| 单词 | fermi-dirac statistics | |||
| 释义 | Fermi-Dirac statisticsFer·mi-Di·rac statisticsF5082700 (fĕr′mē-dĭ-răk′)Fermi-Dirac statistics
Fermi-Dirac statisticsFermi-Dirac statistics,class of statistics that applies to particles called fermions. Fermions have half-integral values of the quantum mechanical property called spin and are "antisocial" in the sense that two fermions cannot exist in the same state. Protons, neutrons, electrons, and many other elementary particles are fermions. See Bose-Einstein statisticsBose-Einstein statistics,class of statistics that applies to elementary particles called bosons, which include the photon, pion, and the W and Z particles. Bosons have integral values of the quantum mechanical property called spin and are "gregarious" in the sense that an ..... Click the link for more information. ; elementary particleselementary particles, the most basic physical constituents of the universe. Basic Constituents of Matter Molecules are built up from the atom, which is the basic unit of any chemical element. The atom in turn is made from the proton, neutron, and electron. ..... Click the link for more information. ; statistical mechanicsstatistical mechanics, quantitative study of systems consisting of a large number of interacting elements, such as the atoms or molecules of a solid, liquid, or gas, or the individual quanta of light (see photon) making up electromagnetic radiation. ..... Click the link for more information. . Fermi-Dirac statisticsThe statistical description of particles or systems of particles that satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle. This description was first given by E. Fermi, who applied the Pauli exclusion principle to the translational energy levels of a system of electrons. It was later shown by P. A. M. Dirac that this form of statistics is also obtained when the total wave function of the system is antisymmetrical. See Exclusion principle Such a system is described by a set of occupation numbers ni which specify the number of particles in energy levels εi. It is important to keep in mind that εi represents a finite range of energies, which in general contains a number, say gi, of nondegenerate quantum states. In the Fermi statistics, at most one particle is allowed in a nondegenerate state. (If spin is taken into account, two particles may be contained in such a state.) This is simply a restatement of the Pauli exclusion principle, and means that ni ≤ gi. The probability of having a set {ni} distributed over the levels εi, which contain gi nondegenerate levels, is described by Eq. (1), which gives just the number Classical conditions pertain when the volume per particle is much larger than the volume associated with the de Broglie wavelength λ of a particle. For electrons in a metal at 300 K, the ratio of the volume per particle to λ3 has the value 10-4, showing that classical statistics fail altogether. When the classical distribution fails, a degenerate Fermi distribution results. A somewhat lengthy calculation yields the result that in this case the contribution of the electrons to the specific heat is negligible. This resolves an old paradox, for, according to the classical equipartition law, the electronic specific heat C should be (3/2)Nk, whereas in reality it is very small. See Bose-Einstein statistics, Kinetic theory of matter, Quantum statistics, Statistical mechanics Fermi-Dirac Statisticsthe quantum statistics applicable to systems of identical particles with half-integral spin, that is with spin 1/2, 3/2,... in units of Planck’s constant ℏ. Fermi-Dirac statistics was proposed by E. Fermi in 1926, and its quantum-mechanical meaning was elucidated by P. Dirac in the same year. In quantum mechanics the state of a system is described by the system’s wave function, which depends on the coordinates and spins of all its particles. For a system of fermions, that is, particles obeying Fermi-Dirac statistics, the wave function is antisymmetric. In other words, it changes its sign when any two identical particles are interchanged. W. Pauli proved in 1940 that the type of statistics applicable to a system of particles is determined by the particle spin: an assembly of particles with half-integral spin obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics, and an assembly of particles with integral spin obeys Bose-Einstein statistics. According to Fermi-Dirac statistics, no more than one fermion can occupy each quantum state (the Pauli exclusion principle). For an ideal gas of fermions, or Fermi gas, in equilibrium, the average number n̄i of particles in a state of energy Ei is determined by the Fermi-Dirac distribution function: n̄i = 1/(e(Ei – μ)/kT + 1), where i denotes the set of quantum numbers that characterize the state of the particle, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature of the gas, and μ is the chemical potential. Fermi-Dirac statistics is applicable to Fermi gases and Fermi liquids. D. N. ZUBAREV Fermi-Dirac statistics[¦fer·mē di¦rak stə′tis·tiks]Fermi-Dirac statistics
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