually the seat of the nation’s higher organs of state power and government and of its higher judicial, military, and other institutions. In most cases, the capital is also the economic center of a country, although in some countries another city is the economic center; for example, the capital of the USA is Washington D.C., but the economic center is New York City. As a rule, the capital is a separate administrative unit.

capital

[′kap·ət·əl] (architecture) The topmost part of a column.

capital

capitals capital: nomenclature The topmost structural member of a column, pilaster, anta, or the like, often decorated; may support an architrave, 1 or may be surmounted by an impost. See illustrations under the various orders; also see angle capital, basket capital, bracket capital, bud capital, Byzantine capital (illustrated under Byzantine architecture),

capital

11. a. the seat of government of a country or other political unit b. (as modifier): a capital city 2. material wealth owned by an individual or business enterprise 3. wealth available for or capable of use in the production of further wealth, as by industrial investment 4. the capitalist class or their interests 5. Law involving or punishable by death

capital

2 the upper part of a column or pier that supports the entablature

capital


capital

An expenditure by an NHS institution on the acquisition of land, premises (including new and refurbished), equipment and vehicles etc. An expenditure is regarded as capital if it is in excess of £5,000.

capital

(căp′ĭ-tăl) [L. capitalis] Pert. to the head.

Capital


Related to Capital: capital letter, Capital market

capital

1) n. from Latin for caput, meaning "head," the basic assets of a business (particularly corporations or partnerships) or of an individual, including actual funds, equipment and property as distinguished from stock in trade, inventory, payroll, maintenance and services. 2) adj. related to the basic assets or activities of a business or individual, such as capital account, capital assets, capital expenditure, and capital gain or loss. 3) n. an amount of money a person owns, as in "how much capital do you have to put into this investment?" as distinguished from the amount which must be financed. (See: capital account, capital assets, capital gains or losses, stock in trade)

CAPITAL, political economy, commerce. In political economy, it is that portion of the produce of a country, which may be made directly available either to support the human species or to the facilitating of production.
2. In commerce, as applied to individuals, it is those objects, whether consisting of money or other property, which a merchant, trader, or other person adventures in an undertaking, or which he contributes to the common stock of a partnership. 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1458.
3. It signifies money put out at interest.
4. The fund of a trading company or corporation is also called capital, but in this sense the word stock is generally added to it; thus we say the capital stock of the Bank of North America.

capital


Capital

Money invested in a firm.

Capital

Money that one has invested. For example, one uses capital when building a factory to make a new product. Likewise, one uses capital when one buys a single share of a stock. Free flow of capital into investments is thought to be a major component of economic growth. Generally speaking, businesses can only expand when they are able to raise capital from investors or borrow it from a bank or through a bond issue. See also: Capitalization, Capitalism.

Capital.

Capital is money that is used to generate income or make an investment. For example, the money you use to buy shares of a mutual fund is capital that you're investing in the fund.

Companies raise capital from investors by selling stocks and bonds and use the money to expand, make acquisitions, or otherwise build the business.

The term capital markets refers to the physical and electronic environments where this capital is raised, either through public offerings or private placements.

capital

  1. the funds invested in a BUSINESS in order to acquire the ASSETS which the business needs to trade. Capital can consist of SHARE CAPITAL subscribed by SHAREHOLDERS or LOAN CAPITAL provided by lenders.
  2. GOODS such as plant, machinery and equipment which are used to produce other goods and services. See CAPITAL STOCK, INVESTMENT.

capital

the contribution to productive activity made by INVESTMENT in physical capital (for example, factories, offices, machinery, tools) and in HUMAN CAPITAL (for example, general education, vocational training). Capital is one of the three main FACTORS OF PRODUCTION, the other two being LABOUR and NATURAL RESOURCES. Physical (and human) capital make a significant contribution towards ECONOMIC GROWTH. See CAPITAL FORMATION, CAPITAL STOCK, CAPITAL WIDENING, CAPITAL DEEPENING, GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION.

capital

(1) In architecture, the top part of a column.(2) In finance: (a) All the accumulated goods, possessions, and assets used for the production of income and wealth. (b) The amount invested in business.

CAPITAL


AcronymDefinition
CAPITAL➣Center for Applied Information Technology and Learning (Louisiana State University)
CAPITAL➣Council of Asian Pacific Islanders Together for Advocacy Leadership (Sacramento, CA)
CAPITAL➣Clients and Professionals in Training and Learning (est. 1997; UK)

capital


Related to capital: capital letter, Capital market
  • all
  • noun
  • adj

Synonyms for capital

noun money

Synonyms

  • money
  • funds
  • stock
  • investment(s)
  • property
  • cash
  • finance
  • finances
  • financing
  • resources
  • assets
  • wealth
  • principal
  • means
  • wherewithal
  • wonga

adj upper case

Synonyms

  • upper case
  • block

adj first-rate

Synonyms

  • first-rate
  • fine
  • excellent
  • superb
  • sterling
  • splendid
  • world-class

Synonyms for capital

noun the monetary resources of a government, organization, or individual

Synonyms

  • finance
  • fund
  • money

noun money or property used to produce more wealth

Synonyms

  • backing
  • capitalization
  • financing
  • funding
  • grubstake
  • stake
  • subsidization

noun all things, such as money, property, or goods, having economic value

Synonyms

  • asset
  • fortune
  • mean
  • resource
  • wealth
  • wherewithal

adj most important, influential, or significant

Synonyms

  • cardinal
  • chief
  • first
  • foremost
  • key
  • leading
  • main
  • major
  • number one
  • paramount
  • premier
  • primary
  • prime
  • principal
  • top

adj exceptionally good of its kind

Synonyms

  • ace
  • banner
  • blue-ribbon
  • brag
  • champion
  • excellent
  • fine
  • first-class
  • first-rate
  • prime
  • quality
  • splendid
  • superb
  • superior
  • terrific
  • tiptop
  • top
  • A-one
  • bully
  • dandy
  • great
  • swell
  • topflight
  • topnotch
  • boss
  • tophole

adj conspicuously bad or offensive

Synonyms

  • arrant
  • egregious
  • flagrant
  • glaring
  • gross
  • rank

Synonyms for capital

noun assets available for use in the production of further assets

Synonyms

  • working capital

Related Words

  • assets
  • current assets
  • liquid assets
  • quick assets
  • stock
  • risk capital
  • venture capital
  • operating capital
  • seed money

noun wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value

Related Words

  • endowment fund
  • endowment
  • assets
  • means
  • substance
  • corpus
  • principal sum
  • principal

noun a seat of government

Related Words

  • seat
  • national capital
  • provincial capital
  • state capital

noun one of the large alphabetic characters used as the first letter in writing or printing proper names and sometimes for emphasis

Synonyms

  • capital letter
  • majuscule
  • uppercase
  • upper-case letter

Related Words

  • grapheme
  • graphic symbol
  • character
  • small capital
  • small cap

noun a center that is associated more than any other with some activity or product

Related Words

  • centre
  • center

noun the federal government of the United States

Synonyms

  • Washington

noun a book written by Karl Marx (1867) describing his economic theories

Synonyms

  • Das Kapital

noun the upper part of a column that supports the entablature

Synonyms

  • chapiter
  • cap

Related Words

  • pillar
  • column
  • top

adj first-rate

Related Words

  • Britain
  • Great Britain
  • U.K.
  • UK
  • United Kingdom
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
  • superior

adj of primary importance

Related Words

  • primary

adj uppercase

Synonyms

  • majuscule
  • great

Related Words

  • uppercase
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