| 单词 | zidovudine | |||
| 释义 | zidovudineenUKzi·do·vu·dineZ0014700 (zĭ-dō′vyo͞o-dēn′)zidovudine(zaɪˈdɒvjʊˌdiːn)zi•do•vu•dine(zaɪˈdoʊ vyuˌdin)n.
zidovudineenUKzidovudine[zi-do´vu-dēn]zidovudinePharmacologic class: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor Therapeutic class: Antiretroviral Pregnancy risk category C FDA Box Warning• Drug has been linked to hematologic toxicity (including neutropenia and severe anemia), particularly in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. • Prolonged use is associated with symptomatic myopathy. • Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis (including fatal cases) have occurred with use of nucleoside analogs alone or in combination, including zidovudine and other antiretrovirals. ActionAfter conversion to its active metabolite, inhibits activity of HIV reverse transcriptase and terminates viral DNA growth AvailabilityCapsules: 100 mg Injection: 10 mg/ml in 20-ml vial Syrup: 50 mg/5 ml Tablets: 300 mg Indications and dosages➣ HIV-1 infection Adults and children older than age 12: 600 mg P.O. total daily dosage divided into either b.i.d. or t.i.d. dosing; or 1 mg/kg I.V. five to six times daily; in combination with other antiretrovirals Children ages 4 weeks to younger than 18 years weighing 30 kg (66 lb) or more: 600 mg P.O. total daily dosage divided into either b.i.d. or t.i.d. dosing; or 480 mg/m2 total daily dosage divided into either b.i.d. or t.i.d. dosing. Don't exceed recommended adult dosage. Children ages 4 weeks to younger than 18 years weighing 9 kg (20 lb) to less than 30 kg (66 lb): 18 mg/kg/day total daily dosage divided into either b.i.d. or t.i.d. dosing; or 480 mg/m2 total daily dosage divided into either b.i.d. or t.i.d. dosing. Don't exceed recommended adult dosage. Children ages 4 weeks to younger than 18 years weighing 4 kg (9 lb) to less than 9 kg (20 lb): 24 mg/kg/day total daily dosage divided into either b.i.d. or t.i.d. dosing; or 480 mg/m2 total daily dosage divided into either b.i.d. or t.i.d. dosing. Don't exceed recommended adult dosage. ➣ To prevent maternal-fetal HIV transmission Pregnant women (more than 14 weeks of pregnancy): 500 mg P.O. daily in divided doses (usually as five 100-mg doses) until labor begins; then 2 mg/kg I.V. over 1 hour followed by a continuous infusion of 1 mg/kg/hour until umbilical cord is clamped Neonates: 2 mg/kg P.O. q 6 hours starting within 12 hours of delivery and continuing for 6 weeks. For neonates unable to receive oral dosing, 1.5 mg/kg by I.V. infusion over 30 minutes q 6 hours Dosage adjustment• End-stage renal disease in patients maintained on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis • Hematologic toxicity • Concurrent use of drugs (such as fluconazole or valproic acid) in patients experiencing pronounced anemia Off-label uses• Occupational exposure to HIV Contraindications• Patients who have had potentially life-threatening allergic reactions (such as anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome) to drug or its components PrecautionsUse cautiously in: • renal or hepatic impairment, known risk factors for liver disease, decreased bone marrow reserve, hemoglobin less than 9.5 g/dl, granulocyte count less than 1,000 cells/mm3 • concurrent use of Combivir or Trizivir (zidovudine-containing products) or interferon- and ribavirin-based regimens • pregnant or breastfeeding patients. AdministrationSee For I.V. use, remove dose from vial and add to I.V. solution containing dextrose 5% in water, to yield a final concentration no higher than 4 mg/ml. Infuse over 1 hour. Avoid rapid infusion or bolus injection. Don't give by I.M. route. • In adults, give by I.V. route only until patient can tolerate oral dose. • If a child is unable to reliably swallow a capsule or tablet, give syrup formulation.  Adverse reactionsCNS: headache, paresthesia, malaise, insomnia, dizziness, drowsiness, asthenia, seizures GI: nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, anorexia, pancreatitis Hematologic: severe anemia (necessitating transfusions), agranulocytopenia, severe bone marrow depression Hepatic: severe hepatomegaly with steatosis Metabolic: lactic acidosis Musculoskeletal: myalgia, back pain, myopathy Respiratory: dyspnea Skin: diaphoresis, rash, altered nail pigmentation Other: abnormal taste, fever, immune reconstitution syndrome InteractionsDrug-drug. Acetaminophen, aspirin, indomethacin: increased risk of zidovudine toxicity Amphotericin B, dapsone, flucytosine, pentamidine: increased risk of nephrotoxicity and bone marrow depression Cyclosporine: extreme drowsiness, lethargy Cytotoxic drugs, myelosuppressants, nephrotoxic drugs (such as ganciclovir, interferon alfa): increased risk of hematologic toxicity Fluconazole, methadone, probenecid, valproic acid: increased zidovudine blood level, greater risk of toxicity Ribavirin: antagonism of zidovudine's antiviral activity Drug-diagnostic tests. Granulocytes, hemoglobin, platelets: decreased levels Drug-herbs. St. John's wort: decreased zidovudine efficacy Patient monitoring• Monitor neurologic status, especially for signs and symptoms of impending seizure. See Periodically assess CBC and kidney and liver function tests. Be aware that drug can cause hepatotoxicity. See Watch for signs and symptoms of pancreatitis, immune reconstitution syndrome, and lactic acidosis. Patient teaching• Tell patient he may take with or without food. • Instruct patient to take capsules with at least 4 oz of fluid and to stay upright after taking. • Explain therapy to patient. Emphasize that drug doesn't cure HIV infection. • Urge patient to take drug exactly as prescribed. See Teach patient to recognize and immediately report signs and symptoms of serious side effects, such as seizures. • Stress importance of follow-up laboratory testing. • Advise female of childbearing age to use effective contraception. • Inform pregnant patient that drug reduces risk of, but may not prevent, HIV transmission to neonate. • As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, and herbs mentioned above. zi·do·vu·dine(zī-dō'vū-dēn),zidovudine(zĭ-dō′vyo͞o-dēn′)AZTA nucleoside analogue used with other anti-HIV agents to manage AIDS and HIV infection.Adverse effects Long-term AZT use is associated with muscle loss, nausea, anaemia, myelosuppression, oral ulcers, bone marrow damage and headache. zidovudineAZT 3'-azido-3'-deoxythimidine AIDS A thymidine analogue and HIV-1 antimetabolite, which slows progression of AIDS and terminating HIV's DNA chain growth Indications AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, CD4+ T-helper cells < 200/mm3, zidovudine therapy–ZT ↓ vertical maternal-infant transmission of HIV, HIV-1 infected children with neurodevelopmental abnormalities Effect Improved sense of well-being, ↑ CD4+ T cells, ↓ AIDS-related complications Side effects Dose-limiting myelosuppression with granulocytopenia–which may respond to lithium, anemia, headache, insomnia, mania, seizures, nausea, myalgia, lymphoma. See AIDS therapy.zi·do·vu·dine(ZDV) (zī-dō'vyū-dēn)zidovudineAn antiviral drug used to try to retard the progress of AIDS. Also known as azidothymidine or AZT. The drug is on the WHO official list. A brand name is Retrovir.zi·do·vu·dine(ZDV) (zī-dō'vyū-dēn)zidovudineenUK
Synonyms for zidovudine
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zidovudine - an antiviral drug (trade name Retrovir) used in the treatment of AIDS; adverse side effects include liver damage and suppression of the bone marrow