Asa

(ā`sə), in the Bible, king of Judah, son and successor of Abijah. He was a good king, zealous in his extirpation of idols. When Baasha of Israel took Ramah (a few miles N of Jerusalem), Asa bought the help of Benhadad of Damascus and recaptured Ramah. His son Jehoshaphat succeeded him.

American National Standards Institute

An independent organization of trade associations, technical societies, professional groups, and consumer organizations; establishes and publishes standards; formerly known as the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI or ASI), and previously as the American Standards Association (ASA).

ASA

Adaptive Simulated Annealing

ASA

aspirin

[as´pĭ-rin] acetylsalicylic acid, a common nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug used to relieve pain and reduce fever, and specifically prescribed for rheumatic and arthritic disorders. See salicylate for adverse reactions and poisoning. Aspirin should not be given to children who have viral infections, because this has been associated with the subsequent development of reye's syndrome. Because it interferes with platelet aggregation, aspirin has some value in the treatment of clotting disorders. It is given as a prophylactic measure to patients at risk for myocardial infarction or stroke syndrome and to those at risk of thromboembolism after certain surgical procedures. Administered orally or rectally.

acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

Alka (UK), Angettes (UK), Apo-Asa (CA), Apo-ASEN (CA), Arthrinol (CA), Arthrisin (CA), Artria S.R. (CA), ASA, Aspercin, Aspergum, Aspir-Low, Aspirtab, Astrin (CA), Bayer, Caprin (UK), Coryphen (CA), Dispirin (UK), Easprin, Ecotrin, Enpirin (UK), Entrophen (CA), Halfprin, Headache Tablet (CA), Micoprin (UK), Novasen (CA), Nu-Seals (UK), PMS-ASA (CA), PostMl (UK), Sal-Adult (CA), Sal-Infant (CA), St. Joseph, Supasa (CA), ZORprin

Pharmacologic class: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

Therapeutic class: Nonopioid analgesic, antipyretic, antiplatelet drug

Pregnancy risk category C (with full dose in third trimester: D)

Action

Reduces pain and inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin production. Fever reduction mechanism unknown; may be linked to decrease in endogenous pyrogens in hypothalamus resulting from prostaglandin inhibition. Exerts antiplatelet effect by inhibiting synthesis of prostacyclin and thromboxane A₂.

Availability

Gum (chewable): 227 mg

Suppositories: 60 mg, 120 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 325 mg, 600 mg, 650 mg

Tablets: 81 mg, 325 mg, 500 mg

Tablets (chewable): 81 mg

Tablets (enteric-coated, delayed-release): 81 mg, 162 mg, 325 mg, 500 mg, 650 mg, 975 mg

Tablets (extended-release): 650 mg, 800 mg

Tablets (film-coated): 325 mg, 500 mg

Indications and dosages

➣ Mild pain or fever

Adults: 325 to 500 mg P.O. q 3 hours, or 325 to 650 mg P.O. q 4 hours, or 650 to 1,000 mg P.O. q 6 hours, to a maximum dosage of 4,000 mg/day.

Extended-release tablets-650 mg to 1,300 mg q 8 hours, not to exceed 3,900 mg/day; or 800 mg q 12 hours.

Children: 10 to 15 mg/kg P.O. or P.R. q 4 hours, not to exceed total daily dosage of 3.6 g, or up to 60 to 80 mg/kg/day. See chart below.

➣ Mild to moderate pain caused by inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis)

Adults: Initially, 2,400 to 3,600 mg P.O. daily in divided doses. Dosage may be increased by 325 to 1,200 mg daily at intervals of at least 1 week. Usual maintenance dosage is 3.6 to 5.4 g/day P.O. in divided doses, to a maximum dosage of 6 g/day.

➣ Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Children: 60 to 130 mg/kg/day P.O. in children weighing 25 kg (55 lb) or less, or 2,400 to 3,600 mg P.O. daily in children weighing more than 25 kg P.O.; give in divided doses q 6 to 8 hours.

➣ Acute rheumatic fever

Adults: 5 to 8 g/day P.O. in divided doses

Children: Initially, 100 mg/kg/day P.O. in individual doses for first 2 weeks; then maintenance dosage of 75 mg/kg/day P.O. in divided doses for next 4 to 6 weeks

➣ To reduce the risk of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or cerebrovascular accident in men with a history of TIAs caused by emboli

Adults: 650 mg P.O. b.i.d. or 325 mg P.O. q.i.d.

➣ To reduce the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with a history of MI or unstable angina

Adults: 75 to 325 mg/day P.O.

➣ Kawasaki disease

Children: Initially during acute febrile period, 80 to 180 mg/kg/day P.O. in four divided doses. Maintenance dosage is 3 to 10 mg/kg/day given as a single dose for up to 8 weeks or until platelet count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate return to normal.

➣ Thromboembolic disorders

Adults: 325 to 650 mg P.O. once or twice daily

Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to salicylates, other NSAIDs, or tartrazine

• Renal impairment

• Severe hepatic impairment

• Hemorrhagic states or blood coagulation defects

• Vitamin K deficiency caused by dehydration

• Concurrent anticoagulant use

• Pregnancy (third trimester) or breastfeeding

Precautions

Use with extreme caution, if at all, in:

• hepatic disorders, anemia, asthma, gastritis, Hodgkin's disease

• heart failure or other conditions in which high sodium content is harmful (buffered aspirin)

• patients receiving other salicylates or NSAIDs concurrently

• elderly patients

• children and adolescents.

Administration

See Never administer to child or adolescent who has signs or symptoms of chickenpox or flulike illness.

See Don't give within 6 weeks after administration of live varicella virus vaccine, because of risk of Reye's syndrome.

• Give with food or large amounts of water or milk to minimize GI irritation.

• Know that extended-release and enteric-coated forms are best for long-term therapy.

• Be aware that aspirin should be discontinued at least 1 week before surgery because it may inhibit platelet aggregation.

Adverse reactions

EENT: hearing loss, tinnitus, ototoxicity

GI: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, epigastric distress, heartburn, anorexia, GI bleeding

Hematologic: thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, shortened red blood cell life span

Hepatic: hepatotoxicity

Metabolic: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia

Respiratory: wheezing, hyperpnea, pulmonary edema with toxicity

Skin: rash, urticaria, bruising, angioedema

Other: hypersensitivity reactions, salicylism or acute toxicity

Interactions

Drug-drug. Acidifying drugs (such as ammonium chloride): increased salicylate blood level

Activated charcoal: decreased salicylate absorption

Alkalinizing drugs (such as antacids): decreased salicylate blood level Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: decreased antihypertensive effect

Anticoagulants, NSAIDs, thrombolytics: increased bleeding risk

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (such as acetazolamide): salicylism

Corticosteroids: increased salicylate excretion and decreased blood level Furosemide: increased diuretic effect Live varicella virus vaccine: increased risk of Reye's syndrome

Methotrexate: decreased methotrexate excretion and increased blood level, causing greater risk of toxicity Nizatidine: increased salicylate blood level

Spironolactone: decreased spironolactone effect

Sulfonylureas (such as chlorpropamide, tolbutamide): enhanced sulfonylurea effects

Tetracycline (oral): decreased absorption of tetracycline (with buffered aspirin)

Drug-diagnostic tests. Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, coagulation studies, PaCO₂, uric acid: increased values

Cholesterol, glucose, potassium, protein-bound iodine, sodium, thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine: decreased levels

Pregnancy test, protirelin-induced thyroid stimulating hormone, radionuclide thyroid imaging, serum theophylline (Schack and Waxler method), urine catecholamines, urine glucose, urine hydroxyindoleacetic acid, urine ketones (ferric chloride method), urine vanillylmandelic acid: test interference

Tests using phenosulfonphthalein as diagnostic agent: decreased urinary excretion of phenosulfonphthalein Urine protein: increased level

Drug-food. Urine-acidifying foods: increased salicylate blood level

Drug-herbs. Anise, arnica, cayenne, chamomile, clove, fenugreek, feverfew, garlic, ginger, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, horse chestnut, kelpware, licorice: increased bleeding risk

Drug-behaviors. Alcohol use: increased bleeding risk

Patient monitoring

See Watch for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity and other adverse reactions, especially bleeding tendency.

• Stay alert for signs and symptoms of acute toxicity, such as diplopia, ECG abnormalities, generalized seizures, hallucinations, hyperthermia, oliguria, acute renal failure, incoherent speech, irritability, restlessness, tremor, vertigo, confusion, disorientation, mania, lethargy, laryngeal edema, anaphylaxis, and coma.

• Monitor elderly patients carefully because they're at greater risk for salicylate toxicity.

• With prolonged therapy, frequently assess hemoglobin, hematocrit, International Normalized Ratio, and kidney function test results.

• Check salicylate blood levels frequently.

• Evaluate patient for signs and symptoms of ototoxicity (hearing loss, tinnitus, ataxia, and vertigo).

Patient teaching

• Tell patient to report ototoxicity symptoms, unusual bleeding, and bruising.

• Caution patient to avoid activities that may cause injury. Advise him to use soft toothbrush and electric razor to avoid gum and skin injury.

• Instruct patient to tell all prescribers he's taking the drug, because it may cause serious interactions with many common medications.

• Tell patient not to take other over-the-counter preparations containing aspirin.

• Inform patient that he may need to undergo regular blood testing during therapy.

• As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, foods, herbs, and behaviors mentioned above.

ASA

Abbreviation for:
acetylsalicylic acid
Adams-Stokes attack
Advertising Standards Authority (Medspeak-UK)
alcohol-septal ablation
Ambulance Service Association (Medspeak-UK)
American Society of Andrology
American Society of Anesthesiologists
American Surgical Association
anterior septal artery
anterior spinal artery
antisperm antibody
atrial-septal aneurysm

ASA

1. Acetylsalicylic acid. See Aspirin.2. Adams-Stokes attack.3. Allele specific amplification. See PCR amplification of specific alleles.4. American Society of Anesthesiologists.5. Aminosalicylic acid.6. Anterior septal artery.7. Argininosuccinic acid.8. Arysulfatase A.

ASA

Abbreviation for acetylsalicylic acid; American Society of Anesthesiologists;aspirin.

ASA

Abbreviation for acetylsalicylic acid.
See: aspirin.

ASA

Acronym	Definition
ASA➣American Standards Association (now ANSI)
ASA➣Angle Side Angle (geometry)
ASA➣Alcohol and Substance Abuse (various organizations)
ASA➣Adult Substance Abuse (various organizations)
ASA➣Amateur Softball Association
ASA➣Adaptive Security Appliance (Cisco)
ASA➣Automotive Service Association
ASA➣Advertising Standards Authority (UK)
ASA➣American Society on Aging
ASA➣Amateur Swimming Association (UK)
ASA➣Autism Society of America
ASA➣Americans for Safe Access
ASA➣Adaptive Server Anywhere
ASA➣American Soybean Association
ASA➣American Statistical Association
ASA➣American Society of Appraisers
ASA➣American Sailing Association
ASA➣American Sociological Association
ASA➣American Studies Association
ASA➣American Speed Association (stock car racing sanctioning organization)
ASA➣American Staffing Association
ASA➣As Soon As
ASA➣African Studies Association
ASA➣Atlantic Southeast Airlines (wholly owned subsidiary of Delta Air Lines, Inc.)
ASA➣Assistant Secretary of the Army
ASA➣American Society of Anesthesiologists
ASA➣Acoustical Society of America
ASA➣Alaska Airlines (ICAO code)
ASA➣American Supply Association
ASA➣American Society of Agronomy
ASA➣Adult Sexual Assault
ASA➣Alexander-Smith Academy (Houston, TX)
ASA➣American Subcontractors Association (Alexandria, VA)
ASA➣American Stroke Association
ASA➣American Scientific Affiliation
ASA➣Acetylsalicylic Acid (aspirin)
ASA➣American Sportfishing Association
ASA➣Asian Students Association
ASA➣American Student Assistance
ASA➣After School Art (various locations)
ASA➣After School Activity (various schools)
ASA➣Advertising Standards Agency
ASA➣Australian Society of Authors
ASA➣Army Security Agency
ASA➣Average Speed of Answer
ASA➣Accredited Senior Appraiser
ASA➣Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares (México)
ASA➣Applied Science Associates, Inc.
ASA➣Aviation Supplies & Academics
ASA➣Aminosalicylic Acid
ASA➣Academic and Student Affairs (various schools)
ASA➣Anti-Sperm Antibody
ASA➣American Sleep Association (est. 2002)
ASA➣Agent Systems and Applications
ASA➣Association Suisse d'Assurances (Swiss Insurance Association)
ASA➣Association of Social Anthropologists
ASA➣Adaptive Sports Association (Durango, CO)
ASA➣Average Sunday Attendance (churches)
ASA➣Adaptive Simulated Annealing
ASA➣Audi Side Assist
ASA➣American Standards Association
ASA➣anti Spam Agent
ASA➣Automated Support Assistant
ASA➣Advertising Standards Authority
ASA➣Adaptive Security Appliance
ASA➣Automation Systems Architecture
ASA➣Advance Separated Absorbed System
ASA➣Autocad Support Assistance
ASA➣Automated Service Agents
ASA➣anti Spam Alliance
ASA➣Alice Sweet Alice
ASA➣Australian Society of Archivists
ASA➣Assistant System Administrator (various locations)
ASA➣Air Stagnation Advisory
ASA➣Advanced Signal Analysis (Siemens technology)
ASA➣Airservices Australia
ASA➣Association Sportive Automobile (French: Motor Sports Association)
ASA➣American Society of Andrology
ASA➣Adaptive Security Algorithm
ASA➣Aid to Southeast Asia (est. 1989)
ASA➣Australian Society of Anaesthetists
ASA➣Auditory Scene Analysis (psychoacoustics)
ASA➣Austrian Space Agency
ASA➣Astronomical Society of Australia
ASA➣Associate of the Society of Actuaries
ASA➣Academic Study Associates
ASA➣Assalamu Alaikum (Arabic: May Peace Be Upon You)
ASA➣Archiv für Schweizerisches Abgaberecht
ASA➣American Softball Association
ASA➣Alpha Sigma Alpha
ASA➣Adaptive Security Architecture (computing)
ASA➣American Simmental Association
ASA➣AIDS Services of Austin
ASA➣Annual Service Agreement (various organizations)
ASA➣African Students Association (various universities)
ASA➣Armenian Student Association
ASA➣Association for Social Advancement
ASA➣Assistant State's Attorney
ASA➣Advice Services Alliance (UK)
ASA➣Association of Subscription Agents
ASA➣Advanced Systems Automation Limited (Singapore)
ASA➣Arizona Students Association
ASA➣American Shipbuilding Association
ASA➣Alberta Soccer Association
ASA➣Australasian Sleep Association
ASA➣Autocostruzioni Societa Per Azioni (Italian car company)
ASA➣American Sugar Alliance
ASA➣Arbeits- und Studienaufenthalte (German educational program)
ASA➣Antarctic Support Associates (NSF USAP Support Contractor)
ASA➣Aerospace States Association
ASA➣Arizona School for the Arts (Phoenix, AZ)
ASA➣Air Sovereignty Alert (US Air Force)
ASA➣American Screenwriters Association
ASA➣Association of Siamese Architects
ASA➣Administrative Support Assistant
ASA➣Automated Static Analysis (software vulnerability)
ASA➣Association of Scouts of Azerbaijan (est. 1997)
ASA➣Association Suisse de l'Arbitrage
ASA➣Administrative Services Agreement (various organizations)
ASA➣After School Alliance (various locations)
ASA➣Ask an Astronomer (various locations)
ASA➣Associazione Solidarietà AIDS
ASA➣Atomic Sphere Approximation
ASA➣ACCESS Systems America (various locations)
ASA➣Anderson Student Association (University of California, Los Angeles)
ASA➣Aspirin Sensitive Asthma
ASA➣Automatic Spectrum Analyzer (US DoD)
ASA➣Aggressive Skaters Association
ASA➣Arizona Sign Association (trade association)
ASA➣Automatic Slack Adjuster
ASA➣Alexandria Sanitation Authority (Fairfax County, VA)
ASA➣American Salvage Association (Arlington, VA)
ASA➣Allocation Spécifique d'Attente (French; supplemental income)
ASA➣Amherst Soccer Association (various locations)
ASA➣Arab Student Association
ASA➣American Sportscasters Association
ASA➣Adoption Support Agency (UK)
ASA➣Allele Specific Amplification
ASA➣All Source Analysis
ASA➣Accounting Students Association
ASA➣American Shotcrete Association
ASA➣Active Server Application (Microsoft)
ASA➣Astronomical Society of the Atlantic
ASA➣Asiantaeth Sicrhau Ansawdd (Welsh: Quality Assurance Agency; UK)
ASA➣Air Source Adapter (paintball)
ASA➣Advanced SCSI Architecture
ASA➣Agency for Social Analyses (Sofia, Bulgaria)
ASA➣Avantage Spécifique d'Ancienneté (French: Specific Advantages of Seniority)
ASA➣American Sommelier Association
ASA➣Australian Society of Agronomy
ASA➣American Synesthesia Association
ASA➣Associação Scholem Aleichem
ASA➣Allied States of America
ASA➣Actuarial Sciences Associates
ASA➣active surface area
ASA➣Astronomy Students Association (University of Texas)
ASA➣Anti-Spam Agent (software)
ASA➣American Subbuteo Association
ASA➣Agremiação Sportiva Arapiraquense
ASA➣Albany Students' Association
ASA➣Applied Science and Analysis, Inc.
ASA➣Autorisation Spéciale d'Absence (French: Special Leave of Absence)
ASA➣Association of South-East Asia
ASA➣Art Service Association
ASA➣Alumni Scholars Association (various schools)
ASA➣Advanced Standing Admission (various universities)
ASA➣Application Server Administrator (various organizations)
ASA➣Audio Service America (Albany, NY)
ASA➣American Sniper Association
ASA➣Adult Services & Aging
ASA➣Academic Systems Algebra (educational software program)
ASA➣Appalachia Studies Association (est. 1977)
ASA➣Avicultural Society of America
ASA➣Airline Services Agreement
ASA➣Associazione Scientifica Amatoriale
ASA➣Anti-Static Additive
ASA➣Athlétique Sport Aixois (French athletics club; Aix-les-Bains, France; est. 1947)
ASA➣Audiovox Specialized Applications, LLC
ASA➣American Sports Analysts
ASA➣Auditable Safety Analysis
ASA➣Australian Standards Association
ASA➣Association of Singapore Attractions
ASA➣Accredited Safety Auditor
ASA➣Australian Shareholders' Association Ltd
ASA➣Army Signal Activity
ASA➣Advanced Safety Audit
ASA➣Always Safe Afloat (shipping)
ASA➣Annular Slot Antenna
ASA➣American Saluki Association (Michigan)
ASA➣Albuquerque Soaring Association
ASA➣Australian String Academy
ASA➣American Scholastic Association
ASA➣Advanced Systems Associates
ASA➣After School Assignment
ASA➣Algemeen Spaans Adviesbureau
ASA➣Apsylis Services Automation (French software company)
ASA➣Advanced System Architectures Ltd
ASA➣Advanced Space Academy
ASA➣Advanced Security Appliance (Cisco)
ASA➣Aerosurface Servoamplifier (US NASA)
ASA➣American Soccer Academy
ASA➣Advanced System Architecture
ASA➣Australian Shipowners Association Limited
ASA➣Attraction-Selection-Attrition framework
ASA➣Aviation Safety Advisory
ASA➣Associazione Salentina Astrofili
ASA➣Anti-Spam Alliance
ASA➣Army School of Ammunition
ASA➣American Schizophrenia Association
ASA➣Army Space Agency
ASA➣Alberta Sign Association (Canada)
ASA➣Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate Terpolymer
ASA➣Army Strategic Appraisal
ASA➣Afrique Secours et Assistance (French)
ASA➣Advanced System Avionics
ASA➣Automation Systems Architecture (CAN/Devicenet Communications Identifier)
ASA➣Anaerobe Society of the Americas, Inc.
ASA➣Another Stupid Acronym
ASA➣Accelerated Safety Assessment
ASA➣Acoustical Scene Analysis (psychoacoustics)
ASA➣Additional Shift Allowance
ASA➣Alternative Strategy Advisers LLC
ASA➣Arizona Spirit Association
ASA➣Application Systems Architecture
ASA➣Adaptive Sub-Channel Allocation
ASA➣Attribute SAS Authority
ASA➣American Snowmobilers Association
ASA➣Abaxial Spherical Aberration
ASA➣Alternate Splice Area (FOC)
ASA➣Active Star Architecture
ASA➣Automated Student Administration
ASA➣Audubon Soccer Association (Pennsylvania)
ASA➣Abstract Source Alphabet
ASA➣Auxiliary Solar Array
ASA➣Aereopuertos y Servicios Auxiliares
ASA➣Article Submit Auto (application)
ASA➣Another Silly Acronym
ASA➣Automatic Signal Analysis
ASA➣Accounting Schedule Activity
ASA➣Air Surveillance Area (early warning)
ASA➣Auxiliary Spectrum Analysis
ASA➣Advanced Surveillance Aircraft
ASA➣Automated SIOP Allocation
ASA➣Advanced Strike Aircraft
ASA➣Antenna Selector Assembly
ASA➣Analyst Support Architecture
ASA➣Area Software Analyst
ASA➣Administrative State Attribute
ASA➣Aperture Switching Assembly
ASA➣Asynchronous/Synchronous Analyzer (Digital Lightwave)
ASA➣Army System Architecture
ASA➣Author Supplied Abstract (abstracting & indexing)
ASA➣Addressing System Agent
ASA➣Archery Shooters Association LLC
ASA➣Arbeitsgemeinschaft Südliches & Östliches Afrika eV (Munich, Germany)
ASA➣Alberta Snomobile Association
ASA➣Agere Systems Australia (Australia)
ASA➣Automatic Switchboard Attendant
ASA➣Archive Society of Alberta (Canada)
ASA➣Actual Sum Assured (insurance industry)