| 释义 |
antibody
 antibodyWhen bacteria enter a flesh wound, a B cell releases antibodies, which attach to the bacteria and direct them toward a macrophage for destruction.an·ti·bod·y A0335000 (ăn′tĭ-bŏd′ē)n. pl. an·ti·bod·ies Any of numerous Y-shaped glycoproteins that bind to specific antigens and either neutralize them or cause them to be destroyed by other elements of the immune system, such as phagocytes, cytotoxic cells, or complement proteins. Antibodies occur as antigen receptors on the surface of B cells and are secreted as soluble proteins when the B cells mature into plasma cells. Antibodies are also called "immunoglobulins."
[Translation of German Antikörper : anti-, antagonistic (from Latin anti-, anti-) + Körper, body.]antibody (ˈæntɪˌbɒdɪ) n, pl -bodies (Biochemistry) any of various proteins produced in the blood in response to the presence of an antigen. By becoming attached to antigens on infectious organisms antibodies can render them harmless or cause them to be destroyed. See also immunoglobulinan•ti•bod•y (ˈæn tɪˌbɒd i)
n., pl. -bod•ies. 1. any of numerous protein molecules produced by B cells as a primary immune defense, each kind having a uniquely shaped site that combines with a foreign antigen, as of a virus or bacterium, and disables it. 2. antibodies of a particular type collectively. Also called immunoglobulin. [1895–1900; translation of German Antikörper] ![]() an·ti·bod·y (ăn′tĭ-bŏd′ē) A protein produced in the blood or tissues in response to the presence of a specific foreign antigen. Antibodies provide immunity against certain microorganisms and toxins by binding with them and often by deactivating them. Also called immunoglobulin.Did You Know? Antibodies are complex, Y-shaped protein molecules that guard our bodies against diseases. The immune system's B lymphocytes, or B cells, develop into plasma cells, which can produce a huge variety of antibodies, each one capable of grabbing an invading molecule at the top ends of the Y. The molecules that antibodies recognize can be quite specific—they might exist only on a particular bacterium or virus. When that bacterium or virus enters the body, the antibodies quickly recognize its molecules, as if a sentry recognized an enemy soldier from his uniform. Once the invader is caught, the antibodies may make it inactive or lead it to cells that can destroy it. High numbers of a particular antibody may persist for months after an invasion. The numbers may then get quite small, but the experienced B cells can quickly make more of that specific antibody if necessary. Vaccines work by training B cells to do just that.antibodyA protein released by blood cells to destroy invading foreign organisms or substances.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | antibody - any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune responseactive site - the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occursprotein - any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"autoantibody - an antibody acting against tissues of the organism that produces itprecipitin - an antibody that causes precipitation when it unites with its antigenABO antibodies - blood type antibodiesRh antibody - rhesus factor antibodyantitoxin - an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxinagglutinin - an antibody that causes agglutination of a specific antigenForssman antibody, heterophil antibody, heterophile antibody - an antibody found in the blood of someone suffering from infectious mononucleosisalloantibody, isoantibody - an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same speciesmonoclonal, monoclonal antibody - any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by a single clone of cells or a cell line and consisting of identical antibody moleculesopsonin - an antibody in blood serum that attaches to invading microorganisms and other antigens to make them more susceptible to the action of phagocytesIg, immune gamma globulin, immune globulin, immune serum globulin, immunoglobulin - a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response |
Translationsantibody
antibody, protein produced by the immune system (see immunityimmunity,
ability of an organism to resist disease by identifying and destroying foreign substances or organisms. Although all animals have some immune capabilities, little is known about nonmammalian immunity.
..... Click the link for more information. ) in response to the presence in the body of antigens: foreign proteins or polysaccharides such as bacteria, bacterial toxinstoxin,
poison produced by living organisms. Toxins are classified as either exotoxins or endotoxins. Exotoxins are a diverse group of soluble proteins released into the surrounding tissue by living bacterial cells. Exotoxins have specific reaction sites in the host; e.g.
..... Click the link for more information. , viruses, or other cells or proteins. Such antigens are capable of inflicting damage by chemically combining with natural substances in the body and disrupting the body's processes. The body contains hundreds of thousands of different white blood cells called B lymphocytes, each capable of producing one type of antibody and each bearing sites on its membrane that will bind with a specific antigen. When such a binding occurs, it triggers the B lymphocyte to reproduce itself, forming a cloneclone,
group of organisms, all of which are descended from a single individual through asexual reproduction, as in a pure cell culture of bacteria. Except for changes in the hereditary material that come about by mutation, all members of a clone are genetically identical.
..... Click the link for more information. that manufactures vast amounts of its antibody. The antibody molecule is composed of four polypeptide chains (see peptidepeptide,
organic compound composed of amino acids linked together chemically by peptide bonds. The peptide bond always involves a single covalent link between the α-carboxyl (oxygen-bearing carbon) of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of a second amino acid.
..... Click the link for more information. )—two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains—joined by disulfide bridges. The light chains have a variable portion that is different in each type of antibody and is the active portion of the molecule that binds with the specific antigen. Antibodies combine with some antigens, such as bacterial toxins, and neutralize their effect; they remove other substances from circulation in body fluids; they bind certain antigens together, a process known as agglutination; and they activate complement, blood serum proteins that cause the destruction of invading cells. See also monoclonal antibodymonoclonal antibody,
an antibody that is mass produced in the laboratory from a single clone and that recognizes only one antigen. Monoclonal antibodies are typically made by fusing a normally short-lived, antibody-producing B cell (see immunity) to a fast-growing cell, such as
..... Click the link for more information. . Antibody A protein found principally in blood serum and characterized by a specific reactivity with the corresponding antigen. Antibodies are important in resistance against disease, in allergy, and in blood transfusions, and can be utilized in laboratory tests for the detection of antigens or the estimation of immune status. Antibodies are normally absent at birth unless derived passively from the mother through the placenta or colostrum. In time, certain antibodies appear in response to environmental antigens. Antibodies are also induced by artificial immunization with vaccines or following natural infections. The resulting antibody level declines over a period of months, but rapidly increases following renewed contact with specific antigen, even after a lapse of years. This is known as an anamnestic or booster response. See Allergy, Blood groups, Hypersensitivity, Isoantigen, Vaccination Antibody reactivity results in precipitation of soluble antigens, agglutination of particulate antigens, increased phagocytosis of bacteria, neutralization of toxins, and dissolution of bacterial or other cells specifically sensitive to their action; the antibodies so revealed are termed precipitins, agglutinins, opsonins, antitoxins, and lysins. One antibody may give many such reactions, depending on conditions, so these classifications are not unique or exclusive. Three principal groups (IgG, IgM, IgA) and two minor groups (IgD, IgE) of antibodies are recognized. These all form part of the wider classification of immunoglobulins. Antibody diversity is generated by amino acid substitutions that result in unique antigen-binding structures. See Cellular Immunology, Immunoglobulin The development of the technology for producing monoclonal antibodies, which can bind to specific sites on target antigens, revolutionized the uses of antibodies in biology and medicine. Unfortunately, almost all monoclonal antibodies originate in mice, and the murine immunoglobulin serves as an antigen, frequently acting immunogenic in human recipients. See Antigen, Monoclonal antibodies antibody[′an·tə‚bäd·ē] (immunology) A protein, found principally in blood serum, originating either normally or in response to an antigen and characterized by a specific reactivity with its complementary antigen. Also known as immune body. antibody any of various proteins produced in the blood in response to the presence of an antigen. By becoming attached to antigens on infectious organisms antibodies can render them harmless or cause them to be destroyed
See antibodyAntibody
antibody [an´tĭ-bod″e] an immunoglobulin" >immunoglobulin molecule having a specific amino acid sequence that gives each antibody the ability to adhere to and interact only with the antigen that induced its synthesis. This antigen-specific property of the antibody is the basis of the reaction" >antigen-antibody reaction that is essential to an immune response" >immune response. The antigen-antibody reaction begins as soon as substances interpreted as foreign invaders gain entrance into the body. See also immunity" >immunity. Abbreviated Ab.
Antibodies are synthesized by the plasma cells formed when antigen-specific groups (clones) of lymphocytes" >B lymphocytes respond to the presence of antigen. The developmental process of antibody production begins when stem cells are transformed into B lymphocytes; this transformation usually is completed a few months after birth, at which time the lymphocytes migrate to lymphoid tissue primarily located in the lymph nodes, although they are also found in the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and bone marrow.
Antibody production, its interaction with a specific antigen, and the activation of complement (C), an interrelated group of eleven proteins, are the major components of the humoral system of immunity. Antibody-mediated immunity. From Applegate, 2000. Fortunately, the immune response of antibody and complement can be transferred passively from one individual to another, as for example the transfer of maternal antibody across the placental barrier to the fetus, who has not yet developed a mature immune system. An antibody present in an individual without known prior exposure to the corresponding red cell antigen is termed an isoagglutinin. (Examples are the ABO antibodies anti-A, anti-B, and anti-A,B.)
Antibodies can be classified according to their mode of action as they react to and set about defending the body against foreign invaders. Some cause clumping together of bacterial cells (agglutination" >agglutination) and are called agglutinins. Those antibodies that cause bacterial cells to dissolve or liquefy are called bacteriolysins. This activity is assisted by complement, which interacts with the antigen-antibody complex in such a way that the cell ruptures and there is dissolution (lysis) of the cell body. Opsonins coat the outside of bacteria, making them more attractive to phagocytes. Other types of antibodies include those that neutralize the toxins of antigens (antitoxins) and those that cause precipitation of antigens in a fluid medium (precipitins).anaphylactic antibody a substance formed as a result of the first injection of a foreign anaphylactogen and responsible for the anaphylactic symptoms following the second injection of the same anaphylactogen.antinuclear a's (ANA) autoantibodies directed against components of the cell nucleus, e.g., DNA, RNA, and histones; they may be detected by immunofluorescence. A positive ANA test is characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus. Antinuclear antibodies also occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, and scleroderma.blocking antibody any antibody that by combining with an antigen blocks another immunologic reaction with the antigen. Immunotherapy (hypersensitization) for allergic disorders induces in most treated patients IgG blocking antibodies that can bind the allergen and prevent it from binding to cell-fixed IgE and trigger immediate hypersensitivity; thus it can induce partial immunologic tolerance. Blocking antibodies can prevent agglutination in serologic tests.complement-fixing antibody antibody (primarily IgM and the IgG subclasses 1, 2, and 3) that activates complement when reacted with antigen.complete antibody antibody capable of agglutinating cells in physiologic saline solution.cross-reacting antibody one that combines with an antigen other than the one that induced its production.cytophilic antibody cytotropic antibody.cytotoxic antibody any specific antibody directed against cellular antigens, which when bound to the antigen, activates the complement pathway or activates killer cells, resulting in cell lysis.cytotropic antibody any of a class of antibodies that attach to tissue cells (such as mast cells and basophils) through their Fc segments to induce the release of histamine and other vasoconstrictive amines important in immediate hypersensitivity reactions. In humans this antibody, also known as reagin, is of the immunoglobulin class known as IgE. Called also cytophilic antibody.heterophil antibody a characteristic antibody found with many cases of infectious mononucleosis; see also heterophil antibody.immune antibody a type of isoantibody induced by immunization, either by pregnancy or by transfusion, in contrast to natural antibodies.incomplete antibody 1. antibody that binds to erythrocytes or bacteria but does not produce agglutination; in blood banking, the nonagglutinating antibody is detectable in serum by using the antiglobulin (Coombs') test. For example, IgG anti-Rh antibodies do not agglutinate erythrocytes in physiologic saline whereas IgM antibodies do.2. a univalent antibody fragment.monoclonal a's (MOAB) proteins produced from a single clone of lymphocytes" >B lymphocytes; used as laboratory reagents in radioimmunoassays, ELISA assay, and immunofluorescence assays, and also as modifiers" >biological response modifiers fused with rapidly reproducing myeloma cells, resulting in a hybridoma capable of synthesizing a massive amount of one specific antibody; the antibody is made in response to tumor cells injected into mice and is produced from mouse serum. Monoclonal antibodies may be used alone (unconjugated) or bound (conjugated) to radioisotopes, toxins, or other biological response modifiers. When bound to radioisotopes they may also be used as a diagnostic tool to locate tumors and metastatic disease.natural a's (naturally occurring a's) antibodies present in the serum of normal individuals in the apparent absence of any contact with the specific antigen, probably induced by exposure to cross-reacting antigens; examples are the ABO antibodies, anti-A and anti-B. Such antibodies may play a major role in resistance to infection.neutralizing antibody one that reduces or destroys infectivity of a homologous infectious agent by partial or complete destruction of the agent.protective antibody one responsible for immunity to an infectious agent, observed in passive immunity.Rh a's those directed against Rh antigen(s) of human erythrocytes. Not normally present, they may be produced when Rh-negative persons receive Rh-positive blood by transfusion or when an Rh-negative person is pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus.saline antibody complete antibody.an·ti·bod·y (Ab), (an'tē-bod'ē), Avoid the jargonistic use of the plural antibodies when the reference is to a single antibody species.An immunoglobulin molecule produced by B-lymphoid cells that combine specifically with an immunogen or antigen. Antibodies may be present naturally, their specificity is determined through gene rearrangement or somatic replacement or may be synthesized in response to stimulus provided by the introduction of an antigen; antibodies are found in the blood and body fluids, although the basic structure of the molecule consists of two light and two heavy chains, antibodies may also be found as dimers, trimers, or pentamers. After binding antigen, some antibodies may fix, complement, bind to surface receptors on immune cells, and in some cases may neutralize microorganisms.
See also: immunoglobulin. Synonym(s): immune protein, protective protein, sensitizer (2) antibody (ăn′tĭ-bŏd′ē)n. pl. antibod·ies A Y-shaped protein on the surface of B cells that is secreted into the blood or lymph in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or transplanted organ, and that neutralizes the antigen by binding specifically to it; an immunoglobulin.antibody An immunoglobulin produced by plasma cells, which has a specific amino acid sequence and specifically binds to the antigen(s) (e.g., foreign proteins, microbes or toxins) that induced its synthesis; antibodies may also bind to closely related antigens.antibody Immunology An immunoglobulin produced by plasma cells, which has a specific amino acid sequence and specifically binds to the antigen(s)–eg, foreign proteins, microbes or toxins, that induced its synthesis; antibodies may bind to closely related antigens. See Acetylcholine receptor antibody, Anticardiolipin antibody, Anticentromere antibody, Anti-double-stranded DNA antibody, Anti-epidermal antibody, Anti-extractable nuclear antibody, Antigliadin antibody, Antihistone antibody, Anti-idiotype antibody, Anti-insulin antibody, Anti-islet cell antibody, Anti-Jo-1 antibody, Anti-LANA antibody, Antimicrosomal antibody, Antimitochondrial antibody, Antimyelin antibody, Antimyeloperoxidase antibody, Antineuronal-nuclear antibody, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, Antinuclear antibody, Antiparietal cell antibody, Anti-platelet antibody, Anti-PRP antibody, Anti-Purkinje cell antibody, Anti-receptor antibody, Anti-reticulin antibody, Anti-ribosomal antibody, Anti-Ro/SSA antibody, Anti-single-stranded DNA antibody, Anti-striated muscle antibody, Anti-thyroglobulin antibody, Antithyroid antibody, Antithyroid peroxidase antibody, Anti-tumor necrosis factor- α monoclonal antibody, Autoantibody, Bexxar radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, Secondary antibody, Binding antibody, Blocking antibody, Catabolic antibody, Catalytic antibody, Chimeric antibody, Core antibody, Cross-reactive antibody, Designer antibody, Enhancing antibody, Fluorescent treponemal antibody, Functional antibody, GAD antibody, Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody, HAMA antibody, Heterophile antibody, HIV antibody, HTLA antibody, Humanized antibody, Immunoglobulin, Insulin receptor antibody, Intrinsic factor antibody, Islet antibody, Isotypic control antibody, Ku antibody, LW antibody, Miniantibody, MOC-31 antibody, Monoclonal antibody, Neutralizing antibody, Parietal cell antibody, Plantibody antibody, PM-1 antibody, Polyclonal antibody, Primary antibody, Purkinje cell antibody, RANA antibody, Scleroderma antibody, Sjögren antibody, Sm antibody, Smooth muscle antibody, Sperm antibody, Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody, Trichinosis antibody, Warm antibody. an·ti·bod·y (Ab) (an'ti-bod-ē) An immunoglobulin molecule with a specific amino acid sequence evoked in humans or other animals by an antigen and characterized by reacting specifically with the antigen in some demonstrable way, produced by B lymphocytes in response to an antigen. It is believed that antibodies also may exist naturally, without being present as a result of the stimulus provided by the introduction of an antigen.
See also: immunoglobulinantibody (ant'i-bod?e) [ anti- + body], Ab ANTIBODY: Structure of one igG moleculeA substance produced by B lymphocytes in response to a unique antigen. Each Ab molecule combines with a specific antigen to destroy or control it. All antibodies, except natural antibodies (antibodies to different blood types), are made by B cells stimulated by a foreign antigen, typically a foreign protein, polysaccharide, or nucleic acid. Synonym: immunoglobulin See: illustration; antigen; autoantibody; cytokine; isoantibodyAntibodies neutralize or destroy antigens in several ways. They can initiate lysis of the antigen by activating the complement system; neutralize toxins released by bacteria, coating (opsonizing) the antigen or forming a complex to stimulate phagocytosis; promote antigen clumping (agglutination); or prevent the antigen from adhering to host cells. An antibody molecule consists of four polypeptide chains (two light and two heavy), which are joined by disulfide bonds. The heavy chains form the complement-binding site, and the light and heavy chains form the site that binds the antigen.  ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDESacetylcholine receptor binding antibody Abbreviation: AChR-Ab
An autoantibody against acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction. Binding, blocking, or modulating antibodies against this receptor are found in the blood of most patients with generalized myasthenia gravis and in about half of all patients with ocular forms of the disease. illustrationagonistic antibodyAn antibody that stimulates or activates an organ. E.g., agonistic antibodies against the thyrotropin receptor in Grave disease stimulate the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones that produce hyperthyroidism. anticardiolipin antibody Abbreviation: aCLa
An autoantibody against the cell membrane lipid, diphosphatidyl glycerol. It produces abnormal and sometimes life-threatening blood clotting. The antibody is found in a variety of autoimmune and infectious diseases, including in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and syphilis. anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody Abbreviation: anti-CCP
An antibody found in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not in those with other joint or soft tissue diseases.anti–DNase B antibodyAn antibody formed during infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. It is used, retrospectively, to help diagnose recent streptococcal infections. antiendomysial antibodyAn antibody that cross-reacts with smooth muscle collagen and the gluten in wheat, found in the serum of people with celiac sprue and some related autoimmune diseases.antiendothelial cell antibodyAn autoantibody present in the serum of patients with a variety of autoimmune diseases, including scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), systemic lupus erythematosus, interstitial lung diseases, and sarcoidosis. They attach to antigens on the cells that line blood vessels and injure those cells, producing blood vessel injury and inflammation (vasculitis). antifibrillarin antibodyAn autoantibody to the nucleolar protein fibrillarin, found in patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), esp. those with relatively severe disease. It is identified more often in men than in women with the disease and in people of African descent as opposed to Europeans or Asians. antiganglioside antibodyAn antibody formed against the chemical components of nerves, found in the serum of those with Guillain-Barré syndrome.antigliadin antibodyAn antibody formed against the gluten in wheat, found in the serum of people with celiac sprue.antileukocyte antibodyAny antibody found in plasma that, when donated and infused into a recipient, damages the recipient's white blood cells. Leukocyte injury after plasma exchange or infusion is the event that triggers transfusion-related acute lung injury. anti-Hu antibodyAn autoantibody associated with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. It is also known as ANNA-1 (antineuronal nuclear antibody-1). antimicrosomal antibodyAn autoantibody found in the plasma of patients with thyroid injury, e.g., in several forms of thyroiditis and other rheumatologic or autoimmune diseases.anti-myeloperoxidase antibodyAn antibody found in patients with several autoimmune vasculitides, such as microscopic polyangitis. Synonym: perinuclear anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodyantineuronal nuclear antibody Abbreviation: ANNA
Any of several antibodies that bind to neuronal targets in the cerebrum and cerebellum, producing paraneoplastic neurological dysfunction. The antibodies are typically released by cancers such as small-cell carcinoma of the lung (also known as ANNA-1 and ANNA-2), testicular cancer (anti-Ta antibody), or breast cancer (ANNA-2). antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody Abbreviation: ANCA
An autoantibody found in the blood of patients with certain forms of vasculitis (such as Churg-Strauss syndrome, microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener granulomatosis) esp. when it affects small blood vessels.antinuclear antibody Abbreviation: ANA
Any of a group of autoantibodies that react against normal components of the cell nucleus. These antibodies are present in a variety of immunologic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, Sjögren syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis, and in some patients taking hydralazine, procainamide, or isoniazid. In addition, ANA is present in some normal people. Tests for ANAs are used in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune diseases. antiphospholipid antibody Abbreviation: aPLa
Any of a group of immunoglobulin autoantibodies that react with phospholipids, which are one of the primary components of the cell membrane (the other components are glycolipids and steroids). These antibodies are found in patients with a variety of connective tissue and infectious disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus, the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, syphilis, and malaria. They cause abnormal blood clotting, thrombocytopenia; and in women of childbearing age, repeated miscarriages. The anticardiolipin antibodies are one type of antiphospholipid antibody. anti–proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody Abbreviation: anti-PCNA
An antibody found in the blood of patients with diseases in which cells replicate rapidly. Such conditions include autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and malignancies. antiproteinase-3 antibodyAn autoantibody found in patients with small blood vessel vasculitides, such as Wegener granulomatosis. Synonym: diffusely cytoplasmic anti–neutrophil antibodyantireceptor antibodyAn antibody that reacts with the antigen receptor on a cell rather than with an antigen itself.antiribosomal P antibodyAn autoantibody found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, esp. those with neurological or psychiatric manifestations of the disorder.anti-scl-70 antibodyAnti-topoisomerase I antibody.antithyroperoxidase antibody Abbreviation: TPOAb
A serum marker of autoimmune thyroid destruction, i.e., of Grave disease or Hashimotothyroiditis.antititin antibodyAn antibody that reacts with striated muscle cells. It is found principally in people with myasthenia gravis who also have thymoma. anti-topoisomerase I antibodyAn autoantibody found in the serum of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis, silicosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Higher levels of the antibody correlate with worsening kidney, lung, and skin disease. Synonym: anti-scl-70 antibodyblocking antibodyAn antibody that prevents an antigen from binding with a cellular receptor.catalytic antibodyAbzyme.cross-reacting antibodyAn antibody that reacts with antigens other than its specific antigen because they contain binding sites that are structurally similar to its specific antigen. See: antigenic determinantcytotoxic antibodyAn antibody that lyses cells by binding to a cellular antigen and activating complement or killer cells.diffusely cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody Abbreviation: C-ANCA.
Antiproteinase-3 antibody.direct fluorescein-conjugated antibody Abbreviation: DFA
Direct fluorescent antibody.direct fluorescent antibody Abbreviation: DFA
A fluorescent antibody test performed on sputum to detect microorganisms that invade the respiratory tract, e.g., Legionella, Mycoplasma, or Bacillus anthracis. Synonym: direct fluorescein-conjugated antibody; direct immunofluorescence testDonath-Landsteiner antibody See: Donath-Landsteiner antibodyfluorescent antibody Abbreviation: FA
An antibody that has been stained or marked by a fluorescent material. The fluorescent antibody technique permits rapid diagnosis of various infections. glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody Abbreviation: GADA
An antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase. It is a serum marker of type 1 diabetes mellitus and is found in the blood of patients with stiff-person syndrome. immune antibodyAn antibody produced by immunization or as a result of transfusion of incompatible blood.maternal antibodyAn antibody produced by the mother and transferred to the fetus in utero or during breastfeeding.monoclonal antibody Abbreviation: MoAB
A type of antibody, specific to a certain antigen, created in the laboratory from hybridoma cells. Because monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cell line and raised against a single antigen, they are highly specific. Diagnostically, they are used to identify microorganisms, white blood cells, hormones, and tumor antigens. In patient care, they are used to treat transplant rejection, certain cancers, and autoimmune diseases. Hybridoma cells, used to produce monoclonal antibodies, are formed by the fusion of a spleen cell from a mouse immunized with an antigen and a multiple myeloma cell (a cancerous plasma B cell). The fused cells are screened to identify those that secrete antibodies against a specific antigen. A continuous supply of these antigen-specific monoclonal antibody secreting cells can then be grown in cultures. See: antibody; B cell; hybridomanatural antibodyAn antibody present in a person without known exposure to the specific antigen, such as an anti-A antibody in a person with B blood type.panel reactive antibody Abbreviation: PRA
A measure of an organ transplant recipient's level of sensitization to antigens on donated organs. It is the percentage of cells taken from a broad selection of blood donors against whose antigens the organ recipient's serum reacts. The higher the panel reactive antibody, the more challenging it is to match a donor organ to the recipient. perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodyAntimyeloperoxidase antibody.p504s antibody Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase.polyclonal antibodyAn antibody that reacts with many different antigens. protective antibodyAn antibody produced in response to an infectious disease. See: immunityradionuclide-linked monoclonal antibodyA monoclonal antibody to which a radioisotope has been attached. The antibody attaches to receptors on the surface of undesired cells (e.g., cancer cells) and delivers a dose of radiation directly to those cells, leaving healthy cells and tissues relatively unaffected. sensitizing antibodyReagin.toxin-linked monoclonal antibodyA monoclonal antibody to which a cell-killing drug has been attached. The antibody combines preferentially with receptors on undesired cells (such as cancer cells) and delivers its lethal drug to those cells but not to healthy cells and tissues. To increase their effectiveness and decrease immune responses to these cells, genes for antigen binding sites from human antibodies are added, creating humanized monoclonal antibodies. warm antibodyWarm autoagglutinin.illustrationantibody A Y-shaped protein molecule, called an IMMUNOGLOBULIN, produced by the B group of lymphocytes in response to the presence of a ANTIGEN. An appropriate B lymphocyte is selected from the existing repertoire. This then produces a clone of PLASMA CELLS each capable of synthesizing large numbers of specific antibodies to combat the infection. The B cells also produce memory cells. Subsequent infection with the same antigen prompts the memory cells to clone plasma cells and produce the correct antibodies without further delay. This is an important way in which an infection leads to subsequent immunity. Antibodies are able to neutralize antigens or render them susceptible to destruction by PHAGOCYTES in the body. The basic structure of an antibody consists of four polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bridges, two larger structures called HEAVY CHAINS and two smaller called LIGHT CHAINS.antibody (Ab) a type of protein called an IMMUNOGLOBULIN that reacts with a specific ANTIGEN, and serves as part of a vital body-defence mechanism. Various reactions can occur between antigen and antibody. If the antigen is a TOXIN (as in snake venom, or as produced by bacteria causing, for example, botulism and tetanus), neutralizing antibodies are called antitoxins. If the antigen is adhering to the surface of a cell, antibodies called agglutinins cause clumping or AGGLUTINATION of cells, while another antibody type (lysins) cause disintegration or LYSIS of the cell in conjunction with COMPLEMENT. Other antibodies (opsonins) facilitate uptake of antigens by PHAGOCYTES in the blood, while precipitins cause soluble antigens to precipitate. Antibodies are produced in the lymphoid tissues of the body, e.g. LYMPH NODES, by a type of LYMPHOCYTE called B-CELLS. Most antibodies are produced during exposure to an antigen, such a response being termed active immunity. Specific antibodies to rare or synthetic antigens can be manufactured as easily as those to common antigens. A few antibodies are produced even without the apparent presence of the appropriate antigen. Such ‘natural’ antibodies include several involved in blood grouping, e.g. A and B antibodies in the ABO BLOOD GROUP. Young mammals have limited capacity to produce antibodies in the first few weeks of life, but can obtain some passive immunity by receiving maternal antibodies via the mother's milk. This fact has been used to encourage human mothers to breast-feed their infants rather than bottle-feed. Most antibodies circulate in the blood and other body fluids, but most if not all body secretions also contain antibodies, mainly of the IgA type; See IMMUNOGLOBULIN. AntibodyA protein manufactured by a type of white blood cells called lymphocytes, in response to the presence of an antigen, or foreign protein, in the body. Because bacteria, viruses, and other organisms commonly contain many antigens, antibodies are formed against these foreign proteins to neutralize or destroy the invaders.Mentioned in: AIDS, AIDS Tests, Alemtuzumab, Allergic Rhinitis, Allergies, Allergy Tests, Amebiasis, Anaphylaxis, Anthrax, Antimyocardial Antibody Test, Antinuclear Antibody Test, Aspergillosis, Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Blood Typing and Crossmatching, Brucellosis, Cholera, Coccidioidomycosis, Cold Agglutinins Test, Coombs' Tests, Cryptococcosis, Cytomegalovirus Antibody Screening Test, Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Test, Detoxification, Discoid Lupus Erythematosus, Erythroblastosis Fetalis, Fifth Disease, Filariasis, Giardiasis, Goodpasture's Syndrome, Hemolytic Anemia, Hemorrhagic Fevers, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E, Hepatitis G, Immune Complex Test, Immunoelectrophoresis, Immunoglobulin Deficiency Syndromes, Immunosuppressant Drugs, Infectious Mononucleosis, Japanese Encephalitis, Legionnaires' Disease, Maternal to Fetal Infections, Multiple Myeloma, Myasthenia Gravis, Noroviruses, Plasmapheresis, Polyglandular Deficiency Syndromes, Prostate-Specific Antigen Test, Rabies, Radiation Therapy, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection, Rubella Test, Serum Sickness, Shingles, Streptococcal Antibody Tests, Stress Reduction, Threadworm Infection, Tissue Typing, TORCH Test, Transfusion, Tuberculin Skin Test, Typhus, Vaginal Pain, Vasculitis, Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia, X-Linked Agammaglobulinemiaantibody Any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen, which it is capable of combining with and destroying, thus producing an immune reaction. Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called B cell (B lymphocyte) secreted by lymphatic tissue (e.g. bone marrow, lymph nodes) usually in response to an antigen. Some eye diseases are antibody-dependent (e.g. allergic conjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis).an·ti·bod·y(Ab) (an'ti-bod-ē) Avoid the jargonistic use of the plural antibodies when the reference is to a single antibody species.An immunoglobulin molecule produced by B-lymphoid cells that combine specifically with an immunogen or antigen. Antibodies may be present naturally; their specificity is determined through gene rearrangement or somatic replacement or may be synthesized in response to stimulus provided by the introduction of an antigen. Patient discussion about AntibodyQ. what is anh cardiolipin antibody A. Cardiolipin is a protein that is very common in the body. Mostly on heart and skeletal muscles. During several illnesses, mostly autoimmune, our body creates an antibody against it that do great damage and needs to cbe controlled. More discussions about AntibodyFinancialSeeAnnaantibody
Related to antibody: monoclonal antibodyWords related to antibodynoun any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune responseRelated Words- active site
- protein
- autoantibody
- precipitin
- ABO antibodies
- Rh antibody
- antitoxin
- agglutinin
- Forssman antibody
- heterophil antibody
- heterophile antibody
- alloantibody
- isoantibody
- monoclonal
- monoclonal antibody
- opsonin
- Ig
- immune gamma globulin
- immune globulin
- immune serum globulin
- immunoglobulin
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