| 释义 |
thinking
think·ing T0167200 (thĭng′kĭng)n.1. The act or practice of one that thinks; thought.2. A way of reasoning; judgment: To my thinking, this is not a good idea.adj. Characterized by thought or thoughtfulness; rational: We are thinking animals.thinking (ˈθɪŋkɪŋ) n1. opinion or judgment2. the process of thoughtadj3. (prenominal) using or capable of using intelligent thought: thinking people. 4. put on one's thinking cap to ponder a matter or problemthink•ing (ˈθɪŋ kɪŋ)
adj. 1. rational; reasoning: Humans are thinking animals. 2. thoughtful; reflective: Any thinking person would approve. n. 3. thought; judgment: clear thinking; present-day thinking on this issue. [1250–1300] think′ing•ly, adv. ThinkingSee also argumentation; ideas; learning; logic; opinion; philosophy; questioning; understanding.
analysisthe process of separating a whole into its parts to discover their function, relationship, etc. See also logic; psychology.asemialoss or absence of the capacity to express thoughts or ideas by written, spoken, or gesticulated means.cogitation1. the act of meditation or contemplation.
2. the faculty of thinking.
3. a thought; a design or plan. — cogitator, n. — cogitative, adj.dianoeticrelating to the operation of the mind through logical rather than intuitive thought processes; intellectual activity.dianoiathe capacity for, process of, or result of discursive thinking. — dianoetic, adj.divagationthe act of digressing; wandering off the subject.eductionthe process of deducing or inferring. — eductive, adj.escapism1. the state of having wandering and imaginative thoughts in order to escape from reality. — escapist, n., adj.
2. the practice of engaging in activities that enable one to avoid having to deal with reality, as the persistent attendance at science-fiction films, reading of fantasy literature, etc.factualism1. excessive concern for facts.
2. a theory or belief relying heavily on fact. — factualist, n. — factualistic, adj.free associationPsychoanalysis. the unhampered and uncensored expression of ideas, impressions, etc., passing through the mind of the patiënt, used to permit access to the processes of the unconscious.hyponoia, hyponeaa state of dulled mental activity or decrease in the function of thought. Also called hypopsychosis.hypopsychosishyponoia.ideationthe process of forming ideas. — ideational, adj.illationthe process of inferring or deducing; also, that which is inferred or deduced. — illative, adj.imponderabiliathings or matters beyond measure or comprehension.indagationthe process of searching or inquiring; an investigation, especially of an intellectual nature. — indagator, n. — indagative, adj.insularismthe state of being narrow-minded.intellection1. the exercise or use of the intellect.
2. a particular act or process of the intellect.noesis1. understanding solely through the intellect.
2. thinking. — noetic, adj.nomologythe science of the laws of the mind. — nomologist, n. — nomological, adj.obfuscationthe process of darkening or obscuring so as to hinder ready analysis.Pelmanisma system of mental development exercises.perpensionObsolete, consideration; careful thought over a matter.philosphy1. the rational inquiry into the principles and truths of being, nature, knowledge, conduct, etc.
2. an individual set or system of principles and beliefs. — philosopher, n. — philosophic, philosophical, adj.phronemomaniaa mania for thinking.phronemophobiaan abnormal fear of thinking.quandarya state of doubt or uncertainty, especially with regard to the choice of alternatives; a dilemma.ratiocinationthe process of logical reasoning or rational thought. — ratiocinative, adj.reificationthe conversion of an abstract concept into something concrete; a viewing of the abstract as concrete.ruminationthe act of pondering or meditating. — ruminator, n. — ruminative, adj.speculation1. the contemplation or consideration of some subject.
2. an instance of such activity.
3. a conclusion or opinion reached by such activity.
4. a conjecture or surmise; a guess. — speculator, n. — speculative, adj.speculativismthe excessive use of speculation.synthesisthe process of deductive reasoning, as from cause to effect, from the simple elements to the complex whole, etc. See also joining. — synthesist, n. — synthetic, synthetical, adj.syntheticismthe principles or practice of synthesis or synthetic methods or techniques.tachyphreniaabnormally rapid mental activity.witcraftRare. the art of reasoning; logic.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  thinking - the process of using your mind to consider something carefully; "thinking always made him frown"; "she paused for thought"cerebration, intellection, mentation, thought process, thoughthigher cognitive process - cognitive processes that presuppose the availability of knowledge and put it to usefree association - a thought process in which ideas (words or images) suggest other ideas in a sequencemental synthesis, construction - the creation of a construct; the process of combining ideas into a congruous object of thoughtabstract thought, logical thinking, reasoning - thinking that is coherent and logicalline of thought - a particular way of thinking that is characteristic of some individual or grouptrain of thought, thread - the connections that link the various parts of an event or argument together; "I couldn't follow his train of thought"; "he lost the thread of his argument"mysticism - obscure or irrational thoughtideation - the process of forming and relating ideasconsideration - the process of giving careful thought to somethingexcogitation - thinking something out with care in order to achieve complete understanding of itexplanation - thought that makes something comprehensibleplanning, preparation, provision - the cognitive process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening; "his planning for retirement was hindered by several uncertainties"problem solving - the thought processes involved in solving a problemconvergent thinking - thinking that brings together information focussed on solving a problem (especially solving problems that have a single correct solution)divergent thinking, out-of-the-box thinking - thinking that moves away in diverging directions so as to involve a variety of aspects and which sometimes lead to novel ideas and solutions; associated with creativity | | Adj. | 1. | thinking - endowed with the capacity to reasonreasoning, intelligentrational - consistent with or based on or using reason; "rational behavior"; "a process of rational inference"; "rational thought" |
thinkingnoun1. reasoning, thoughts, philosophy, idea, view, position, theory, opinion, conclusions, assessment, judgment, outlook, conjecture There was a strong theoretical dimension to his thinking.adjective1. thoughtful, intelligent, cultured, reasoning, sophisticated, rational, philosophical, reflective, contemplative, meditative, ratiocinative Thinking people on both sides will applaud this book.thinkingadjectiveOf, characterized by, or disposed to thought:cogitative, contemplative, deliberative, excogitative, meditative, pensive, reflective, ruminative, speculative, thoughtful.Idiom: in a brown study.Translationsthinking
See:- blue-sky thinking
- get (one's) thinking cap on
- have (one's) thinking cap on
- put (one's) thinking cap on
- put on (one's) thinking cap
- put on one's thinking cap
- put on one's thinking cap, to
- put on your thinking cap
- put thinking cap on
- put your thinking cap on
- the thinking man's/women's crumpet
- think (one) owns the place
- think (the) better of (one)
- think a great deal of (someone or something)
- think a lot of (someone or something)
- think ahead
- think aloud
- think big
- think fit (to do something)
- think greatly of (someone or something)
- think highly of (someone or something)
- think ill of (someone or something)
- think little of (someone or something)
- think long and hard
- think much of (someone or something)
- think nothing of (something)
- think of
- think out
- think out loud
- think out of the box
- think outside (of) the box
- think over
- think poorly of (someone or something)
- think positive
- think the world of (someone or something)
- think through
- think to
- think twice
- think up
- thinking inside the box
- thinking out loud
- to (one's) way of thinking
- to my, your, etc. way of thinking
- to way of thinking
- wishful thinking
Thinking
Thinking the process of reflection on objective reality; the highest level of human cognition. Although the sole source for thinking is sensations, thinking transcends the limitations of direct sensory reflection and enables the human being to receive knowledge about objects, qualities, and relationships of the real world that cannot be sensed directly (F. Engels, in K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 20, pp. 554—55). Thinking is a subject matter of study in the theory of knowledge and logic, in psychology, and in neurophysiology. In cybernetics it is studied in connection with problems of the technological simulation of mental operations. Thinking is a function of the brain, and in that sense it is a natural process. However, each human being becomes a subject of thinking only by mastering language, concepts, and logic, which are products of the development of social practice. Even the problems with which each individual confronts his intellect are generated by the social conditions of his life. Thus, human thinking has a social and historical quality. Throughout the history of philosophy, the character of thinking and the relationship between thinking (consciousness) and being has been the central philosophical problem. The concrete historical study of thinking, which developed in the 19th century, was influenced by the concepts of formal logic and by the theory of associations. Psychological analysis of thinking was, for the most part, limited to differentiating various thought processes: comparison, abstraction of data, and classification. The question of the character of concepts or ideas was treated in the spirit of formal “scholastic” logic. Concepts were considered the result of the accretion of sensory images and impressions, the discernment of their common features, and the elimination of anomalous features. Accordingly, the processes involved in thinking were perceived as complex combinations of ideas and concepts. This description of thinking encountered insurmountable difficulties in attempting to explain, for example, the purposeful and creative character of thought processes. Naturalistic and mechanistic descriptions of thinking were developed further by the behaviorists, who explained mental activity as the totality of inner, soundless speech habits formed according to a “stimulus-response” pattern. These associative and mechanistic representations of thinking were counter-balanced by idealistic theories, which emphasized that thought processes cannot be reduced to associations of discrete ideas and are characteristically imageless and subordinate to “determining tendencies” (the Würzberg school). On the other hand, representatives of the theory of holistic forms (Gestalt psychology) understood thinking as a process by which the subject “reconstructs” a problematic situation, discovering new relationships and functional connections within it. The gestalt psychologists asserted that thinking cannot be derived from the experience of the subject’s behavior and the accumulated associations. Insofar as they explained thinking as an “autochthonic,” or self-generating process, the representatives of Gestalt psychology were in agreement with intuitionism. The common feature of these schools was their antihistoricism —that is, their failure to study the origins and historical development of human thinking. Works systematizing data on thinking among peoples at relatively low stages of socioeconomic and cultural development did not appear until the early 20th century. These works disproved suppositions about the unchanging character of the laws of thinking and introduced the notion that qualitative changes had taken place in thinking during its historical development (L. Lévy-Bruhl of France, for example). At the same time, experimental studies of the origins of thinking in the animal world were undertaken by W. Köhler (Germany), R. Yerkes (USA), and N. N. Ladygina-Kots (USSR). Among the higher animals researchers encountered behavioral processes analogous to human thinking (“practical intellect,” or in the words of I. P. Pavlov, “manual thought”). This research deepened man’s understanding of the genetic roots of thinking and gave impetus to the study of human thought that is manifested as external actions related to objects (“visually effective thinking” or “technical intellect”). The discovery that mental activity could take the form of external actions in complex situations involving objects, or operations using visual diagrams and models, demolished the old conception of thinking as merely an internal, verbal and logical process and led to the recognition that there are different forms of highly developed thinking, intimately interwoven and not strictly delineated from each other. The scientific dialectical materialist understanding of thinking is set forth in the classical works of Marxism. Rejecting the view that thinking is the manifestation of a special spiritual principle, Marxism overcomes the limitations of metaphysical materialism, with its superficiality and its reduction of mental activity to the elementary processes of analysis and generalization of sensory impressions. In viewing thought as a product of social and historical development and as a special form of human activity, Marxism emphasizes the age-old connection between thinking and practical activity. “The production of ideas, of conceptions, of consciousness, is at first directly interwoven with the material activity .... Conceiving, thinking, the mental intercourse of men, appear at this stage as the direct efflux of their material behavior” (K. Marx and F. Engels, ibid., vol. 3, p. 24). Labor with tools confronts the human being not only with material objects but also with their interaction, in the process of which properties are revealed that are not directly accessible to the senses but can be grasped only indirectly, by mental deductions. The cognitive results of objective actions are given a degree of permanence by verbalization. As they are transmitted to other people via spoken communication, they form part of the system of knowledge that constitutes the content of the collective or social consciousness. Linguistic expression creates the precondition for the reproduction on the level of inner speech (consciousness) of various links of external, objective cognitive activity. The original sensory data and practical action are mediated by an increasingly long chain of mental processes, which subsequently become separate from external practical activity. At the same time, the social division of labor, the development of private ownership, and the differentiation of society into antagonistic classes lead to a break between mental and physical labor, so that it becomes customary to appose internal intellectual activity to material, physical activity. Later, this opposition is reinforced in idealistic theories of thinking. As thinking, in its developed forms, loses its direct and immediate connection with practical activity, it may result in false, illusory knowledge. This raises the question of the criterion of the truthfulness of thinking and the adequacy of its results as compared with objective reality. Practice is the criterion: that is, the theoretical conclusions reached through thought should be verified in practical activity and in experimentation. In this sense, however, practice refers not to individual experience but to social practice as a whole, which necessitates the subordination of thought processes to certain rules or prescriptions developed in the historical experience of cognition. This type of man-made system of rules and prescriptions (“laws” of thinking) constitutes the object of a separate discipline, logic. In contrast to idealism, which considers the laws of logic inherent in thinking, Marxism regards logical laws as the generalized reflection of objective relationships existing in reality and mastered in practical experience. “The practical activity of man had to lead his consciousness to the repetition of the various logical figures thousands of millions of times in order that these figures could obtain the significance of axioms” (V. I. Lenin, Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 29, p. 172). Social practice is not only the criterion of the truthfulness of thinking but also the foundation for the rules and canons of logic. For this reason, thinking cannot be reduced to the totality of mental operations of which it is composed, or, in other words, to the “thinking” of logical machines that perform only processes assigned to them in one way or another by human beings. As Marx pointed out, machines are only “organs of the human brain created by the human hand” (Marx and Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 46, part 2, p. 215). The true subject of thinking (the thinker) is still the human being controlling the machine. The enormous complexity of the problems confronting modern science has made necessary the further development of the logical apparatus of thinking. As a result, new schools of formal logic have emerged. However, the study of thinking cannot be limited to investigation of the rules of formal logic. Above all, the study of thinking touches on problems of the relationship of thought to objective reality and problems of the general method of cognition. The unity of the cognitive and logical aspects of thinking is most fully expressed in Marxist dialectical logic, which is a theory of the development and self-motion of the subject matter of cognition as it is reflected in the movement of the concepts of thinking. A. N. LEONT’EV Disorders. Thinking disorders are reflected in speech, writing, and representational creativity. Significant changes in the speed of thought are possible. In an emotionally excited individual, acceleration of the flow of ideas may reach the level of an undirected, superficial “flight of ideas.” By contrast, a retardation of thinking is characterized by the infrequent, slow emergence of concepts, or by slow formation of ideas and judgments. This is usually associated with depression and with a subjective sensation of intellectual emptiness. Other disturbances of thinking include incoherence; inertia, in which a single idea or impression prevails (perseveration); and “getting bogged down,” or circumstantiality, in which the essential point is drowned in a mass of unnecessary details, or in which thinking is fruitless and remote from reality. Also categorized as thinking disorders are bizarre thought (a tendency to indulge in symbolism, the paradoxical use of well-known concepts, and the invention of unjustifiable word forms); the parallel flow of several different thoughts; sudden breaks in thought; and the complete disjunction of the content of thinking, even though it is couched in grammatically correct sentences. Thinking disorders are of great importance in the differential diagnostics of mental illness (for example, in distinguishing various forms of schizophrenia). B. I. FRANKSHTEIN REFERENCESMarx, K., and F. Engels. Nemetskaia ideologiia. Soch., 2nd ed. vol. 3.
Engels, F. “Dialektika prirody.” Ibid., vol. 20.
Lenin, V. I. “Filosofskie tetradi.” Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 29.
Binet, A. Mekhanizm myshleniia. Odessa, 1894. (Translated from English.)
Psikhologiia myshleniia. St. Petersburg, 1914. (“Novye idei ν filosofii,” issue 16).
Lévy-Bruhl, L. Pervobytnoe myshlenie. Moscow, 1930. (Translated from French.)
Wallon, H. Ot deistviia k mysli. Moscow, 1956. (Translated from French.)
Vygotskii, L. S. Myshlenie i rech’: Izbrannye psikhologicheskie issledovaniia. Moscow, 1956.
Rubinshtein, S. L. O myshlenii i putiakh ego issledovaniia. Moscow, 1958.
Ponomarev, la. A. Psikhologiia tvorcheskogo myshleniia. Moscow, 1960.
Zeigarnik, B. V. Patologiia myshleniia. [Moscow] 1962.
Psikhologiia myshleniia (collection of translations). Moscow, 1965.
Tikhomirov, O. K. Struktura myslitel’noi deiatel’nosti cheloveka. Moscow, 1969.
Piaget, J. “Psikhologiia inteliekta.” In his book Izbrannye psikhologicheskie trudy. Moscow, 1969. (Translated from French.)
Leont’ev, A. N. Problemy razvitiia psikhiki, 3rd ed. Moscow, 1972.
Ach, N. Über die Begriffsbildung. Bamberg, 1921.
Koffka, K. “Bemerkungen zur Denkpsychologie.” Psychologische Forschung, 1927, vol. 9 (books 1–2).
Hartley, D. M. Observation on Man, His Frame, His Duty and His Expectations, 6th ed. London, 1934.
A Study of Thinking. New York, 1956.thinking
thinking [thingk´ing] ideational mental activity (in contrast to emotional activity); the flow of ideas, symbols, and associations that brings forth concepts and reasons.autistic thinking self-absorption; preoccupation with inner thoughts, daydreams, fantasies, delusions, drives, and personal logic. It is egocentric, subjective thinking lacking objectivity and preferring a narcissistic, inner, private reality to that with external validity. Used interchangeably with thinking" >dereistic thinking, although differing in emphasis. Called also autism.critical thinking a style of reasoning that involves a complex process of reflection and analysis. See accompanying table.dereistic thinking thinking not in accordance with the facts of reality and experience and following illogical, idiosyncratic reasoning. Used interchangeably with thinking" >autistic thinking, although not an exact synonym: dereistic emphasizes disconnection from reality and autistic emphasizes preoccupation with inner experience. Called also dereism.magical thinking that characterized by the belief that thinking or wishing something can cause it to occur.primary process thinking in psychoanalytic theory, primitive thought processes deriving from the id and marked by illogical form, preverbal content, an emphasis on immediate wish fulfillment, and an equating of thought and action. Such processes are characteristic of childhood and of dreams.secondary process thinking in psychoanalytic theory, the more sophisticated thought processes, based on logic, obeying the rules of causality, and consistent with external reality. Such processes are characteristic of mature conscious thought.think·ing (think'ing), The act of reasoning.thinking Vox populi Cognition; mental evaluation, weighing or consideration. See Concrete thinking, Distorted thinking, Holistic thinking, Magical thinking, Sequential thinking. think·ing (thingk'ing) The act of reasoning. Patient discussion about thinkingQ. what do you think the reason would be? As per the latest statistics that 2 out of 150 kids born in the U.S. has autism, and the incidence rate is increasing, what do you think the reason would be?A. The actual statistics is not 2 out of 150. It is 1 out of 150. I don't think autism is increasing, I think more children are being labeled as autistic - the condition is more well known than it was 20 years ago. Q. what can I do if I think he/she is in trouble with drugs? If a person is a family member, a friend or a work colleague, what can I do if I think he/she is in trouble with drugs?A. Whether this person is a family member, a friend or a work colleague, it would be very helpful if you are able to offer your support to them. That's really important. Then the individual needn't feel that he or she has to tackle this problem on their own. Most people with a drug problem have already tried that - and usually it has never worked. Then - the main thing you can do for anyone who's in trouble with drugs is to encourage him or her to ask for help. Remember - you can’t FORCE this person to do anything, but you can encourage him or her to find professional help. We would suggest that you: Talk to the person when he or she is sober or straight. Try to talk in calm, caring manner and indicate your support. Tell them that - if they would like you to - you're willing to help in any way you can. Remember - shouting doesn't help. If your support is rejected, then try not to be upset. Maybe he or she is just not ready yet to do anything about their drug use. Q. Why do they think that the pain is all in my head? Is there any chance which may wrongfully lead doctor to conclude that our symptoms are of a psychological nature? Why do they think that the pain is all in my head?A. It may happen very rarely and if he is new to his profession. It doesn’t mean that all those are new to their profession does these mistakes. Doctors cannot "see" and may not understand the sources of your pain or fatigue. However, what they do observe is your anxiety and frustration with having to deal with these symptoms around-the-clock, which may wrongfully lead them to conclude that your symptoms are of a psychological nature. Also, the old school of thought regarding pain is that it is produced by tissue injury, and there is no obvious source of tissue injury in patients with fibromyalgia. Regardless, if your doctor does not believe that your symptoms are real, you owe it to yourself to find another doctor who believes in you and will work with you to help reduce your symptoms. More discussions about thinkingLegalSeeThoughtthinking
Related to thinking: Thinking Out LoudSynonyms for thinkingnoun reasoningSynonyms- reasoning
- thoughts
- philosophy
- idea
- view
- position
- theory
- opinion
- conclusions
- assessment
- judgment
- outlook
- conjecture
adj thoughtfulSynonyms- thoughtful
- intelligent
- cultured
- reasoning
- sophisticated
- rational
- philosophical
- reflective
- contemplative
- meditative
- ratiocinative
Synonyms for thinkingadj of, characterized by, or disposed to thoughtSynonyms- cogitative
- contemplative
- deliberative
- excogitative
- meditative
- pensive
- reflective
- ruminative
- speculative
- thoughtful
Synonyms for thinkingnoun the process of using your mind to consider something carefullySynonyms- cerebration
- intellection
- mentation
- thought process
- thought
Related Words- higher cognitive process
- free association
- mental synthesis
- construction
- abstract thought
- logical thinking
- reasoning
- line of thought
- train of thought
- thread
- mysticism
- ideation
- consideration
- excogitation
- explanation
- planning
- preparation
- provision
- problem solving
- convergent thinking
- divergent thinking
- out-of-the-box thinking
adj endowed with the capacity to reasonSynonymsRelated Words |