Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum

An intracellular membrane system that is present in all eukaryotic cells. In most cells the endoplasmic reticulum is thought to consist of only one continuous membrane enclosing only a single space. However, in protozoa, some unicellular algae, and possibly some fungi, the endoplasmic reticulum occurs as separate, multiple vesicles. See Cell membranes

Nuclear envelope, connected to the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Several morphologically and functionally distinct domains of this continuous membrane system can be distinguished. At the level of the nuclear pores, the inner nuclear membrane is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane; both membranes together are referred to as the nuclear envelope. The outer nuclear membrane in turn is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which contains specialized regions, termed transitional elements, and is continuous with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The two membranes of the nuclear envelope enclose the perinuclear space. The rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula and the transitional element enclose a space called the intracisternal space, or lumen. Both intracisternal and perinuclear spaces form a single compartment. All nucleated cells contain at least a nuclear envelope, but the amount of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula varies greatly among different cell types. See Cell nucleus

The term rough endoplasmic reticulum is based on the morphologic appearance of attached ribosomes, which are absent from smooth endoplasmic reticulum. (Ribosomes are also associated with the outer nuclear membrane; in fact, the outer nuclear membrane and the rough endoplasmic reticulum appear to be functionally equivalent.) Another morphologic distinction is the organization of the rough endoplasmic reticulun in interconnected flattened sacs (called cisternae), whereas the smooth endoplasmic reticulum forms a tubular network (see illustration). See Ribosomes

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of translocation of secretory and lysosomal proteins from the cytosol to the intracisternal space, and of integration into the membrane of integral membrane proteins. Except for integral membrane proteins of chloroplast, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, essentially all other integral membrane proteins are integrated into the endoplasmic reticulum and either remain there (resident endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins) or are subsequently distributed to other cellular membranes.

The signal hypothesis was formulated to explain how these proteins are targeted to and then translocated across or integrated into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Its tenets are that all polypeptides targeted to this membrane contain a discrete sequence (termed the signal sequence), that a complex machinery recognizes this sequence, and that recognition triggers the opening of a proteinaceous channel through which the polypeptide passes across the membrane. In the case of membrane proteins, the existence of an additional topogenic sequence, the so-called stop-transfer sequence, was postulated. This sequence is thought to trigger opening of the channel to the lipid bilayer to abort translocation and thus integrate the protein into the lipid bilayer.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum also contains numerous enzymes, most of which are involved in the modification of the nascent protein chain on the cisternal side. Thus the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the outer nuclear membrane is to serve as a port of entry of secretory, lysosomal, and integral membrane proteins and as the site of their initial modification.

Secretory and lysosomal proteins as well as those integral membrane proteins that are not residents of the endoplasmic reticulum are next transported to the cis Golgi cisternae. The transitional elements represent sites of transport from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Coated vesicles carrying proteins to be transported form at these sites and, after uncoating, eventually fuse with the cis Golgi cisternae. See Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum contains enzymes for phospholipid biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, and drug detoxification. See Cell (biology), Cell organization, Enzyme

Endoplasmic Reticulum

in biology, an intracellular organoid that consists of a system of flat cisternae, tubules, and vesicles that are bounded by membranes. Its main function is to ensure the transfer of matter from the surrounding medium into the cytoplasm and between intracellular structures. The endoplasmic reticulum was discovered with an electron microscope in 1945 by K. Porter and other American scientists. It is usually located in the cytoplasm immediately surrounding the nucleus (the endoplasm) in all the cells, except the erythrocytes, of eukaryotes.

The structure and number of elements in the endoplasmic reticulum depend on the functional activity of the cell and on the stage of the cell cycle and differentiation. The membrane is 5–6 nm thick, and the width of the lumen between the membranes is 70–500 nanometers. Analysis of the microsomal fraction of a homogenate of cells has shown that the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum consist of proteins, lipids, and several enzymes.

There are two principal types of endoplasmic reticulum: granular (with ribosomes attached to the membranes) and nongranular. Intermediate types also exist. Granular endoplasmic reticulum participates in protein synthesis. Injection of tagged amino acids into the body has shown that the effectiveness of synthesis is increased substantially by the attachment of ribosomes to the membranes. Granular endoplasmic reticulum attains its highest development in actively synthesizing cells whose products (proteins of secretory granules, serum proteins) are discharged from the cell. Nongranular endoplasmic reticulum participates in the synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids, in the synthesis and decomposition of glycogen, and in the neutralization of various toxic and medicinal substances, for example, Luminal and codeine. It is well developed in cells of the adrenal glands and in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum are characterized by the accumulation of products of synthesis in the lumina of the membranes and their transport to the zone of the Golgi apparatus.

A specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum, the sarcoplasmic network of the striated muscles, plays an important role in the intracellular conduction of excitation.

REFERENCES

Alov, I. A., A. I. Braude, and M. E. Aspiz. Osnovy funktsional’noi morfologii kletki, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1969.
Robertis, E., W. Nowinski, and F. Saez. Biologiia kletki. Moscow, 1973. (Translated from English.)

N. B. KHRISTOLIUBOVA

endoplasmic reticulum

[¦en·də¦plaz·mik rə′tik·yə·ləm] (cell and molecular biology) A vacuolar system of the cytoplasm in differentiated cells that functions in protein synthesis and sequestration. Abbreviated ER.

endoplasmic reticulum

reticulum

[rĕ-tik´u-lum] (L.) 1. a small network, especially a protoplasmic network in cells.2. reticular tissue.agranular reticulum smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum.endoplasmic reticulum an ultramicroscopic organelle of nearly all higher plant and animal cells, consisting of a system of membrane-bound cavities in the cytoplasm, occurring in two types: granular or rough-surfaced, bearing large numbers of ribosomes on its outer surface, and agranular or smooth-surfaced.granular reticulum rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum.sarcoplasmic reticulum a form of agranular reticulum in the sarcoplasm of striated muscle, comprising a system of smooth-surfaced tubules surrounding each myofibril.

en·do·plas·mic re·tic·u·lum (ER),

the network of cytoplasmic tubules or flattened sacs (cisternae) with (rough ER) or without (smooth ER) ribosomes on the surface of their membranes in eukaryotes. Synonym(s): endomembrane system

endoplasmic reticulum

n. A membrane network within the cytoplasm of cells involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular materials.

en·do·plas·mic re·tic·u·lum

(ER) (en'dō-plas'mik rĕ-tik'yū-lŭm) The network of cytoplasmic tubules or flattened sacs (cisternae) with (rough ER) or without (smooth ER) ribosomes on the surface of their membranes in eukaryotes.

endoplasmic reticulum

A highly convoluted membrane system within cells to which RIBOSOMES attach themselves for protein synthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum is also the site of many other cell metabolic reactions.

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

a series of interconnected, flattened cavities called cysternae, lined with a thin membrane about 4 nm thick which is continuous with the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE. It can be covered with RIBOSOMES, when it is referred to as rough ER, or ribosomes may be absent in which case the ER is known as smooth ER and is associated with lipid synthesis. See GOLGI APPARATUS.

en·do·plas·mic re·tic·u·lum

(ER) (en'dō-plas'mik rĕ-tik'yū-lŭm) The network of cytoplasmic tubules or flattened sacs with or without ribosomes on the surface of their membranes.

单词	endoplasmic reticulum
释义	endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum n. A membrane network within the cytoplasm of cells involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular materials. endoplasmic reticulum n (Biology) an extensive intracellular membrane system whose functions include synthesis and transport of lipids and, in regions where ribosomes are attached, of proteins endoplas′mic retic′ulum n. a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of materials.. [1945–50] en·do·plas·mic reticulum (ĕn′də-plăz′mĭk) A network of membranes within the cytoplasm of many cells that is important in protein synthesis and involved in the transport of cellular materials. All organisms except bacteria have at least one endoplasmic reticulum in their cells. See more at cell. endoplasmic reticulum A system of internal membranes in a cell. Translations retículo endoplasmático Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum An intracellular membrane system that is present in all eukaryotic cells. In most cells the endoplasmic reticulum is thought to consist of only one continuous membrane enclosing only a single space. However, in protozoa, some unicellular algae, and possibly some fungi, the endoplasmic reticulum occurs as separate, multiple vesicles. See Cell membranes Nuclear envelope, connected to the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum Several morphologically and functionally distinct domains of this continuous membrane system can be distinguished. At the level of the nuclear pores, the inner nuclear membrane is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane; both membranes together are referred to as the nuclear envelope. The outer nuclear membrane in turn is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which contains specialized regions, termed transitional elements, and is continuous with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The two membranes of the nuclear envelope enclose the perinuclear space. The rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula and the transitional element enclose a space called the intracisternal space, or lumen. Both intracisternal and perinuclear spaces form a single compartment. All nucleated cells contain at least a nuclear envelope, but the amount of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula varies greatly among different cell types. See Cell nucleus The term rough endoplasmic reticulum is based on the morphologic appearance of attached ribosomes, which are absent from smooth endoplasmic reticulum. (Ribosomes are also associated with the outer nuclear membrane; in fact, the outer nuclear membrane and the rough endoplasmic reticulum appear to be functionally equivalent.) Another morphologic distinction is the organization of the rough endoplasmic reticulun in interconnected flattened sacs (called cisternae), whereas the smooth endoplasmic reticulum forms a tubular network (see illustration). See Ribosomes The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of translocation of secretory and lysosomal proteins from the cytosol to the intracisternal space, and of integration into the membrane of integral membrane proteins. Except for integral membrane proteins of chloroplast, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, essentially all other integral membrane proteins are integrated into the endoplasmic reticulum and either remain there (resident endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins) or are subsequently distributed to other cellular membranes. The signal hypothesis was formulated to explain how these proteins are targeted to and then translocated across or integrated into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Its tenets are that all polypeptides targeted to this membrane contain a discrete sequence (termed the signal sequence), that a complex machinery recognizes this sequence, and that recognition triggers the opening of a proteinaceous channel through which the polypeptide passes across the membrane. In the case of membrane proteins, the existence of an additional topogenic sequence, the so-called stop-transfer sequence, was postulated. This sequence is thought to trigger opening of the channel to the lipid bilayer to abort translocation and thus integrate the protein into the lipid bilayer. The rough endoplasmic reticulum also contains numerous enzymes, most of which are involved in the modification of the nascent protein chain on the cisternal side. Thus the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the outer nuclear membrane is to serve as a port of entry of secretory, lysosomal, and integral membrane proteins and as the site of their initial modification. Secretory and lysosomal proteins as well as those integral membrane proteins that are not residents of the endoplasmic reticulum are next transported to the cis Golgi cisternae. The transitional elements represent sites of transport from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Coated vesicles carrying proteins to be transported form at these sites and, after uncoating, eventually fuse with the cis Golgi cisternae. See Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum contains enzymes for phospholipid biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, and drug detoxification. See Cell (biology), Cell organization, Enzyme Endoplasmic Reticulum in biology, an intracellular organoid that consists of a system of flat cisternae, tubules, and vesicles that are bounded by membranes. Its main function is to ensure the transfer of matter from the surrounding medium into the cytoplasm and between intracellular structures. The endoplasmic reticulum was discovered with an electron microscope in 1945 by K. Porter and other American scientists. It is usually located in the cytoplasm immediately surrounding the nucleus (the endoplasm) in all the cells, except the erythrocytes, of eukaryotes. The structure and number of elements in the endoplasmic reticulum depend on the functional activity of the cell and on the stage of the cell cycle and differentiation. The membrane is 5–6 nm thick, and the width of the lumen between the membranes is 70–500 nanometers. Analysis of the microsomal fraction of a homogenate of cells has shown that the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum consist of proteins, lipids, and several enzymes. There are two principal types of endoplasmic reticulum: granular (with ribosomes attached to the membranes) and nongranular. Intermediate types also exist. Granular endoplasmic reticulum participates in protein synthesis. Injection of tagged amino acids into the body has shown that the effectiveness of synthesis is increased substantially by the attachment of ribosomes to the membranes. Granular endoplasmic reticulum attains its highest development in actively synthesizing cells whose products (proteins of secretory granules, serum proteins) are discharged from the cell. Nongranular endoplasmic reticulum participates in the synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids, in the synthesis and decomposition of glycogen, and in the neutralization of various toxic and medicinal substances, for example, Luminal and codeine. It is well developed in cells of the adrenal glands and in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum are characterized by the accumulation of products of synthesis in the lumina of the membranes and their transport to the zone of the Golgi apparatus. A specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum, the sarcoplasmic network of the striated muscles, plays an important role in the intracellular conduction of excitation. REFERENCES Alov, I. A., A. I. Braude, and M. E. Aspiz. Osnovy funktsional’noi morfologii kletki, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1969. Robertis, E., W. Nowinski, and F. Saez. Biologiia kletki. Moscow, 1973. (Translated from English.) N. B. KHRISTOLIUBOVA endoplasmic reticulum [¦en·də¦plaz·mik rə′tik·yə·ləm] (cell and molecular biology) A vacuolar system of the cytoplasm in differentiated cells that functions in protein synthesis and sequestration. Abbreviated ER. endoplasmic reticulum reticulum [rĕ-tik´u-lum] (L.) 1. a small network, especially a protoplasmic network in cells.2. reticular tissue.agranular reticulum smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum.endoplasmic reticulum an ultramicroscopic organelle of nearly all higher plant and animal cells, consisting of a system of membrane-bound cavities in the cytoplasm, occurring in two types: granular or rough-surfaced, bearing large numbers of ribosomes on its outer surface, and agranular or smooth-surfaced.granular reticulum rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum.sarcoplasmic reticulum a form of agranular reticulum in the sarcoplasm of striated muscle, comprising a system of smooth-surfaced tubules surrounding each myofibril. en·do·plas·mic re·tic·u·lum (ER), the network of cytoplasmic tubules or flattened sacs (cisternae) with (rough ER) or without (smooth ER) ribosomes on the surface of their membranes in eukaryotes. Synonym(s): endomembrane system endoplasmic reticulum n. A membrane network within the cytoplasm of cells involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular materials. en·do·plas·mic re·tic·u·lum (ER) (en'dō-plas'mik rĕ-tik'yū-lŭm) The network of cytoplasmic tubules or flattened sacs (cisternae) with (rough ER) or without (smooth ER) ribosomes on the surface of their membranes in eukaryotes. endoplasmic reticulum A highly convoluted membrane system within cells to which RIBOSOMES attach themselves for protein synthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum is also the site of many other cell metabolic reactions. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) a series of interconnected, flattened cavities called cysternae, lined with a thin membrane about 4 nm thick which is continuous with the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE. It can be covered with RIBOSOMES, when it is referred to as rough ER, or ribosomes may be absent in which case the ER is known as smooth ER and is associated with lipid synthesis. See GOLGI APPARATUS. en·do·plas·mic re·tic·u·lum (ER) (en'dō-plas'mik rĕ-tik'yū-lŭm) The network of cytoplasmic tubules or flattened sacs with or without ribosomes on the surface of their membranes. FinancialSeeERAcronymsSeeerbiumThesaurusSeereticulum
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endoplasmic reticulum

endoplasmic reticulum

endoplasmic reticulum

endoplas′mic retic′ulum

en·do·plas·mic reticulum

endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum

REFERENCES

endoplasmic reticulum

endoplasmic reticulum

reticulum

en·do·plas·mic re·tic·u·lum (ER),

endoplasmic reticulum

en·do·plas·mic re·tic·u·lum

endoplasmic reticulum

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

en·do·plas·mic re·tic·u·lum