Wyoming

Wyoming,

city (1990 pop. 63,891), Kent co., W Mich., in the greater Grand RapidsGrand Rapids,
city (1990 pop. 189,126), seat of Kent co., SW central Mich., on the Grand River; inc. 1850. The second largest city in the state, it is a distribution, wholesale, and industrial center for an area that yields fruit, dairy products, farm produce, gypsum, and gravel.
..... Click the link for more information. metropolitan area, on the Grand River; settled 1832, inc. 1959. Mainly residential, the city has food processing and plants that manufacture metal products and transportation equipment.

See also: National Parks and Monuments (table)National Parks and Monuments

National Parks
Name Type¹ Location Year authorized Size
acres (hectares)
Description
Acadia NP SE Maine 1919 48,419 (19,603) Mountain and coast scenery.
..... Click the link for more information.

Wyoming

(wīō`mĭng), least populous state in the United States, one of the Rocky Mt. states of the West. It is bordered by South Dakota and Nebraska (E), Colorado and Utah (S), Idaho (W), and Montana (N).

Facts and Figures

Area, 97,914 sq mi (253,597 sq km). Pop. (2010) 563,626, a 14.1% increase since the 2000 census. Capital and largest city, Cheyenne. Statehood, July 10, 1890 (44th state). Highest pt., Gannett Peak, 13,804 ft (4,207 m); lowest pt., Belle Fourche River, 3,100 ft (946 m). Nickname, Equality State. Motto, Equal Rights. State bird, meadowlark. State flower, Indian paintbrush. State tree, cottonwood. Abbr., Wyo.; WY

Geography

Rectangular in shape, Wyoming is traversed by the Rocky Mts., which angle south across the state from the northwest. East of the mountains is the rolling country of the Great Plains, a mile-high region covered with grasses and sagebrush and interrupted by the upward thrust of mountain ranges. In the center of the state is a stretch of unbroken high plain, across which the wagon trains rolled westward over the Oregon TrailOregon Trail,
overland emigrant route in the United States from the Missouri River to the Columbia River country (all of which was then called Oregon). The pioneers by wagon train did not, however, follow any single narrow route.
..... Click the link for more information. . In the extreme northeast the low, wooded Black Hills give way to eroded badlands extending west to the banks of the Powder River, which wanders through some of the most famous cattle country in the United States. West beyond the Powder is tallgrass country that was the hunting ground of the Crow until the migrating Sioux pushed the Crow westward into the mountains. The Sioux fell in turn before the relentless advance of settlers, and today farms and ranches occupy this fertile and beautiful plains area.

In SE Wyoming the higher tablelands are interrupted by the Laramie and Medicine Bow ranges. Across this region travelers to the Pacific coast made their way when wars with natives in the 1860s made the Oregon Trail hazardous. The railroad followed paths of these wagon trains when the Union Pacific laid its tracks along this more southerly course. In SW Wyoming is the natural gateway through the Rockies: the broad, grassy South Pass. Immediately north of the pass is the Wind River Range, reaching the highest elevation in the state at Gannett Peak. Still farther north rise the Gros Ventre and Absaroka ranges, and to the west, near the Idaho line, the glorious Tetons loom above a lake and valley country of renowned beauty.

From the mountain heights snows melt to feed a number of rivers. The Snake begins its long, winding journey into Idaho and on to the Columbia; the Yellowstone travels north and east into the Missouri; and the Green River flows south to join the Colorado. This wealth of surface water offsets the scant rainfall, and river water is impounded for irrigation, flood control, and in some cases hydroelectric power.

Wyoming has two spectacular national parks: Grand TetonGrand Teton National Park
, 309,993 acres (125,503 hectares), NW Wyo.; est. 1929. The park, which includes Jackson Lake and part of Jackson Hole, embraces the most scenic portion of the glaciated, snow-covered Teton Range; Grand Teton (13,766 ft/4,196 m) is the highest peak.
..... Click the link for more information. , which embraces the most stunning portion of the Teton Range, and YellowstoneYellowstone National Park,
2,219,791 acres (899,015 hectares), the world's first national park (est. 1872), NW Wyo., extending into Montana and Idaho. It lies mainly on a broad plateau in the Rocky Mts., on the Continental Divide, c.
..... Click the link for more information. , which includes the entire northwest corner of the state and was the world's first national park. Yellowstone's geysers and hot springs are world famous, as is the breathtaking Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. Wyoming is also prime hunting and fishing country. The nation's largest herds of elk and antelope are there; deer, moose, and bear are plentiful, and the rivers, lakes, and streams teem with fish. Also in the state are Devils Tower and Fossil Butte national monuments and two national recreational areas, Bighorn Canyon and Flaming Gorge (see National Parks and MonumentsNational Parks and Monuments

National Parks
Name Type¹ Location Year authorized Size
acres (hectares)
Description
Acadia NP SE Maine 1919 48,419 (19,603) Mountain and coast scenery.
..... Click the link for more information. , table). CheyenneCheyenne,
city (1990 pop. 50,008), alt. 6,062 ft (1,848 m), state capital and seat of Laramie co., SE Wyo., near the Colo. and Nebr. lines; inc. 1868. It is a market for sheep and cattle ranches and a shipping center with good transportation facilities.
..... Click the link for more information. is the capital and largest city; CasperCasper,
city (1990 pop. 46,742), alt. 5,123 ft (1,561 m), seat of Natrona co., E central Wyo., on the North Platte River; inc. 1889. It is a rail, distribution, processing, and trade center in a farming, ranching, and mineral-rich area.
..... Click the link for more information. and LaramieLaramie
, city (1990 pop. 26,687), seat of Albany co., SE Wyo., on the Laramie River; inc. 1874. It is a commercial, railroad, and industrial center for a livestock and timber region. Laramie has railyards, sawmills, a cement factory, and meat-storage facilities.
..... Click the link for more information. are the second and third largest cities.

Economy

Dry farming, producing hay, wheat, and barley, is supplemented by the more diversified yield (especially sugar beets and dry beans) of irrigated fields. Most of the inhabitants of the state derive their livelihood directly or indirectly from farming or ranching. The most valuable farm commodities, in terms of cash receipts, are cattle, hay, sugar beets, and wheat. Sparse grasses over much of the region necessitate a large grazing area for each animal, and the average ranch in Wyoming is larger than in any state except Arizona. Sheep graze in places unfit for cattle, and both sheep and cattle range by permit in the national forests. Cooperative grazing tracts are on the increase. Horses, a prized essential in the practice of ranching, are carefully raised and trained.

Mining is the largest sector of the state's economy, accounting for about one quarter of the gross state product. Oil wells were first drilled in the 1860s, and today petroleum remains one of the state's most important minerals. The production of petroleum and petroleum products is centered in Casper. Natural gas, however, now exceeds petroleum in economic significance, as does coal. Wyoming is a significant U.S. producer sodium carbonate and uranium as well, and considerable amounts of gold, iron, and various clays are also mined. Important manufactures include processed foods and clay, glass, and wood products.

Wyoming has almost 10 million acres of forested land. The state's natural beauty makes tourism and recreation a major source of revenue. In addition, the multitude of rodeos, annual roundups, and frontier celebrations and the presence of numerous dude ranches draw a large number of vacationers every year.

Government and Higher Education

Wyoming still operates under its first constitution, adopted in 1890. The executive branch is headed by a governor elected for a four-year term. Republican Jim Geringer won the governorship in 1994 and was reelected in 1998. He was succeeded by Dave Freudenthal, a Democrat, elected in 2002 and again four years later. Republican Matt Mead was elected governor in 2010 and 2014, and fellow Republican Mark Gordon won the office in 2018. Wyoming's legislature has a senate with 30 members and a house of representatives with 60 members. The state sends two senators and one representative to the U.S. Congress and has three electoral votes. The Univ. of Wyoming is at Laramie, and there are a number of community colleges.

History

European Claims

Portions of what is now Wyoming were at one time claimed by Spain, France, and England. The acquisition of the territory by the United States was completed through five major annexations—the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the Treaty of 1819 with Spain, cession by the Republic of Texas in 1836 and partition from Texas after it was annexed in 1845, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) after the Mexican War, and the international agreement (1846) with Great Britain concerning the Columbia River country (see OregonOregon
, state in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. It is bordered by Washington, largely across the Columbia River (N), Idaho, partially across the Snake River (E), Nevada and California (S), and the Pacific Ocean (W).
..... Click the link for more information. ).

The Fur Trade and Westward Migration

The early development of Wyoming was closely linked with the fur trade and the great westward migrations. French trappers and explorers may have reached the area in the middle to late 18th cent., but the first authentic accounts of the region were provided by John ColterColter, John
, c.1775–1813, American trapper and guide, b. Virginia. In 1803 he enlisted in the Lewis and Clark expedition and in 1806, on the return trip, was granted a discharge to join a party of trappers. The following year, on his way to St.
..... Click the link for more information. , who, trapped in the Wyoming mountains for several years, returned to St. Louis in 1810 with fantastic accounts of the steaming geysers and great canyons of the Yellowstone. Colter returned west, and other fur traders made their way into Wyoming. The overland party on its way to found AstoriaAstoria
. 1 Commercial, industrial, and residential section of NW Queens borough of New York City, SE N.Y.; settled in the 17th cent. as Hallet's Cove. It was renamed for John Jacob Astor in 1839.
..... Click the link for more information. on the Columbia River went through Teton Pass in 1811. The following year Robert StuartStuart, Robert,
1785–1843, American explorer, b. Scotland. He emigrated (1807) to Canada and became a fur trader. He joined in John Jacob Astor's Astoria venture, and in 1812 he led the overland party east.
..... Click the link for more information. , returning from Astoria, crossed South Pass and followed much of the route that was to become the Oregon Trail.

Only the hardiest and most self-sufficient could survive the Native American attacks and the rugged isolation of the country. With the expeditions of William H. AshleyAshley, William Henry,
c.1778–1838, American fur trader and politician, b. Virginia. In 1820 he was elected lieutenant governor of Missouri. He sent fur-trading expeditions up the Missouri River to the Yellowstone in 1822 and 1823; the parties included Jedediah Smith and
..... Click the link for more information. , the mountain menmountain men,
fur trappers and traders in the Rocky Mts. during the 1820s and 30s. Their activities opened that region of the United States to general knowledge. Since the days of French domination there had been expeditions to the upper Missouri River, and in the early 19th
..... Click the link for more information. entered the country, and some of the most famous of those early explorers—Thomas FitzpatrickFitzpatrick, Thomas,
c.1799–1854, American trapper, fur trader, and guide, one of the greatest of the mountain men, b. Co. Cavan, Ireland. He emigrated early to the United States, and by 1823 he was engaged in St.
..... Click the link for more information. , James BridgerBridger, James,
1804–81, American fur trader, one of the most celebrated of the mountain men, b. Virginia. He was working as a blacksmith in St. Louis when he joined the Missouri River expedition of William H. Ashley in 1822.
..... Click the link for more information. , and Jedediah S. SmithSmith, Jedediah Strong,
1799–1831, American explorer, one of the greatest of the mountain men, b. near Binghamton, N.Y. Early in 1824, Smith took a party through South Pass, beginning the regular use of that route.
..... Click the link for more information. —crossed and recrossed the land. Attracted by the fur trade, Capt. B. L. E. de Bonneville organized a sizable expedition, and his were the first wagons to go (1832) through South Pass. The first permanent trading post was Fort William (1834), famous under its later name, Fort Laramie. In 1843 Fort Bridger (now in a state park) was built. The area also aroused the interest of John C. FrémontFrémont, John Charles,
1813–90, American explorer, soldier, and political leader, b. Savannah, Ga. He taught mathematics to U.S. naval cadets, then became an assistant on a surveying expedition (1838–39) between the upper Mississippi River and the Missouri.
..... Click the link for more information. , who made an expedition in 1842. By the 1840s the route west through Wyoming was in steady use by caravans headed toward Oregon, and the fur-trading posts became stations on the Oregon Trail.

As the fur trade declined, many former trappers and mountaineers settled along the trail, furnishing horses and other supplies to the migrants and purchasing debilitated stock to be put to pasture and sold the following year. Mormons trekking to Utah (Brigham Young led the first party in 1847) and Forty-Niners rushing to the gold fields of California joined the many thousands traversing the mountain passes of Wyoming. A number of Mormons settled for a time in W Wyoming. The death of Mormon pioneers in a blizzard (1856) and the thousands of graves along the Oregon Trail give an indication of the toll taken by disease, starvation, attacks by Native Americans, and winter snows. Despite the hardships, telegraph stations (1861) and stagecoach and freight lines were established, and in 1860–61 pony express riders crossed Wyoming on their route between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California.

Native American Hostilities and Increased Settlement

Native Americans hostile to encroachment in the early 1860s forced the rerouting of stagecoaches to the south, along the Overland TrailOverland Trail,
any of several trails of westward migration in the United States. The term is sometimes used to mean all the trails westward from the Missouri to the Pacific and sometimes for the central trails only.
..... Click the link for more information. . Displaced from their former homes in the east and west, and waging internecine warfare for control of the rich buffalo ranges, the tribes feared further encroachment by the settlers on their hunting grounds, especially after the opening (1864) of the Bozeman Trail. Treaties were made and broken by both sides, and wars with the Sioux persisted, particularly in the Powder River valley.

Meanwhile, S Wyoming was relatively free of attacks, and a gold rush, stimulated by the discoveries at South Pass (1867), brought the first heavy influx of settlers to that region; the flow was increased by the uncovering of vast coal deposits in SW Wyoming. Probably the greatest stimulus to settlement was the completion (1868) of the Wyoming sector of the Union Pacific RR. Towns, including Cheyenne, sprang up beside the tracks, and trade thrived on the demands of the road crews and the new settlers.

Territorial Status and Economic Development

In 1868 the region became the Territory of Wyoming, with Cheyenne as its capital. Wyoming pioneered in political equality when, in 1869, the first territorial legislature granted the vote to women. The territory continued to advance economically as huge herds of cattle were driven up over the Texas or Long Trail. Native American resistance had been suppressed by the late 1870s. The Arapaho were placed on the Wind River Reservation with their former enemies, the Shoshone, and cattlemen safely moved their herds to grasslands throughout Wyoming.

After the complete opening of rangelands, cattle rustling became so common that the authorities could not control it, and juries grew fearful of returning just verdicts against criminals. The Wyoming Stock Growers Association was organized in 1873 to protect cattle owners, and members frequently formed vigilante groups to administer their own justice. The struggle reached its height in the Johnson county cattle war of 1892. Lawlessness was also exemplified by the Hole-in-the-Wall gang, which broadened its activities to include bank and train robberies as well as cattle theft.

Gradually, vast areas were fenced in and winter pastures were established. The influx of sheep in the late 1890s, however, brought new violence. Cattlemen made frantic efforts to exclude the sheep from close grazing on the precious grasslands. Homesteaders were also unwelcome, and many left when they realized that the country was unsuited for small acreage cultivation. Nonetheless, population increase was steady, advancing from about 9,000 in 1870 to over 90,000 in 1900. With expanding population came other kinds of development: eager frontiersmen rapidly (and somewhat chaotically) established schools, and in 1887 the Univ. of Wyoming was founded.

Statehood and Progressive Legislation

Statehood was achieved in 1890, and in keeping with its frontier ideals, Wyoming adopted a liberal state constitution that included the secret ballot. The Carey Act of 1894, providing for the reclamation and settlement of land, stimulated further agrarian development and, in addition, pointed out the need for conservation and efficient use of water. The establishment of national parks protected timberlands and extensive grazing areas, and water power was harnessed to furnish electricity for farms and industries.

In politics, the Progressive movement found numerous adherents in Wyoming; in 1915, after one of the most bitter fights in the state's history, Progressive forces triumphed over the railroad and related interests with the establishment of a state utilities commission. A worker's compensation law was passed in 1915, and also in that year the legislature authorized the Univ. of Wyoming to accept federal grants for agricultural experiments and demonstrations. Thus were begun the state's outstanding and widespread services for agrarian improvement. In 1924 Wyoming became the first state to elect a woman governor, Nellie Tayloe Ross.

The Energy Industry and Agriculture in the Twentieth Century

By the mid-1920s the state ranked fourth in the nation in the production of crude oil, but the valuable finds at Teapot DomeTeapot Dome,
in U.S. history, oil reserve scandal that began during the administration of President Harding. In 1921, by executive order of the President, control of naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyo., and at Elk Hills, Calif., was transferred from the Navy Dept.
..... Click the link for more information. are probably remembered best as the symbol of corruption in the administration of President Warren Harding. Under the New Deal, Wyoming was well served by national soil conservation programs, which benefited dry farmers who had extended operations into semiarid regions and had suffered severely in the drought years beginning in the late 1920s. The cooperative movement in agriculture also gained ground in this period and has since grown.

One of the most important events in the state since World War II was the discovery of uranium. New oil finds also helped to offset economic losses resulting from a disastrous four-year-long drought in the 1950s. The decade from the early 1970s to the early 1980s was a boom period for Wyoming as high energy prices boosted the state's coal, oil, and natural gas industries. By the mid-1980s, however, energy prices were falling and the economy was hurt by its lack of diversity, but tourism and recreation subsequently developed as an important sector of the economy. Wyoming also has suffered from the injurious environmental effects of the energy industry, and pollution has become a serious problem in some mining towns. Although its population rose by almost 9% between 1990 and 2000, the state is still the least populous in the nation. With the increase in energy prices in the early 21st cent. Wyoming again found itself in an economic boom.

Bibliography

See T. A. Larson, History of Wyoming (1966, 2d rev. ed. 1979); The Historical Encyclopedia of Wyoming, pub. by the Wyoming Historical Institute (2 vol., 1970); L. M. Woods, The Wyoming Country Before Statehood (1971); L. and O. H. Bonney, Guide to the Wyoming Mountains and Wilderness (1977); R. H. Brown, Wyoming, A Geography (1980); T. Treadway, Wyoming (1982); P. Roberts and D. L. Roberts, Wyoming Almanac (1988).

Wyoming State Information

Phone: (307) 777-7220
wyoming.gov

Area (sq mi):: 97813.56 (land 97100.40; water 713.16) Population per square mile: 5.20
Population 2005: 509,294 State rank: 0 Population change: 2000-20005 3.10%; 1990-2000 8.90% Population 2000: 493,782 (White 88.90%; Black or African American 0.80%; Hispanic or Latino 6.40%; Asian 0.60%; Other 6.70%). Foreign born: 2.30%. Median age: 36.20
Income 2000: per capita $19,134; median household $37,892; Population below poverty level: 11.40% Personal per capita income (2000-2003): $28,460-$32,433
Unemployment (2004): 3.90% Unemployment change (from 2000): 0.10% Median travel time to work: 17.80 minutes Working outside county of residence: 7.90%

List of Wyoming counties:

Albany County

Big Horn County

Campbell County

Carbon County

Converse County

Crook County

Fremont County

Goshen County

Hot Springs County

Johnson County

Laramie County

Lincoln County

Natrona County

Niobrara County

Park County

Platte County

Sheridan County

Sublette County

Sweetwater County

Teton County

Uinta County

Washakie County

Weston County

Wyoming Parks

US National Parks
Devils Tower National Monument
Fort Laramie National Historic Site
Fossil Butte National Monument
Grand Teton National Park
John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway
Yellowstone National Park

State Parks

Bear River State Park
Boysen State Park
Buffalo Bill State Park
Connor Battlefield State Historic Site
Curt Gowdy State Park
Edness K. Wilkins State Park
Fort Bridger State Historic Site
Fort Fetterman State Historic Site

Fort Fred Steele State Historic Site
Fort Phil Kearny State Historic Site
Glendo State Park
Guernsey State Park
Hawk Springs State Recreation Area
Historic Governors' Mansion
Hot Springs State Park
Independence Rock State Historic Site

Keyhole State Park
Medicine Lodge State Archaeological Site
Seminoe State Park
Sinks Canyon State Park
South Pass City State Historic Site
Trail End State Historic Site
Wyoming Pioneer Memorial Museum
Wyoming Territorial Prison State Historic Site

National Wildlife Refuges
Cokeville Meadows National Wildlife Refuge
National Elk Refuge
Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge
National Scenic Byways
Beartooth Scenic Byway - Montana
Beartooth Scenic Byway - Wyoming
National Grasslands
Thunder Basin National Grassland
National Forests
Bighorn National Forest
Bridger-Teton National Forest
Medicine Bow-Routt National Forests
Shoshone National Forest

Wyoming

a state in the western USA. The northeastern part of the state is in the Great Plains region, while the remaining, larger part is occupied by the Rocky Mountains (altitude, 4,200 m). Area, 253,600 sq km. Population, 328,000 (1970), of which 56.8 percent is urban (1960). Administrative center, Cheyenne.

Wyoming’s most important branch of agriculture is livestock raising. Large livestock farms, called ranches, are characteristic. On Jan. 1, 1967, there were 1.4 million head of cattle, 1.9 million head of sheep, and 23,000 pigs in the state. Farming is irrigated. About 6 percent of the arable land is tilled. Grasses, sugar beets, oats, and barley are planted on irrigated land. There is logging of coniferous trees. The leading role in the mining industry is taken by the extraction of oil (18 million tons in 1966). The state’s large reserves of coal are worked in a very limited fashion (2.96 million tons in 1965). Uranium ore is mined (at Gas Hills and Crook’s Gain; approximately 1,000 tons of U₃U₈ in 1966). The state’s deposits of natural gas (6.7 billion cu m), iron ore, and construction materials are developed. Manufacturing, with the exception of oil refining and the production of uranium concentrates, is of local significance. The state’s oil, oil products, and natural gas are pumped through large main pipelines into other states. The famous Yellowstone National Park is on the territory of Wyoming.

M. E. POLOVITSKAIA

Wyoming

Forty-fourth state; admitted on July 10, 1890

State capital: Cheyenne
Nicknames: Equality State; Cowboy State; Big Wyoming
State motto: Equal Rights
State bird: Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
State coin: Golden dollar
State dinosaur: Triceratops
State fish: Cutthroat trout (Salmo clerki)
State flower: Indian paintbrush (Castilleja linariaefolia)
State fossil: Knightia
State gemstone: Jade (nephrite)
State icon: Bucking horse
State mammal: Bison (Bison bison)
State reptile: Horned toad (Douglassi brevirostre)
State song: “Wyoming”
State sport: Rodeo
State tree: Plains cottonwood (Populus sargentii)

More about state symbols at:

wyoming.gov/wyoinfo.asp
wyoming.gov/state/wyoming_news/general/general.asp

More about the state at:

wyoming.gov/about.asp

SOURCES:

AmerBkDays-2000, p. 519 AnnivHol-2000, p. 115

STATE OFFICES:

State web site: wyoming.gov

Office of the Governor State Capitol 200 W 24th St Rm 124 Cheyenne, WY 82202 307-777-7434 fax: 307-632-3909 wyoming.gov/governor

Secretary of State 200 W 24th St Cheyenne, WY 82002 307-777-7378 fax: 307-777-6217 soswy.state.wy.us

Wyoming State Library 2301 Capitol Ave

Cheyenne, WY 82002
307-777-6333
fax: 307-777-6289
www-wsl.state.wy.us

Wyoming

a state of the western US: consists largely of ranges of the Rockies in the west and north, with part of the Great Plains in the east and several regions of hot springs. Capital: Cheyenne. Pop.: 501 242 (2003 est.). Area: 253 597 sq. km (97 914 sq. miles)

Wyoming

Wy·o·ming

Wyoming

Wy•o•ming

Wyoming

Wyoming,

Wyoming

Facts and Figures

Geography

Economy

Government and Higher Education

History

European Claims

The Fur Trade and Westward Migration

Native American Hostilities and Increased Settlement

Territorial Status and Economic Development

Statehood and Progressive Legislation

The Energy Industry and Agriculture in the Twentieth Century

Bibliography

Wyoming State Information

List of Wyoming counties:

Wyoming Parks

Wyoming

Wyoming

Wyoming

Wyoming

Synonyms for Wyoming

noun a state in the western United States

Synonyms

Related Words