wine

W0174600 (wīn)n.1. a. A beverage made of the fermented juice of any of various kinds of grapes, usually containing from 10 to 15 percent alcohol by volume.b. A beverage made of the fermented juice of any of various other fruits or plants.2. Something that intoxicates or exhilarates.3. The color of red wine.v. wined, win·ing, wines v.tr. To provide or entertain with wine.v.intr. To drink wine.

[Middle English, from Old English wīn, from Latin vīnum.]

wine

(waɪn) n1. (Brewing) a. an alcoholic drink produced by the fermenting of grapes with water and sugar. vinaceousvinousb. an alcoholic drink produced in this way from other fruits, flowers, etc: elderberry wine. 2. (Colours) a. a dark red colour, sometimes with a purplish tingeb. (as adjective): wine-coloured. 3. anything resembling wine in its intoxicating or invigorating effect4. (Pharmacology) pharmacol obsolete fermented grape juice containing medicaments5. (Elements & Compounds) Adam's wine Brit a dialect word for water6. new wine in old bottles something new added to or imposed upon an old or established ordervb7. (Brewing) (intr) to drink wine8. (Cookery) wine and dine to entertain or be entertained with wine and fine food[Old English wīn, from Latin vīnum; related to Greek oinos, of obscure origin] ˈwineless adj

wine

(waɪn)

n., adj., v. wined, win•ing. n. 1. the fermented juice of grapes used esp. as a beverage, made in many varieties, as red or white, sweet or dry, and still or sparkling, and containing no more than 14 percent alcohol. 2. the juice, fermented or unfermented, of various other fruits, used esp. as a beverage. 3. a dark reddish color. 4. something that invigorates, cheers, or intoxicates like wine. adj. 5. dark red in color. v.t. 6. to supply with wine. v.i. 7. to drink wine. Idioms: wine and dine, to entertain lavishly. [before 900; Middle English (n.), Old English wīn (c. Old Frisian, Old Saxon, Old High German wīn, Old Norse vīn, Gothic wein) « Latin vīnum (c. Greek oînos)] wine′less, adj. win′ish, adj.

Wine

See also alcohol; beer; fermentation.
enomaniaa mania for wine. Also oenomania, oinomania.hygrophobiaan abnormal fear of liquids, especially water and wine.oenology, enology, oinologythe science of making wines. Also called viniculture. — oenologist, enologist, oinologist, n.oenomancy, enomancy, oinomancya form of divination involving observation of the colors and other features of wine.oenomania, oinomaniaa mania for wine. Also enomania.oenophily, enophily, oinophilythe love of wine; connoisseurship concerning wines. — oenophile, enophile, oinophile, n.oenophobia, enophobia, oinophobiaa dislike of or hatred for wine. — oenophobe, enophobe, oinophobe, n.vignerona cultivator of grape vines; viticulturist.vindemiationRare. the process of gathering or harvesting grapes.viniculturethe cultivation of grapes for winemaking. Also called viticulture. — viniculturist, n. — vinicultural, adj.viticulture1. the science that studies grapes and their culture.
2. the cultivation of grapes and grapevines. Also called viniculture. — viticulturist, n. — viticultural, viticulturist, adj.

wine

Past participle: wined
Gerund: wining

Imperative
wine
wine

Present
I wine
you wine
he/she/it wines
we wine
you wine
they wine

Preterite
I wined
you wined
he/she/it wined
we wined
you wined
they wined

Present Continuous
I am wining
you are wining
he/she/it is wining
we are wining
you are wining
they are wining

Present Perfect
I have wined
you have wined
he/she/it has wined
we have wined
you have wined
they have wined

Past Continuous
I was wining
you were wining
he/she/it was wining
we were wining
you were wining
they were wining

Past Perfect
I had wined
you had wined
he/she/it had wined
we had wined
you had wined
they had wined

Future
I will wine
you will wine
he/she/it will wine
we will wine
you will wine
they will wine

Future Perfect
I will have wined
you will have wined
he/she/it will have wined
we will have wined
you will have wined
they will have wined

Future Continuous
I will be wining
you will be wining
he/she/it will be wining
we will be wining
you will be wining
they will be wining

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been wining
you have been wining
he/she/it has been wining
we have been wining
you have been wining
they have been wining

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been wining
you will have been wining
he/she/it will have been wining
we will have been wining
you will have been wining
they will have been wining

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been wining
you had been wining
he/she/it had been wining
we had been wining
you had been wining
they had been wining

Conditional
I would wine
you would wine
he/she/it would wine
we would wine
you would wine
they would wine

Past Conditional
I would have wined
you would have wined
he/she/it would have wined
we would have wined
you would have wined
they would have wined

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	wine - fermented juice (of grapes especially)vinogrape - any of various juicy fruit of the genus Vitis with green or purple skins; grow in clustersalcohol, alcoholic beverage, alcoholic drink, inebriant, intoxicant - a liquor or brew containing alcohol as the active agent; "alcohol (or drink) ruined him"vintage - a season's yield of wine from a vineyardred wine - wine having a red color derived from skins of dark-colored grapeswhite wine - pale yellowish wine made from white grapes or red grapes with skins removed before fermentationblush wine, pink wine, rose wine, rose - pinkish table wine from red grapes whose skins were removed after fermentation beganaltar wine, sacramental wine - used in a communion servicesparkling wine - effervescent wineBurgundy wine, Burgundy - red table wine from the Burgundy region of France (or any similar wine made elsewhere)Bordeaux wine, Bordeaux - any of several red or white wines produced around Bordeaux, France or wines resembling themCalifornia wine - any of various wines produced in CaliforniaCotes de Provence - a wine from southeastern France on the Mediterranean coastdessert wine - still sweet wine often served with dessert or after a mealDubonnet - (trademark) a sweet aromatic French wine (red or white) used chiefly as an aperitifjug wine - inexpensive wine sold in large bottles or jugsmaconnais, macon - fine Burgundy wine usually white and dryplonk - a cheap wine of inferior qualityretsina - Greek wine flavored with resinRhone wine - any of various wines from the Rhone River valley in Francetable wine - wine containing not more than 14 percent alcohol usually served with a mealTokay - Hungarian wine made from Tokay grapesvermouth - any of several white wines flavored with aromatic herbs; used as aperitifs or in mixed drinksgeneric, generic wine - a wine that is a blend of several varieties of grapes with no one grape predominating; a wine that does not carry the name of any specific grapevarietal, varietal wine - a wine made principally from one grape and carrying the name of that grapefortified wine - wine to which alcohol (usually grape brandy) has been addedmulled wine - wine heated with sugar and spices and often citrus fruitnegus - wine and hot water with sugar and lemon juice and nutmeg
	2.	wine - a red as dark as red winewine-colored, wine-coloureddark red - a red color that reflects little light
Verb	1.	wine - drink winebooze, drink, fuddle - consume alcohol; "We were up drinking all night"
	2.	wine - treat to wine; "Our relatives in Italy wined and dined us for a week"regale, treat - provide with choice or abundant food or drink; "Don't worry about the expensive wine--I'm treating"; "She treated her houseguests with good food every night"

wine

nounRelated words
adjective vinaceous
like oinomania
enthusiast oinophile
adjective vinousQuotations
"A sight of the label is worth fifty years' experience" [Michael Broadbent Wine Tasting]
"God made only water, but man made wine" [Victor Hugo Les Contemplations]
"Wine is the drink of the gods, milk the drink of babies, tea the drink of women, and water the drink of beasts" [John Stuart Blackie]
"When the wine is in, the wit is out" [Thomas Becon Catechism]
"strong brother in God and last companion, Wine" [Hilaire Belloc Heroic Poem upon Wine]
"Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth his colour in the cup... at the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder" Bible: Proverbs
"Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts" Bible: Proverbs
"Wine, madame, is God's next best gift to man" [Ambrose Bierce The Devil's Dictionary]Proverbs
"There is truth in wine (in vino veritas)" see grapes used in making wine

Wines

Wines Amarone, Asti Spumante, Bairrada, Bandol, Banyuls, Barbaresco, Barbera d'Albi, Barbera d'Asti, Barolo, Barsac, beaujolais, beaujolais nouveau, Bereich Bernkastel, Bergerac, blanc de blancs, Blanquette de Limoux, Bordeaux, Bourgogne, Bourgueil, Brouilly, Brunello di Montalcino, Bucelas, Bull's Blood or Egri Bikaver, Burgundy, Cahors, canary, Carema, Cava, Chablis, Chambertin, Champagne, chardonnay, chianti, Colheita Port, claret, Condrieu, Constantia, Corbières, Coteaux du Tricastin, Côte de Beaune-Villages, Côte Rôtie, Côtes du Rhône, Crémant d'Alsace, Crémant de Loire, Crozes-Hermitage, crusted port, Dão, Entre-Deux-Mers, Faugères, Fitou, Fleurie, Frascati, Fumé Blanc, Gaillac, Gattinara, Gavi, Gevrey-Chambertin, Gigondas, Grange Hermitage, Graves, Hermitage, hock, jerepigo, Jurançon, lachryma Christi, Lambrusco, Liebfraumilch, Lirac, Liqueur Muscat, Liqueur Tokay, Mâcon, Mâcon-Villages, Madeira, Málaga, Margaux, Marsala, Médoc, Meursault, Minervois, Monbazillac, Montepulciano d'Abruzzo, montilla, Moscato d'Asti, Moselle, muscadet, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise, muscatel, Niersteiner, Nuits-Saint-Georges, Orvieto, Parrina, Pauillac, Pessac-Léognan, Pinot Grigio, Piesporter, Pomerol, Pommard, port, Pouilly-Fuissé, Pouilly-Fumé, Quarts de Chaume, Quincy, retsina, Rhine wine, riesling, Rioja, Roero, Rosé d'Anjou, Rosso Cònero, Rüdesheimer, Rueda, Rully, sack, Saint-Émilion, Saint-Estèphe, Saint-Julien, Saint-Véran, Salice Salentino, Sancerre, Saumur, Sauternes, scuppernong, sherry, straw wine, Tavel, Teroldego Rotaliano, Tokaji, Tokay-Pinot Gris, Valdepeñas, Valpolicella, Verdicchio, Vinho Verde, vin ordinaire, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Vosne-Romanée, VouvrayWine-producing areas

Country
Ahr	Germany
Alsace	France
Alto Adige or Südtirol	Italy
Anjou	France
Argentina	-
Austria	-
Barossa Valley	Australia
Baden	Germany
Bordeaux	France
Bulgaria	-
Burgundy	France
California	U.S.A.
Chablis	France
Champagne	France
Chianti	Italy
Chile	-
Clare Valley	Australia
Coonawarra	Australia
Côte d'Or	France
Finger Lakes	U.S.A.
Franken	Germany
Friuli	Italy
Gisborne	New Zealand
Goulburn Valley	Australia
Hawkes Bay	New Zealand
Hessiches Bergstrasse	Germany
Greece	-
Hungary	-
Hunter Valley	Australia
Languedoc	France
Loire	France
Marlborough	New Zealand
Margaret River	Australia
Martinborough	New Zealand
McLaren Vale	Australia
Mendocino	U.S.A.
Mittelrhein	Germany
Moldavia	-
Mornington Peninsula	Australia
Mosel-Saar-Ruwer	Germany
Nahe	Germany
Napa Valley	U.S.A.
Navarra	Spain
New York State	U.S.A.
Oregon	U.S.A.
Padthaway	Australia
Penedès	Spain
Piedmont	Italy
Portugal	-
Provence	France
Rheingau	Germany
Rheinhessen	Germany
Rheinpfalz	Germany
Rhône	France
Ribera del Duro	Spain
Rioja	Spain
Romania	-
Sicily	Italy
Sonoma	U.S.A.
South Africa	-
Switzerland	-
Touraine	France
Tuscany	Italy
Umbria	Italy
Valdepeñas	Spain
Veneto	Italy
Washington State	U.S.A.
Württemberg	Germany
Yarra Valley	Australia

Wine terms abbocatto, AC or appellation contrôlée, amabile, amontillado, AOC or appellation d'origine contrôlée, aszú, Ausbruch, Auslese, Baumé, Beerenauslese, botrytis, botrytized, Brix, brut, cream, crianza, cru bourgeois, cru classé, cuvée, demi-sec, dessert wine, DOC or denominazione di origine controllata, DOCG or denominazione di origine controllata e garantita, dolce, dry, Einzellage, Eiswein, erzeugerabfüllung, estate bottled, flor, fino, fortified wine, garrafeira, grand cru, gran reserva, Grosslage, halbtrocken, Kabinett, late harvest, LBV or Late-Bottled Vintage (Port), malmsey, malolactic fermentation, manzanilla, medium, medium-dry, medium-sweet, méthode champenoise, moelleux, mousseux, noble rot, NV or non-vintage, Oechsle, oloroso, organic, pale cream, passito, pétillant, plonk, pourriture noble, prädikat, premier cru, puttonyos, QbA, Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiet, or Qualitätswein, QmP or Qualitätswein mit Prädikat, recioto, récolte, reserva, rosé, riserva, Ruby Port, sec, secco, second wine, Sekt, sin crianza, Sigle Quinta Port, solera, sparkling wine, Spätlese, spumante, sur lie, sweet, table wine, Tafelwein, tannin, Tawny Port, terroir, tinto, trocken, Trockenbeerenauslese or TBA, varietal, VDQS or Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure, vendage tardive, vieilles vignes, vigneron, vignoble, vin de pays, vin de table, vin doux naturel, vin gris, vino da tavola, vintage, Weingut, Weissherbst, Winzergenossenschaft

Translations

葡萄酒果子酒

wine

(wain) noun a type of alcoholic drink made from the fermented juice of grapes or other fruit. two bottles of wine; a wide range of inexpensive wines. 葡萄酒，果子酒

wine

→ 葡萄酒zhCN

I never drink wine → 我从来不喝葡萄酒
This stain is wine → 这是葡萄酒渍痕
This wine isn't chilled (US)
This wine is not chilled (UK) → 这酒不是冰镇的
The wine list, please → 请给我酒单
Can you recommend a good wine? → 能给推荐一种好酒吗？
Can you recommend a good red wine? → 能给推荐一种好喝的红葡萄酒吗？
Can you recommend a good white wine? → 能给推荐一种好喝的白葡萄酒吗？
Can you recommed a good rosé wine? (US)
Can you recommend a good rosé wine? (UK) → 能给推荐一种好喝的桃红葡萄酒吗？
Is the wine chilled? → 这酒是冰镇的吗？
A bottle of the house wine → 一瓶你们店的招牌酒
A bottle of red wine → 一瓶红葡萄酒
A bottle of white wine → 一瓶白葡萄酒
A carafe of the house wine → 一卡拉夫你们店的招牌酒
A carafe of red wine → 一卡拉夫红酒
A carafe of white wine → 一卡拉夫白酒

wine

wine,

alcoholic beverage made by the fermentationfermentation,
process by which the living cell is able to obtain energy through the breakdown of glucose and other simple sugar molecules without requiring oxygen. Fermentation is achieved by somewhat different chemical sequences in different species of organisms.
..... Click the link for more information. of the juice of the grape. Wine is so ancient that its origin is unknown. The earliest archaeological evidence of winemaking dates to 8,000 years ago, and wine is mentioned in early Egyptian inscriptions and in the literature of many lands. The term wine is also applied to alcoholic beverages made from plants other than the grape, e.g., elderberry wine, dandelion wine.

Characteristics

Wines are distinguished by color, flavor, bouquet or aroma, and alcoholic content. Wine is also divided into three main types: still or natural, fortified, and sparkling. Wines are red, white, or rosé (depending on the grape used and the amount of time the skins have been left to ferment in the juice). For red wines the entire crushed grape is utilized; for white wines, the juice only. In traditional rosé wines, the skins are removed after fermentation has begun, thus producing a light pink color; mass-produced rosé wines may be made by adding a small amount of red wine to white wines. Wines are also classified as dry or sweet, according to whether the grape sugar is allowed to ferment completely into alcohol (dry), or whether some residual sugar has been left (sweet).

In a natural wine all the alcohol present has been produced by fermentation. Fortified wines, such as sherry, port, Madeira, and Malaga, are wines to which brandy or other spirits have been added. These wines contain a higher alcohol content (from 16% to 35%) than the still wines (from 7% to 15%). Sparkling wines, of which champagnechampagne
, sparkling white wine made from grapes grown in the old French province of Champagne. The best champagne is from that part of the Marne valley whose apex is Reims, the center of the industry.
..... Click the link for more information. is the finest example, are produced by the process of secondary fermentation in the bottle.

Highly publicized studies of the French, particularly in Lyons, claim that a moderate consumption of red wine might help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Such findings were judged worthy of further investigation by the American Medical Association.

Production

In natural-wine making the grapes are gathered when fully ripe (sometimes, as for Sauternes, when overripe). Mechanical extraction of the juice, called must, has almost entirely replaced treading, the traditional method. For red wines the must is fermented with the skins and pips, from which the newly formed alcohol extracts coloring matter and tannin. Fermentation starts when wine yeasts (Saccharomyces ellipsoideus), existing on the skins of ripe grapes, come in contact with the must. It may take from a few days to several weeks, according to the temperature and the amount of yeast present or introduced. When the new wine has become still and fairly clear, it is run off into large casks, where it undergoes a complicated series of chemical processes including oxidation, precipitation of proteids, and formation of esters that create a characteristic bouquet. The wine is periodically fined (clarified), then racked into smaller casks. After some months, or for certain wines several years, the wine is ripe for bottling.

The very rare, superfine natural wines made in good vintage years from perfect grapes of the better varieties and possessing the unaccountable quality that vintners call breed are produced in the Bordeaux, Burgundy, and Rhône regions of France, in the Rhine valley of Germany, in California's Napa and Sonoma valleys and other parts of the United States, and in other regions of the world. The fine sherrysherry
[from Jérez], naturally dry fortified wine, pale amber to brown in tint. The term sherry originally referred to wines made from grapes grown in the region of Jérez de la Frontera, Andalusia, Spain; today it may refer to any of the fortified wines from
..... Click the link for more information. of Spain and portport
[from Oporto], fortified wine made in Portugal from grapes grown in the Douro valley; Portuguese law allows only this wine to be called port. Various grapes are blended by the growers, and brandy is added before fermentation is complete.
..... Click the link for more information. of Portugal are superior fortified wines. Champagne is the best-known fine sparkling wine, but superior sparkling wines are also produced elsewhere in the world.

French Wine

France is the most influential wine-producing area in the world and has developed superfine natural still wines and the finest sparkling wine—champagne. The Bordeaux region furnishes red wine known as claret (or simply Bordeaux) and white wine, both dry except for Sauternes. The best-known Bordeaux wines are those of Médoc (red), classified and known by the vineyard names, as Château Lafite-Rothschild, Château Margaux, and Château Latour; Graves (red or white); Sauternes (white), sweet, made from overripe grapes and including the noted Château d'Yquem; and St.-Emilion and Pomerol.

Burgundy wines, red and white, are somewhat lighter in body than the Bordeaux. Connoisseurs prize the Burgundies of the Côte d'Or, especially the white Montrachet, and red Clos Vougeot and Romanée. The Chablis area produces fine, white Burgundy. Good wines are made in the Loire valley (Vouvray), the Rhône valley (Hermitage and Châteauneuf-du-Pape), Alsace, and the Jura Mts. A great quantity of wine is produced in S France, some of it made into vermouth, distilled into brandy, or used for blending, and some of it of superior quality.

Bibliography

See A. Lichine, Alexis Lichine's Guide to the Wines and Vineyards of France (4th ed. 1989); N. Faith, The Winemasters of Bordeaux (rev. ed. 1999).

German Wine

Fine German wines are generally light, dry, white wines made from the Riesling grape and characterized by a fresh, flowery bouquet. Hock, derived from the town of Hochheim, is an English term sometimes applied to all Rhine wines. The best white Rhines traditionally are from the Rheingau. They include Johannisberger, Rüdesheimer, and Steinberger. Rheinhessen wines are milder and lighter in taste. The third Rhine district, Pfalz (the Palatinate), also produces distinguished wines. Liebfraumilch, although well known, is typically an undistinguished semisweet Rhine wine. Rhine wines were formerly matured for many years in huge casks like the classic Heidelberg Tun, but are now aged in small casks for not more than three years. One of the most northerly viticultural areas in the world, situated along the Moselle (Mosel) River and its tributaries the Saar and the Ruwer, furnishes extremely light, delicate wines. Moselle wines are drawn off into green bottles, Rhine wines into brown. Other good wines are made in Baden, and in Franconia in Bavaria, noted for Stein wine.

Italian Wine

Italy is the largest and one of the oldest wine-producing countries in the world. Italian wines are frequently named for the grape rather than for the region of origin; hence a wine excellent in one locality may be inferior in another. The best known is Chianti, red or white, and properly a Tuscan wine; Tuscany also produces the esteemed red blends known as Super-Tuscans. From Piedmont come the red Barolo, Barbera, and Barbaresco wines; from Campania come the well-known Lacrima Cristi, and Falerno, descendant of Horace's Falernian; from Veneto comes Valpolicella, dark red with a rich texture. Sicily makes Marsala, a sweet, amber-colored, usually fortified wine, but both that island and Sardinia are increasing important for quality wines.

American Wine

Although in the past American vintners largely were satisfied with quantity production and imitations—largely in name only—of foreign wines, since the mid-1960s the quality domestic wine industry has grown, and many excellent and some superb wines have been made in the United States. Wine is produced in many states; California is the nation's richest wine-producing state, followed by New York and the Pacific Northwest states. In California and the Northwest, grapes of the Old World species, Vitis vinifera, are grown, and some of the varieties produced from these grapes have come to rival the finest French wines. Some of the best wines come from the Napa Valley area north of San Francisco. Distinguished wines from that region include cabernet sauvignon, chardonnay, and zinfandel. Eastern wines, most of them from New York state—especially the Finger Lakes region—were long made mainly from native grapes such as Concords, Catawbas, and the southern scuppernong, but many are now produced from the Old World species and hybrids.

Bibliography

See P. Lukacs, American Vintage: The Rise of American Wine (2000).

Other Countries

Until recently, sherry was the major Spanish wine sold. Today, Rioja, a leading table wine, is Spain's most widely exported wine, and Ribera del Duero, Priorato, Navarre, and other regions also produce fine wines. Portugal, best known for port and Madeira, also produces some excellent table wines. Greek wines, mainly whites and rosés, are sometimes treated with pine resin (retsina). Australian wines have sold well since the mid-1980s, when first-class examples of chardonnay and cabernet sauvignon became available abroad; New Zealand is especially noted for its sauvignon blanc. The best wines from South America come from Chile, which produces both fortified and table wines; Argentina is another significant producer. French planting has made Algeria one of the largest wine-producing countries, but the wines are not notable. Other wine-producing countries include Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and South Africa.

Bibliography

See E. Peynaud, Knowing and Making Wine (1984); H. Johnson, Vintage (1989) and Modern Encyclopedia of Wine (4th ed. 1998); S. Spurrier and M. Dovaz, Wine Course (1990); R. Phillips, A Short History of Wine (2001); J. Robinson, Oxford Companion to Wine (3d ed., 2006); P. Lukacs, Inventing Wine (2012).

Wine

The Christian ceremony known as the Eucharist commemorates the events that took place at the Last Supper (for more on the Last Supper, see Maundy Thursday). Christian scripture offers several accounts of this supper, Jesus' last meal before his death (Matthew 26:26-30, Mark 14:22-26, Luke 22:14-20). At this meal, which many believe to have been a Passover Seder, Jesus took bread, identified it as his body and passed it to his disciples to eat. Then he gave them wine, which he told them was his blood. Today Christians reenact this meal in a church ceremony known as the Eucharist or the Lord's Supper. In this ceremony worshipers take a sip of wine and a bite of bread identified as Jesus' body and blood (see also Good Friday). Before serving the wine to the congregation, clergy members mix it with water. This mixture of water and wine represents Jesus'blood to contemporary worshipers, just as it did to Jesus' disciples at the Last Supper. Today some Protestant churches substitute grape juice for wine.

Wine as an Ancient and Modern Jewish Symbol

The Bible presents wine in a positive light. The Psalmist praises God for the gift of wine, which can "gladden the heart" (Psalm 104:15). Indeed wine is often served at celebrations. In general the Bible associates wine with well-being, joy, and blessings. These associations still permeate the celebration of the Jewish Sabbath (for more on Sab- bath, see Sunday). This home religious observance focuses around the evening meal, turning it into a special occasion for expressing one's gratitude to God and for rejoicing with one's family. At the start of the meal the oldest male present recites a prayer of blessing over a full cup of wine. The cup is then passed around the table so that everyone may take a sip of the blessed wine.

Various passages in the Hebrew scriptures, or Old Testament, compare wine with blood. One such passage describes wine as the "blood of grapes" (Genesis 49:11). Blood was an important element in ancient Jewish religious sacrifices. It was offered in acceptance of covenants, or agreements, between God and humanity, as well as in seeking atonement, or reconciliation, with God (see also Sin; Redemption). The ancient Jews also offered wine in certain religious sacrifices. Therefore, when Jesus used wine to represent his blood at the Last Supper, he was drawing on religious imagery that would have been familiar to his followers. Wine is still an important element in the Jewish Passover Seder, where it accompanies blessings and hymns.

Wine and Water

Throughout the ancient Mediterranean world people drank wine on a daily basis, often mixed with water. Among the Romans as well as the Jews an everyday mealtime beverage consisted of two or three parts water to one part of wine. Some scholars believe that this everyday mixture was used at religious rituals as well. Thus the wine served at Passover celebrations was mixed with water as was the wine served at early Christian celebrations of the Eucharist.

This mixture of wine and water also recalls passages from Christian scripture. The Gospel according to John declares that after Jesus died a Roman soldier pierced his side with a spear, bringing forth a flow of "blood and water" (John 19:34). The appearance of water as well as blood may have symbolic significance, since throughout the New Testament, and especially in the writings of John, water imagery is used to describe the workings or the presence of God's Holy Spirit. In the third century St. Cyprian came up with a theological interpretation of the eucharistic formula of wine and water. He declared that the wine represented Christ, the water his followers, and the mixture of the two their union. Other commentators drew links between the miracle at the wedding in Cana, where Jesus turned water into wine (John 2:1-11), and the eucharistic practice of mixing wine and water.

Wine Controversies

In nineteenth-century America members of a number of evangelical Protestant denominations, such as the Methodists, Baptists, and Disciples of Christ, began to criticize what they saw as the widespread abuse of wine and other alcoholic beverages in American society. In sermons, speeches, and written documents they denounced wine and spirits as evil influences which led those who consumed them towards violence, poverty, familial discord, and other forms of social and moral decay. Many of these people also believed that drinking wine and other alcoholic beverages undermined one's physical health. Religious figures from these denominations beseeched their followers to abstain from all alcoholic beverages. Eventually these negative attitudes towards wine led clergy in many evangelical Protestant denominations to substitute grape juice for wine in the celebration of the Eucharist. This change reflects the depth of their alarm since it directly contradicts Christian scripture. In the Bible passages concerning the Last Supper Jesus clearly identifies his blood as "wine."

Their fervent dislike and distrust of alcohol led many evangelical Protestants to campaign for laws making it difficult or impossible for anyone to obtain alcoholic beverages. By the 1920s social reformers who supported this agenda had succeeded in bringing about a national Prohibition law. During the Prohibition era (1920-33) the eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States made the production and sale of alcoholic beverages illegal throughout the land. An exception was made for wine used for religious rituals, such as the Eucharist, however. So throughout the Prohibition era Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, Lutherans, and other Christians who wished to maintain the use of wine in the celebration of the Eucharist continued to do so. Although the eighteenth amendment to the Constitution was repealed in 1933, some evangelical Protestants continued to speak out against the evils of alcohol. As a result many evangelical Protestant and other churches still serve grape juice instead of wine in their celebrations of the Eucharist.

Further Reading

"Blood." In Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit, and Tremper Longman III, eds. Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1998. Cole, R. Dennis. "Wine." In David Noel Freedman, ed. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. Ferguson, Everett. "Wine." In his Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. Volume 2. New York: Garland, 1997. Fuller, Robert C. Religion and Wine: A Cultural History of Wine Drinking in the United States. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1996. Jenney, Timothy P. "Water." In David Noel Freedman, ed. Eerdmans Dic- tionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. Myers, Allen C., ed. "Wine." In The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1987. "Wine." In Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit, and Tremper Longman III, eds. Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1998.

Wine

(pop culture)

While trying to discern Dracula‘s nature, the entrapped Jonathan Harker remarked that his host never drank. Translated to the movie screen, this observation emerged in one of the most famous lines spoken by Bela Lugosi in the 1931 movie. Speaking to R. N. Renfield over dinner, Dracula said, “I never drink—wine.” That line was spoken just after Renfield (whose character went to Castle Dracula instead of Harker in the movie version) had cut his finger and Dracula had shown his desire to drink of the blood that had appeared. The scene created a use of wine, the blood of the grape, as a metaphor for human blood.

Through the last generation, wine became a significant vampire souvenir product. In 1974, the Golden Krone Hotel opened in Bistritz, Transylvania. The Golden Krone was the name of the fictional hotel at which Jonathan Harker stopped on his way to Castle Dracula. At the new hotel, a modern guest may order a Mediasch wine from Medias in the Tarnave Mare district of Transylvania, upon which Harker dined while at the Golden Krone. The modern visitor can also have some “Elixir Dracula,” a local red liqueur made from plums.

Around 1990, A.V.F.F.Sp.A. of Sona, Italy, produced a “Vampire Wine.” Distributed in the United States by Louis Glunz in Lincolnwood, Illinois, it was a red wine in a black bottle with a black label and arrived in an appropriate coffin container. Bottles of this wine were distributed as door prizes at Coven Party II sponsored in 1991 by Anne Rice‘s Vampire Lestat Fan Club, and today are among the rarest of vampire collectibles. In the 1990s, a “Vampire Wine” from Romania was made available from TriVin Imports in Mt. Vernon, Illinois. It joined the “Vampire” wine from Vampire Vineyards in Creston, California, which initially appeared in 1988 (http://www.vampire.com/) and has added a Vampire Vodka to its spectrum of fine wines.

With the emergence of a new wave of Dracula-oriented tourism in Romania, several companies have responded with new liquid souvenirs. As early as the 1970s, a Vlad the Impaler vodka (with a picture of Bran Castle) appeared. On the occasion of the opening of Bram Stoker’s Dracula in Bucharest, in July 1993, for example, Stroh Transylvania produced “Dracula’s Spirit”, described as the “Original Vampire’s Delight.” It was a mixture of vodka flavored with fruits and vegetables and red food coloring. The bottle’s label carried the quote, “The history has borne the sacred hero. The myth has borne a bloody vampire.

The hero and the fiend bear one name: DRACULA. We trust in DRACULA’S VODKA.” A similar product has been marketed as “Dracula Seduction” and Dracula’s Spriit.” Liquors have joined the shelves of Dracula souvenirs beginning in 1994 with “Dracula Slivovitz,” the popular plum brandy of Romania. A special boxed version of the slivovitz was created for the World Dracula Congress in 1995.

Also available are “Vlad Trica” and “Draculina Slivowitz.” The Transylvanian Society of Dracula has also moved to develop its own wine, Count Dracula Wine, with variant titles for the different white, rose and red varieties.

Additionally, one of the society leaders in Romania began distribution of a very fine brandy as “Alucard Brandy.” As of 2009, Vampire Vineyards in cooperation with TI Beverage Group, made available a spectrum of wines and vodkas (many imported from Europe) with either a vampire or Dracula theme. They range in price from the fairly inexpensive wines to more costly, specially packaged items sold as gifts or souvenirs.

Sources:

Mackenzie, Andrew. Dracula Country. London: Arthur Barker, 1977. 176 pp.McNally, Raymond, and Radu Florescu, eds. The Essential Dracula. New York: Mayflower Books, 1979. 320 pp.The Vampire Companion. No. 1. Wheeling, WV: Innovative Corporation, 1991.

What does it mean when you dream about wine?

The fermented juice of the grape, wine has for centuries been romantically considered the “nectar of the gods.” It is a symbol for blood and sacrifice in Christian liturgy and may hold transformative significance for the dreamer.

wine

[wīn] (food engineering) An alcoholic beverage made by fermentation of the juice of fruits or berries, especially grapes; classified on the basis of color, sweetness, alcoholic content, variety of grape, presence of carbon dioxide, and region where the grapes are grown.

wine

symbol of Christ’s blood in Eucharist. [Christian Tradition: “Eucharist” in Cross, 468–469]See: Christ

Wine

Anacreon(563–478 B. C.) Greek lyric poet who praised the effects of wine. [Gk. Lit.: Brewer Dictionary, 31]Androscenter for worship of Bacchus, wine god. [Rom. Myth.: Hall, 16]Bacchusgod of wine. [Rom. Myth.: Hall, 37, 142]Beaujolaisa wine-growing region in France; often a medium-dry, fruity burgundy. [Fr. Hist.: NCE, 2990]BordeauxFrench city whose wines (especially Medoc, Graves, Sauternes, Saint Emilion) are world known. [Fr. Hist.: EB, II: 162]Burgundyregion of France that produces fine wines. [Fr. Hist.: NCE, 2989]Catawbagrape grown in the eastern U.S., producing a medium-dry white wine. [Am. Hist.: Misc.]Chablisvillage in central France known for the white wine which bears its name. [Fr. Hist.: NCE, 497]chalicecup holding wine at Eucharist. [Christian Tradition: N.T.: Mark 14:23]Champagneprovince in northeastern France renowned for its sparkling wine. [Fr. Hist.: EB, II: 724]Chiantithe best-known Italian wine. [Ital. Hist.: NCE, 2990]Dionysusgod of the vine and its enlightening powers. [Gk. Myth.: Avery, 404–408; Parrinder, 80]Finger Lakesthe region in New York state where many eastern wines are made. [Am. Hist.: NCE, 2990]Liber and Liberaancient Italian god and goddess of wine and vine cultivation. [Rom. Myth.: Howe, 154]Liebfraumilchthe best-known Rhine wine. [Ger. Hist.: NCE, 2990]Médoca red Bordeaux wine. [Fr. Hist.: NCE, 2990]Marsalaa sweet, amber wine made in Sicily. [Ital. Hist.: NCE, 2990]Napa Valleygreatest wine-producing region of the United States. [Am. Hist.: NCE, 2990]Naxian Grovesvineyards celebrated for fine vintages. [Gk. Hist.: Brewer Handbook, 747]OeneusCalydonian king; first to cultivate grapes. [Rom. Myth.: Hall, 142]portfortified sweet wine made from grapes grown in the Douro valley in Portugal. [Port. Hist.: NCE, 2194]Rhine valleyregion of Germany that produces fine wines. [Ger. Hist.: NCE, 2990]Rieslinggrape grown in Germany and California, producing a dry or sweet white wine. [Ger. Hist.: Misc.]RiojaSpain’s most widely exported wine. [Span. Hist.: NCE, 2990]sherrydry fortified wine, originally made from grapes grown in Andalusia, Spain. [Span. Hist.: NCE, 2501]Tokayregion of Hungary that produces wines. [Hung. Hist.: NCE, 2889]Valpolicellaa dark, rich red wine from Veneto. [Ital. Hist.: NCE, 2990]Vouvrayvillage in central France known for its medium-dry white wine. [Fr. Hist.: Misc.]

wine

1. a. an alcoholic drink produced by the fermenting of grapes with water and sugar b. an alcoholic drink produced in this way from other fruits, flowers, etc. 2. a dark red colour, sometimes with a purplish tinge 3. Pharmacol Obsolete fermented grape juice containing medicaments 4. Adam's wine Brit a dialect word for water
www.intowine.com
http://wine.about.com
www.wines.com
www.upenn.edu/museum/Wine/wineintro.html

Wine

(Wine Is Not an Emulator) Software that runs Windows applications under Linux and Unix on an x86 PC. Wine runs Windows executables intact, trapping calls from the application to the Windows interface, converting them as necessary and directing them to X Window routines, which do the processing. For more information, visit www.winehq.com. See X Window, WABI, Odin and Linspire.

"Wine Bottles" on the Mac

Codeweaver's CrossOver Mac implements Wine on a Mac computer and places the programs in a "Bottles" folder. This folder hierarchy shows the path to Info Select, a Windows personal information manager (PIM) running under Wine on the Mac, For more information, visit www.codeweavers.com. See path and Info Select.

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French Wine

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Synonyms for wine

noun fermented juice (of grapes especially)

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noun a red as dark as red wine

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verb drink wine

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verb treat to wine

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