Biopsy, Bladder

Synonym/acronym: N/A.

Common use

To assist in diagnosing bladder cancer.

Specimen

Bladder tissue or cells.

Normal findings

(Method: Macroscopic and microscopic examination of tissue) No abnormal tissue or cells.

Description

Biopsy is the excision of a sample of tissue that can be analyzed microscopically to determine cell morphology and the presence of tissue abnormalities. This test is used to assist in confirming the diagnosis of cancer when clinical symptoms or other diagnostic findings are suspicious. A urologist performs a biopsy of the bladder during cystoscopic examination. The procedure can be performed in the urologist’s office with local anesthesia or in the operating room under general anesthesia. Samples can be obtained by fine-needle aspiration of fluid and tumor cells from the tumor site. Needle biopsies are often performed using guidance by CT scan or ultrasound. If the cystoscopic or other diagnostic imaging examinations indicate the cancer has spread outside the bladder, confirmatory samples can be obtained by surgical biopsy. After the bladder is filled with saline for irrigation, the bladder and urethra are examined by direct and lighted visualization using a cystoscope. A sample of suspicious bladder tissue is then excised and examined macroscopically and microscopically to determine the presence of cell morphology and tissue abnormalities.

This procedure is contraindicated for

high alertPatients with bleeding disorders (related to the potential for prolonged bleeding from the biopsy site) or an acute infection of the bladder, urethra, or prostate.

Indications

Assist in confirmation of malignant lesions of the bladder or ureter, especially if tumor is seen by radiological examination
Assist in the evaluation of cases in which symptoms such as hematuria persist after previous treatment (e.g., removal of polyps or kidney stones)
Monitor existing recurrent benign lesions for malignant changes

Potential diagnosis

Positive findings in neoplasm of the bladder or ureter

Critical findings

Assessment of clear margins after tissue excision
Classification or grading of tumor
Identification of malignancy
It is essential that critical findings be communicated immediately to the requesting health-care provider (HCP). A listing of these findings varies among facilities.
Timely notification of a critical finding for lab or diagnostic studies is a role expectation of the professional nurse. The notification processes will vary among facilities. Upon receipt of the critical finding the information should be read back to the caller to verify accuracy. Most policies require immediate notification of the primary HCP, hospitalist, or on-call HCP. Reported information includes the patient’s name, unique identifiers, critical finding, name of the person giving the report, and name of the person receiving the report. Documentation of notification should be made in the medical record with the name of the HCP notified, time and date of notification, and any orders received. Any delay in a timely report of a critical finding may require completion of a notification form with review by Risk Management.

Interfering factors

Failure to follow dietary restrictions before the procedure may cause the procedure to be canceled or repeated.

Nursing Implications and Procedure

Pretest

Positively identify the patient using at least two unique identifiers before providing care, treatment, or services.
Patient Teaching: Inform the patient this procedure can assist in establishing a diagnosis of bladder disease.
Obtain a history of the patient’s complaints, including a list of known allergens, especially allergies or sensitivities to latex or anesthetics.
Obtain a history of the patient’s genitourinary system, any bleeding disorders or other symptoms, and results of previously performed laboratory tests and diagnostic and surgical procedures.
Record the date of the last menstrual period and determine the possibility of pregnancy in perimenopausal women.
Note any recent procedures that can interfere with test results.
Obtain a list of the patient’s current medications including anticoagulants, aspirin and other salicylates, herbs, nutritional supplements, and nutraceuticals (see Effects of Natural Products on Laboratory Values online at DavisPlus). Such products should be discontinued by medical direction for the appropriate number of days prior to a surgical procedure.
Review the procedure with the patient. Inform the patient that it may be necessary to remove hair from the site before the procedure. Inform the patient that back pain and burning or pressure in the genital area may be experienced after the procedure. Instruct the patient that prophylactic antibiotics may be administered before the procedure. Address concerns about pain and explain that a sedative and/or analgesia will be administered before the percutaneous biopsy to promote relaxation and reduce discomfort; general anesthesia will be administered before the open biopsy. Explain to the patient that no pain will be experienced during the test when general anesthesia is used but that any discomfort with a needle biopsy will be minimized with local anesthetics and systemic analgesics. Inform the patient that the biopsy is performed under sterile conditions by an HCP specializing in this procedure. The procedure usually takes about 30 to 45 min to complete.
Sensitivity to social and cultural issues, as well as concern for modesty, is important in providing psychological support before, during, and after the procedure.
Explain that an IV line will be inserted to allow infusion of IV fluids, antibiotics, anesthetics, and analgesics.
Instruct the patient that to reduce the risk of nausea and vomiting, solid food and milk or milk products have been restricted for at least 8 hr, and clear liquids have been restricted for at least 2 hr prior to general anesthesia, regional anesthesia, or sedation/analgesia (monitored anesthesia). The American Society of Anesthesiologists has fasting guidelines for risk levels according to patient status. More information can be located at www.asahq.org. Patients on beta blockers before the surgical procedure should be instructed to take their medication as ordered during the perioperative period. Protocols may vary among facilities.
Make sure a written and informed consent has been signed prior to the procedure and before administering any medications.

Intratest

Potential complications:
Bleeding (related to perforation of the bladder, a bleeding disorder, or the effects of natural products and medications known to act as blood thinners) or seeding of the biopsy tract with tumor cells.
Ensure that the patient has complied with dietary restrictions.
Ensure that anticoagulant therapy has been withheld for the appropriate number of days prior to the procedure. Number of days to withhold medication is dependent on the type of anticoagulant. Notify the HCP if patient anticoagulant therapy has not been withheld. Ensure that patients on beta-blocker therapy have continued their medication regimen as ordered.
Avoid the use of equipment containing latex if the patient has a history of allergic reaction to latex.
Have emergency equipment readily available.
Have the patient void before the procedure.
Observe standard precautions, and follow the general guidelines in Patient Preparation and Specimen Collection. Positively identify the patient, and label the appropriate specimen containers with the corresponding patient demographics, initials of the person collecting the specimen, date and time of collection, and site location.
Assist the patient to the desired position depending on the test site to be used, and direct the patient to breathe normally during the beginning of the general anesthetic. Instruct the patient to cooperate fully and to follow directions. For the patient undergoing local anesthesia, direct him or her to breathe normally and to avoid unnecessary movement during the procedure.
Record baseline vital signs, and continue to monitor throughout the procedure. Protocols may vary among facilities.

Cystoscopy

After administration of local or general anesthesia, place the patient in a lithotomy position on the examination table (with the feet up in stirrups). Drape the patient’s legs. Clean the external genitalia with a suitable antiseptic solution and drape the area with sterile towels.
Once the cystoscope is inserted, the bladder is irrigated with saline. A tissue sample is removed using a cytology brush or biopsy forceps. Catheters may be used to obtain samples from the ureter.

Open Biopsy

Adhere to Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) quality measures. Administer ordered prophylactic antibiotics 1 hr before incision, use antibiotics that are consistent with current guidelines specific to the procedure, and use clippers to remove hair from the surgical site if appropriate.
After administration of general anesthesia and surgical preparation are completed, an incision is made, suspicious areas are located, and tissue samples are collected.

General

Monitor the patient for complications related to the procedure (e.g., allergic reaction, anaphylaxis).
Place tissue samples in properly labeled specimen container containing formalin solution, and promptly transport the specimen to the laboratory for processing and analysis.

Post-Test

Inform the patient that a report of the results will be made available to the requesting HCP, who will discuss the results with the patient.
Instruct the patient to resume preoperative diet, as directed by the HCP. Assess the patient’s ability to swallow before allowing the patient to attempt liquids or solid foods.
Monitor vital signs and neurological status every 15 min for 1 hr, then every 2 hr for 4 hr, and then as ordered by the HCP. Monitor temperature every 4 hr for 24 hr. Monitor intake and output at least every 8 hr. Compare with baseline values. Notify the HCP if temperature is elevated. Discontinue prophylactic antibiotics within 24 hr after the conclusion of the procedure. Protocols may vary among facilities.
Instruct the patient on intake and output recording and provide appropriate measuring containers.
Encourage fluid intake of 3,000 mL in 24 hr unless contraindicated.
Observe for delayed allergic reactions, such as rash, urticaria, tachycardia, hyperpnea, hypertension, palpitations, nausea, or vomiting.
Instruct the patient to immediately report pain, chills, or fever. Assess for infection, hemorrhage, or perforation of the bladder.
Inform the patient that blood may be seen in the urine after the first or second postprocedural voiding.
Instruct the patient to report any further changes in urinary pattern, volume, or appearance.

Open Biopsy

Observe/assess the biopsy site for bleeding, inflammation, or hematoma formation.
Instruct the patient in the care and assessment of the site.
Instruct the patient to report any redness, edema, bleeding, or pain at the biopsy site.

General

Assess for nausea, pain, and bladder spasms. Administer antiemetic, analgesic, and antispasmodic medications as needed and as directed by the HCP.
Administer antibiotic therapy if ordered. Remind the patient of the importance of completing the entire course of antibiotic therapy, even if signs and symptoms disappear before completion of therapy.
Recognize anxiety related to test results. Discuss the implications of abnormal test results on the patient’s lifestyle. Provide teaching and information regarding the clinical implications of the test results, as appropriate. Educate the patient regarding access to counseling services.
Nutritional Considerations: Recommend a nutrition consult, if necessary, as many side effects of treatment for bladder cancer such as fatigue, bowel disturbances, and weight loss can result in malnutrition and increased risk for infection.
Reinforce information given by the patient’s HCP regarding further testing, treatment, or referral to another HCP. Answer any questions or address any concerns voiced by the patient or family.
Instruct the patient in the use of any ordered medications. Explain the importance of adhering to the therapy regimen. As appropriate, instruct the patient in significant side effects and systemic reactions associated with the prescribed medication. Encourage him or her to review corresponding literature provided by a pharmacist.
Depending on the results of this procedure, additional testing may be performed to evaluate or monitor progression of the disease process and determine the need for a change in therapy. Evaluate test results in relation to the patient’s symptoms and other tests performed.

Related Monographs

Related tests include calculus kidney stone panel, CT renal, cystometry, cystoscopy, cystourethrography voiding, IVP, KUB studies, MRI bladder, retrograde ureteropyelography, US bladder, UA, and urine bladder cancer markers.
Refer to the Genitourinary System table at the end of the book for related tests by body system.

单词	biopsy, bladder
释义	Biopsy, Bladder Biopsy, Bladder Synonym/acronym: N/A. Common use To assist in diagnosing bladder cancer. Specimen Bladder tissue or cells. Normal findings (Method: Macroscopic and microscopic examination of tissue) No abnormal tissue or cells. Description Biopsy is the excision of a sample of tissue that can be analyzed microscopically to determine cell morphology and the presence of tissue abnormalities. This test is used to assist in confirming the diagnosis of cancer when clinical symptoms or other diagnostic findings are suspicious. A urologist performs a biopsy of the bladder during cystoscopic examination. The procedure can be performed in the urologist’s office with local anesthesia or in the operating room under general anesthesia. Samples can be obtained by fine-needle aspiration of fluid and tumor cells from the tumor site. Needle biopsies are often performed using guidance by CT scan or ultrasound. If the cystoscopic or other diagnostic imaging examinations indicate the cancer has spread outside the bladder, confirmatory samples can be obtained by surgical biopsy. After the bladder is filled with saline for irrigation, the bladder and urethra are examined by direct and lighted visualization using a cystoscope. A sample of suspicious bladder tissue is then excised and examined macroscopically and microscopically to determine the presence of cell morphology and tissue abnormalities. This procedure is contraindicated for high alertPatients with bleeding disorders (related to the potential for prolonged bleeding from the biopsy site) or an acute infection of the bladder, urethra, or prostate. Indications Assist in confirmation of malignant lesions of the bladder or ureter, especially if tumor is seen by radiological examination Assist in the evaluation of cases in which symptoms such as hematuria persist after previous treatment (e.g., removal of polyps or kidney stones) Monitor existing recurrent benign lesions for malignant changes Potential diagnosis Positive findings in neoplasm of the bladder or ureter Critical findings Assessment of clear margins after tissue excision Classification or grading of tumor Identification of malignancy It is essential that critical findings be communicated immediately to the requesting health-care provider (HCP). A listing of these findings varies among facilities. Timely notification of a critical finding for lab or diagnostic studies is a role expectation of the professional nurse. The notification processes will vary among facilities. Upon receipt of the critical finding the information should be read back to the caller to verify accuracy. Most policies require immediate notification of the primary HCP, hospitalist, or on-call HCP. Reported information includes the patient’s name, unique identifiers, critical finding, name of the person giving the report, and name of the person receiving the report. Documentation of notification should be made in the medical record with the name of the HCP notified, time and date of notification, and any orders received. Any delay in a timely report of a critical finding may require completion of a notification form with review by Risk Management. Interfering factors Failure to follow dietary restrictions before the procedure may cause the procedure to be canceled or repeated. Nursing Implications and Procedure Pretest Positively identify the patient using at least two unique identifiers before providing care, treatment, or services. Patient Teaching: Inform the patient this procedure can assist in establishing a diagnosis of bladder disease. Obtain a history of the patient’s complaints, including a list of known allergens, especially allergies or sensitivities to latex or anesthetics. Obtain a history of the patient’s genitourinary system, any bleeding disorders or other symptoms, and results of previously performed laboratory tests and diagnostic and surgical procedures. Record the date of the last menstrual period and determine the possibility of pregnancy in perimenopausal women. Note any recent procedures that can interfere with test results. Obtain a list of the patient’s current medications including anticoagulants, aspirin and other salicylates, herbs, nutritional supplements, and nutraceuticals (see Effects of Natural Products on Laboratory Values online at DavisPlus). Such products should be discontinued by medical direction for the appropriate number of days prior to a surgical procedure. Review the procedure with the patient. Inform the patient that it may be necessary to remove hair from the site before the procedure. Inform the patient that back pain and burning or pressure in the genital area may be experienced after the procedure. Instruct the patient that prophylactic antibiotics may be administered before the procedure. Address concerns about pain and explain that a sedative and/or analgesia will be administered before the percutaneous biopsy to promote relaxation and reduce discomfort; general anesthesia will be administered before the open biopsy. Explain to the patient that no pain will be experienced during the test when general anesthesia is used but that any discomfort with a needle biopsy will be minimized with local anesthetics and systemic analgesics. Inform the patient that the biopsy is performed under sterile conditions by an HCP specializing in this procedure. The procedure usually takes about 30 to 45 min to complete. Sensitivity to social and cultural issues, as well as concern for modesty, is important in providing psychological support before, during, and after the procedure. Explain that an IV line will be inserted to allow infusion of IV fluids, antibiotics, anesthetics, and analgesics. Instruct the patient that to reduce the risk of nausea and vomiting, solid food and milk or milk products have been restricted for at least 8 hr, and clear liquids have been restricted for at least 2 hr prior to general anesthesia, regional anesthesia, or sedation/analgesia (monitored anesthesia). The American Society of Anesthesiologists has fasting guidelines for risk levels according to patient status. More information can be located at www.asahq.org. Patients on beta blockers before the surgical procedure should be instructed to take their medication as ordered during the perioperative period. Protocols may vary among facilities. Make sure a written and informed consent has been signed prior to the procedure and before administering any medications. Intratest Potential complications: Bleeding (related to perforation of the bladder, a bleeding disorder, or the effects of natural products and medications known to act as blood thinners) or seeding of the biopsy tract with tumor cells. Ensure that the patient has complied with dietary restrictions. Ensure that anticoagulant therapy has been withheld for the appropriate number of days prior to the procedure. Number of days to withhold medication is dependent on the type of anticoagulant. Notify the HCP if patient anticoagulant therapy has not been withheld. Ensure that patients on beta-blocker therapy have continued their medication regimen as ordered. Avoid the use of equipment containing latex if the patient has a history of allergic reaction to latex. Have emergency equipment readily available. Have the patient void before the procedure. Observe standard precautions, and follow the general guidelines in Patient Preparation and Specimen Collection. Positively identify the patient, and label the appropriate specimen containers with the corresponding patient demographics, initials of the person collecting the specimen, date and time of collection, and site location. Assist the patient to the desired position depending on the test site to be used, and direct the patient to breathe normally during the beginning of the general anesthetic. Instruct the patient to cooperate fully and to follow directions. For the patient undergoing local anesthesia, direct him or her to breathe normally and to avoid unnecessary movement during the procedure. Record baseline vital signs, and continue to monitor throughout the procedure. Protocols may vary among facilities. Cystoscopy After administration of local or general anesthesia, place the patient in a lithotomy position on the examination table (with the feet up in stirrups). Drape the patient’s legs. Clean the external genitalia with a suitable antiseptic solution and drape the area with sterile towels. Once the cystoscope is inserted, the bladder is irrigated with saline. A tissue sample is removed using a cytology brush or biopsy forceps. Catheters may be used to obtain samples from the ureter. Open Biopsy Adhere to Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) quality measures. Administer ordered prophylactic antibiotics 1 hr before incision, use antibiotics that are consistent with current guidelines specific to the procedure, and use clippers to remove hair from the surgical site if appropriate. After administration of general anesthesia and surgical preparation are completed, an incision is made, suspicious areas are located, and tissue samples are collected. General Monitor the patient for complications related to the procedure (e.g., allergic reaction, anaphylaxis). Place tissue samples in properly labeled specimen container containing formalin solution, and promptly transport the specimen to the laboratory for processing and analysis. Post-Test Inform the patient that a report of the results will be made available to the requesting HCP, who will discuss the results with the patient. Instruct the patient to resume preoperative diet, as directed by the HCP. Assess the patient’s ability to swallow before allowing the patient to attempt liquids or solid foods. Monitor vital signs and neurological status every 15 min for 1 hr, then every 2 hr for 4 hr, and then as ordered by the HCP. Monitor temperature every 4 hr for 24 hr. Monitor intake and output at least every 8 hr. Compare with baseline values. Notify the HCP if temperature is elevated. Discontinue prophylactic antibiotics within 24 hr after the conclusion of the procedure. Protocols may vary among facilities. Instruct the patient on intake and output recording and provide appropriate measuring containers. Encourage fluid intake of 3,000 mL in 24 hr unless contraindicated. Observe for delayed allergic reactions, such as rash, urticaria, tachycardia, hyperpnea, hypertension, palpitations, nausea, or vomiting. Instruct the patient to immediately report pain, chills, or fever. Assess for infection, hemorrhage, or perforation of the bladder. Inform the patient that blood may be seen in the urine after the first or second postprocedural voiding. Instruct the patient to report any further changes in urinary pattern, volume, or appearance. Open Biopsy Observe/assess the biopsy site for bleeding, inflammation, or hematoma formation. Instruct the patient in the care and assessment of the site. Instruct the patient to report any redness, edema, bleeding, or pain at the biopsy site. General Assess for nausea, pain, and bladder spasms. Administer antiemetic, analgesic, and antispasmodic medications as needed and as directed by the HCP. Administer antibiotic therapy if ordered. Remind the patient of the importance of completing the entire course of antibiotic therapy, even if signs and symptoms disappear before completion of therapy. Recognize anxiety related to test results. Discuss the implications of abnormal test results on the patient’s lifestyle. Provide teaching and information regarding the clinical implications of the test results, as appropriate. Educate the patient regarding access to counseling services. Nutritional Considerations: Recommend a nutrition consult, if necessary, as many side effects of treatment for bladder cancer such as fatigue, bowel disturbances, and weight loss can result in malnutrition and increased risk for infection. Reinforce information given by the patient’s HCP regarding further testing, treatment, or referral to another HCP. Answer any questions or address any concerns voiced by the patient or family. Instruct the patient in the use of any ordered medications. Explain the importance of adhering to the therapy regimen. As appropriate, instruct the patient in significant side effects and systemic reactions associated with the prescribed medication. Encourage him or her to review corresponding literature provided by a pharmacist. Depending on the results of this procedure, additional testing may be performed to evaluate or monitor progression of the disease process and determine the need for a change in therapy. Evaluate test results in relation to the patient’s symptoms and other tests performed. Related Monographs Related tests include calculus kidney stone panel, CT renal, cystometry, cystoscopy, cystourethrography voiding, IVP, KUB studies, MRI bladder, retrograde ureteropyelography, US bladder, UA, and urine bladder cancer markers. Refer to the Genitourinary System table at the end of the book for related tests by body system.
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