acid

ac·id

A0056100 (ăs′ĭd)n.1. Chemistry a. Any of a class of substances whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals to form salts.b. A substance that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.c. A substance that can act as a proton donor.d. A substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.2. A substance having a sour taste.3. The quality of being sarcastic, bitter, or scornful: wrote with acid about her first marriage.4. Slang See LSD¹.adj.1. Chemistry a. Of, relating to, or containing an acid.b. Having a high concentration of acid.c. Having the characteristics of an acid.2. a. Having a pH of less than 7.b. Having a relatively high concentration of hydrogen ions.3. Geology Containing a large proportion of silica: acid rocks.4. Having a sour taste. See Synonyms at sour.5. Biting, sarcastic, or scornful: an acid wit; an acid tone of voice.

[From Latin acidus, sour, from acēre, to be sour; see ak- in Indo-European roots.]

ac′id·ly adv.ac′id·ness n.

acid

(ˈæsɪd) n1. (Chemistry) any substance that dissociates in water to yield a sour corrosive solution containing hydrogen ions, having a pH of less than 7, and turning litmus red. See also Lewis acid2. a sour-tasting substance3. (Recreational Drugs) a slang name for LSDadj4. (Chemistry) chem a. of, derived from, or containing acid: an acid radical. b. being or having the properties of an acid: sodium bicarbonate is an acid salt. 5. sharp or sour in taste6. cutting, sharp, or hurtful in speech, manner, etc; vitriolic; caustic7. (Environmental Science) (of rain, snow, etc) containing pollutant acids in solution8. (Geological Science) (of igneous rocks) having a silica content of more than 60% of the total and containing at least one tenth quartz9. (Metallurgy) metallurgy of or made by a process in which the furnace or converter is lined with an acid material: acid steel. [C17: (first used by Francis Bacon): from French acide or Latin acidus, from acēre to be sour or sharp] ˈacidly adv ˈacidness n ˈacidy adj

ac•id

(ˈæs ɪd)

n. 1. a compound usu. having a sour taste and capable of neutralizing alkalis and turning blue litmus paper red, containing hydrogen that can be replaced by a metal or an electropositive group to form a salt, or containing an atom that can accept a pair of electrons from a base. 2. a substance with a sour taste. 3. biting criticism or sarcasm. 4. Slang. the drug LSD. adj. 5. a. belonging or pertaining to acids or the anhydrides of acids. b. having only a part of the hydrogen of an acid replaced by a metal or its equivalent: an acid phosphate. c. having a pH value of less than 7. Compare alkaline. 6. characterized by a high concentration of acid. 7. sharp or biting to the taste; sour: acid fruits. 8. sharp, biting, or ill-natured in mood or manner; caustic: acid wit. 9. vividly intense in color: acid green. 10. (of igneous rock) rich in silica. [1620–30; < Latin acidus sour, akin to ācer sharp, acētum vinegar, acicula] ac′id•ly, adv. ac′id•ness, n.

ac·id

(ăs′ĭd) Any of a class of compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. They also react, in solution, with bases and certain metals to form salts. Acids turn blue litmus paper red, have a sour taste, and have a pH of less than 7. Compare base.

acidic adjective

acid

A solution of a substance in water which has a pH of less than 7.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	acid - any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a saltalcapton, alkapton, homogentisic acid - an acid formed as an intermediate product of the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalaninearsenic acid - an acid formed from arsenic pentoxidecerotic acid, hexacosanoic acid - a white solid fatty acid found in waxes (such as beeswax)chloric acid - (HClO3) a strong unstable acid with an acrid odor found in chlorate saltschlorous acid - (HClO2) a strongly oxidizing acid; known only in solutionmonobasic acid - an acid containing only one replaceable hydrogen atom per moleculedibasic acid - an acid containing two replaceable hydrogen atoms per moleculetribasic acid - an acid containing three replaceable hydrogen atoms per moleculetetrabasic acid - an acid containing four replaceable hydrogen atoms per moleculefulminic acid - (CNOH) an unstable acid occurring mainly in the form of explosive salts and esters that is isomeric with cyanic acidgamma acid - a crystalline acid used to make azo dyeshydriodic acid - (HI) a colorless or yellow aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide; "hydriodic acid is a strong acid"hydrocyanic acid, prussic acid - a solution of hydrogen cyanide in water; weak solutions are used in fumigating and in the synthesis of organic compoundshydroxy acid - any acid that has hydroxyl groups in addition to the hydroxyl group in the acid itselfhyponitrous acid - an explosive white crystalline weak acid (H2N2O2)lysergic acid - a crystalline acid often used in medical research; obtained from ergotic alkaloidsmanganic acid - a dibasic acid (H2MnO4) found only in solution and in manganate salts2-methylpropenoic acid, methacrylic acid - an unsaturated acid (C4H6O2) used to make resins and plasticsselenic acid - a strong acid (H2SeO4) analogous to sulfuric acidsulfonic acid, sulphonic acid - an acid derived from sulphuric acidtitanic acid - a white weak acid that is a hydrated form of titanium dioxideperchloric acid - a powerful oxidizing agent; forms perchloratescarboxylic acid - an organic acid characterized by one or more carboxyl groupsaminobenzoic acid - a derivative of benzoic acidaqua fortis, nitric acid - acid used especially in the production of fertilizers and explosives and rocket fuelsnitrous acid - an unstable inorganic acid known only in solution and as nitrite saltsaqua regia, nitrohydrochloric acid - a yellow fuming corrosive mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid that dissolves metals (including gold)barbituric acid, malonylurea - a white crystalline acid derived from pyrimidine; used in preparing barbiturate drugslansoprazole, Prevacid - antacid (trade name Prevacid) that suppresses acid secretion in the stomachboracic acid, boric acid - any of various acids containing boron and oxygenboric acid, orthoboric acid - a white or colorless slightly acid solid that is soluble in water and ethanol; used in the manufacture of glass and paper and adhesives and in detergents and as a flux in welding; also used as an antiseptic and food preservativebromic acid - an unstable acid used as an oxidizing agentcarbamic acid - an acid that is known only by virtue of its salts (as ammonium carbamate) or its esters (as urethane)carbolic acid, hydroxybenzene, oxybenzene, phenylic acid, phenol - a toxic white soluble crystalline acidic derivative of benzene; used in manufacturing and as a disinfectant and antiseptic; poisonous if taken internallycarbonic acid - a weak acid known only in solution; formed when carbon dioxide combines with waterchromic acid - an unstable acid known only in solution and as chromate saltscitric acid - a weak water-soluble acid found in many fruits (especially citrus fruits); used as a flavoring agentchemical compound, compound - (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weightcyanamid, cyanamide - a weak soluble dibasic acid (the parent acid of cyanamide salts)cyanic acid - a colorless poisonous volatile liquid acid that hydrolyzes readily to ammonia and carbon dioxidecyanuric acid - a trimer of cyanic acidferricyanic acid - a brown unstable acid formed from ferricyanideferrocyanic acid - a white unstable acid formed from ferrocyanide saltsfluoroboric acid - an acid of fluorine and boronfluosilicic acid, hydrofluosilicic acid - an unstable poisonous corrosive acid known primarily in the form of its salts
	2.	acid - street name for lysergic acid diethylamideback breaker, battery-acid, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, window pane, superman, Zen, pane, dose, dotLSD, lysergic acid diethylamide - a powerful hallucinogenic drug manufactured from lysergic acid
Adj.	1.	acid - harsh or corrosive in tone; "an acerbic tone piercing otherwise flowery prose"; "a barrage of acid comments"; "her acrid remarks make her many enemies"; "bitter words"; "blistering criticism"; "caustic jokes about political assassination, talk-show hosts and medical ethics"; "a sulfurous denunciation"; "a vitriolic critique"blistering, caustic, vitriolic, sulfurous, sulphurous, acerb, acerbic, acrid, bitter, virulentunpleasant - disagreeable to the senses, to the mind, or feelings ; "an unpleasant personality"; "unpleasant repercussions"; "unpleasant odors"
	2.	acid - being sour to the tasteacidulent, acidulous, acidicsour - having a sharp biting taste
	3.	acid - having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"chemical science, chemistry - the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactionsacidic - being or containing an acid; of a solution having an excess of hydrogen atoms (having a pH of less than 7)

acid

adjective1. sour, sharp, tart, pungent, biting, acidic, acerbic, acrid, acetic, vinegary, acidulous, acidulated, vinegarish, acerb These wines are rather hard, and somewhat acid.
sour sweet, pleasant, mild, bland, alkaline2. sharp, cutting, biting, severe, bitter, harsh, stinging, scathing, acrimonious, barbed, pungent, hurtful, sarcastic, sardonic, caustic, vitriolic, acerbic, trenchant, mordant, mordacious a comedy told with compassion and acid humour
sharp kindly, sweet, gentle, pleasant, mild, bland, benignthe acid test test, proof, trial, check, investigation, analysis, assessment, examination The perception of fairness is the acid test for democracy.

Acids

Specific acids abietic acid, acetic acid, alginic acid, aminobenzoic acid, aspartic acid, barbituric acid, benzoic acid, boric acid, butyric acid, carbonic acid, chloric acid, chloroacetic acid, chlorous acid, cholic acid, chromic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, crotonic acid, cyanic acid, decanedioic acid, decanoic acid, dichromic acid, dithionous acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, dodecanoic acid, erucic acid, formic acid, fulminic acid, fumaric acid, gallic acid, glacial acetic acid, glyceric acid, heptadecanoic acid, hexanoic acid, hydnocarpic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hypochlorous acid, hypophosphoric acid, hypophosphorous, isocyanic acid, itaconic acid, lactic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, lysergic acid, manganic acid, mucic acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid, nonanoic acid, octanedioic acid, oleic acid, orthophosphoric acid, oxalic acid, pantothenic acid, para-aminobenzoic acid, pectic acid, pentanoic acid, permanganic acid, phosphoric acid, phthalic acid, picric acid, platinocyanic acid, polyphosphoric acid, propanoic acid, prussic acid, pyroboric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, pyrosulphuric acid, racemic acid, ricinoleic acid, saccharic acid, selenic acid, selenious acid, silicic acid, sorbic acid, spiraeic acid (modern salicylic acid), stearic acid, suberic acid, succinic acid, sulphonic acid, sulphurous acid, tantalic acid, tartaric acid, telluric acid, terebic acid, terephthalic acid, thiocyanic acid, thiosulphuric acid, trichloroacetic acid, uric acidTypes of acid amino acid, carboxylic acid, dibasic acid, dicarboxylic acid, fatty acid, iodic acid, mineral acid, nucleic acid, periodic acid, polycarboxylic acidAmino acids alanine, arginine, citrulline, cystine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, ethionine, ornithine, proline, serine, threonine, triiodothyronine

acid

adjective1. Having a taste characteristic of that produced by acids:acerb, acerbic, acetous, acidulous, dry, sour, tangy, tart.2. So sharp as to cause mental pain:acerbic, acidic, acrid, astringent, biting, caustic, corrosive, cutting, mordacious, mordant, pungent, scathing, sharp, slashing, stinging, trenchant, truculent, vitriolic.

Translations

酸酸的尖刻的

acid

(ˈӕsid) adjective1. (of taste) sharp or sour. Lemons and limes are acid fruits.酸的2. sarcastic. acid humour.尖刻的 noun a substance, containing hydrogen, which will dissolve metals etc. She spilled some acid which burned a hole in her dress.酸aˈcidity noun the quality of containing acid or too much acid. 酸味

acid

→ 酸zhCN

acid

[as´id] 1. sour.2. a substance that yields hydrogen ions in solution and from which hydrogen may be displaced by a metal to form a salt. For the various acids, see under the specific name, such as acetic acid. All acids react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). Other properties of acids include a sour taste and the ability to cause certain dyes to undergo a color change. A common example of this is the ability of acids to change litmus paper from blue to red.
Inorganic acids are distinguished as binary or hydracids, and ternary or oxyacids; the former contain no oxygen; in the latter, the hydrogen is united to an electronegative element by oxygen. The hydracids are distinguished by the prefix hydro-. The names of acids end in -ic, except in the case in which there are two degrees of oxygenation. The acid containing the greater amount of oxygen has the termination -ic, the one having the lesser amount has the termination -ous. Acids with the termination -ic form the salts ending in -ate; those ending in -ous form the salts ending in -ite. The salts of hydracids end in -ide. These rules are demonstrated by the acids and salts: hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), sulfurous acid (H₂SO₃), sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃). Acids are called monobasic, dibasic, tribasic, and tetrabasic, respectively, when they contain one, two, three, or four replaceable hydrogen atoms.
The most common organic acids are carboxylic acids, containing the carboxyl group (-COOH); examples are acetic acid, citric acid, amino acids, and fatty acids. Their salts and esters end in -ate, e.g., ethyl acetate. Other organic acids are phenols and sulfonic acids.
Acids play a vital role in the chemical processes that are a normal part of the functions of the cells and tissues of the body. A stable balance between acids and bases in the body is essential to life. See also acid-base balance.acid elution test air-dried blood smears are fixed in 80 per cent methanol and immersed in a pH 3.3 buffer; all hemoglobins are eluted except fetal hemoglobin (HbF), which is seen in red blood cells after staining.inorganic acid an acid containing no carbon atoms.acid perfusion test Bernstein test.acid phosphatase a lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphate esters liberating inorganic phosphate and has an optimal pH of about 5.0. Serum activity of the prostatic isoenzyme is greatly increased in metastatic cancer of the prostate and is used to monitor the course of the disease.

ac·id

(as'id), 1. A compound yielding a hydrogen ion in a polar solvent (for example, in water); acids form salts by replacing all or part of the ionizable hydrogen with an electropositive element or radical. 2. Colloquially, any chemical compound that has a sour taste (given by the hydrogen ion). 3. Sour; sharp to the taste. 4. Relating to acid; giving an acid reaction. For individual acids not shown here, see specific names. [L. acidus, sour]

acid

(ăs′ĭd)n. Chemistry a. Any of a class of substances whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals to form salts.b. A substance that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.c. A substance that can act as a proton donor.d. A substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.adj.1. Chemistry a. Of, relating to, or containing an acid.b. Having a high concentration of acid.c. Having the characteristics of an acid.2. a. Having a pH of less than 7.b. Having a relatively high concentration of hydrogen ions.

ac′id·ly adv.ac′id·ness n.

Chemistry adjective Relating or referring to an acid, acidic
noun
(1) A chemical that can accept a pair of electrons or donate a proton
(2) Any usually water-soluble compound that donates a hydrogen ion—H+—or proton in a chemical reaction, or can accept a pair of electrons and combine with metals to form salts
Drug slang LSD

acid

Chemistry A chemical that can accept a pair of electrons or donate a proton adjective 1. Relating to an acid, acidic.2. Sour in taste noun Any usually water-soluble compound that donates a hydrogen ion–H+ or proton in a chemical reaction, or can accept a pair of electrons and combine with metals to form salts. See Acetylsalicylic acid, Alpha-lipoic acid, Amino acid, Arachidonic acid, Azelaic acid, Benzoic acid, Betulinic acid, Bile acid, Binary acid, Cis fatty acid, Conjugated linoleic acid, Deoxyribonucleic acid, Decosaenoic acid, Delta-aminolevulinic acid, Dextromethorphan acetic acid, Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, Dimethylxanthenone acetic acid, Domoic acid, DMSA acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Ellagic acid, Essential amino acid, Essential fatty acid, Excitatory amino acid, Fatty acid, acid, Free-form amino acid, Fibric acid, Folic acid, Formic acid, Gamma-linolenic acid, Glacial acetic acid, Homogentisic acid, Homovanillic acid, Hyaluronic acid, Hydrofluoric acid, 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid, Hydrochloric acid, Ibotenic acid, Kainic acid, Lactic acid, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, Lipid-associated sialic acid, Methylmalonic acid, Mevalonic acid, n-3 fatty acid, Nalidixic acid, Nicotinic acid, Nitrilotriacetic acid, Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, Nucleic acid, Okadaic acid, Organic acid, Orotic acid, Oxolinic acid, Pangamic acid, Pantothenic acid, Paraaminobenzoic acid, Phosphoenolpyruvic acid, Phytanic acid, Picric acid, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Retinoic acid, Ribonucleic acid, Saturated fatty acid, Uncoded amino acid, Uric acid. Cf Base Drug slang Popular for LSD, see there.

ac·id

(as'id) 1. A compound yielding a hydrogen ion in a polar solvent (e.g., in water); acids form salts by replacing all or part of the ionizable hydrogen with an electropositive element or radical. 2. In popular language, any chemical compound that has a sharp or sour taste (given by the hydrogen ion). 3. Relating to acid; giving an acidic reaction. 4. Colloq. for lysergic acid diethylamide. [L. acidus, sour]

acid

(as'id) [L. acidus, sour] 1. Any substance that liberates hydrogen ions (protons) in solution; a hydrogen ion donor. An acid reacts with a metal to form a salt, neutralizes bases, and turns litmus paper red. 2. A substance that can accept a pair of electrons; a Lewis acid. See: alkali; base; indicator; Lewis acid; pH3. A sour substance. 4. Slang term for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

acetic acid

C₂H₄O₂, the acid that gives the sour taste to vinegar. It is also used as a reagent. Glacial (highly purified) acetic acid contains at least 99.5% acetic acid by weight. CAS # 64-19-7

acetoacetic acid

C₄H₆O₃, a ketone body formed when fats are incompletely oxidized. It was formerly called acetylacetic acid. Synonym: diacetic acid; diacetic acidCAS # 541-50-4

acetylacetic acid

See: acetoacetic acid

acetylsalicylic acid

Abbreviation: ASA
Aspirin (1).

acrylic acid

C₃H₄O₂, a colorless corrosive acid used in making acrylic polymers and resins. CAS # 79-10-7

adenylic acid

Adenosine monophosphate.

alpha-hydroxy acid

Abbreviation: AHA
Any of a class of water-soluble acids derived from fruit or milk, having a hydroxyl moiety in the first position in the molecule. AHAs are used in chemical peels and other skin care products to remove the outer layer of the epidermis. This chemical exfoliation is promoted for its cosmetic effects on wrinkled or sun-damaged skin.

alpha-linolenic acid

C₁₈H₃₀O₂, an omega-3 fatty acid derived from plants, esp. seeds (canola oil, flaxseed, walnuts and pumpkins) and from some fish (salmon and mackerel). CAS # 463-40-1

alpha-lipoic acid

C₈H₁₄O₂S₂, a natural coenzyme and antioxidant, used for short-term treatment of peripheral neuropathies. CAS # 1200-22-2

amino acid

See: amino acid

aminoacetic acid

Glycine.

aminobenzoic acid

Para-aminobenzoic acid.

aminocaproic acid

C₆H₁₃NO₂, a hemostatic drug. It is a specific antidote for an overdose of a fibrinolytic agent. CAS # 60-32-2

aminoglutaric acid

Glutamic acid.

aminosalicylic acid

Para-aminosalicylic acid.

aminosuccinic acid

Aspartic acid.

arachidonic acid

C₂₀H₃₂O₂, an omega-6 fatty acid formed by the action of enzymes on phospholipids in cell membranes. The acid is found in many foods. It is metabolized primarily by the cyclo-oxygenase or 5-lipoxygenase pathways to produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are important mediators of inflammation. Corticosteroids inhibit formation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids when cell membranes are damaged. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as salicylates, indomethacin, and ibuprofen inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. CAS # 506-32-1

argininosuccinic acid

C₁₀H₁₈N₄O₆, a compound intermediate in the synthesis of arginine, formed from citrulline and aspartic acid. CAS # 2387-71-5

aristolochic acid

C₁₇H₁₁NO₇, an acid derived from Aristolochia, a genus of flowering plants, and used as an herbal remedy. It is promoted as an aphrodisiac, a weight loss agent, and an anticonvulsant. CAS # 313-67-7

CAUTION!

The acid is a known carcinogen, and its use has been associated with and may cause end-stage renal disease and cancers of the urinary tract that may occur many years after usage has stopped.

ascorbic acid

Vitamin C.

aspartic acid

C₄H₇NO₄, a nonessential amino acid that is a product of pancreatic digestion. Synonym: aminosuccinic acidCAS # 617-45-8

barbituric acid

C₄H₄N₂O₃, a crystalline acid from which phenobarbital and other barbiturates are derived. CAS # 67-52-7

benzoic acid

C₇H₆O₂, a white crystalline acid having a slight odor. It is used in keratolytic ointments and in food preservation. Saccharin is a derivative of this acid. CAS # 65-85-0

bile acid

Any of the complex acids that occur as salts in bile, e.g., cholic, glycocholic, and taurocholic acids. They give bile its foamy character, are important in the digestion of fats in the intestine, and are reabsorbed from the intestine to be used again by the liver. See: enterohepatic circulation

binary acid

An acid containing hydrogen and one other element.

boric acid

H₃BO₃, a white crystalline acid that in water forms a very weak acid solution poisonous to plants and animals. It is soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerin. See: boric acid poisoningCAS # 10043-35-3

CAUTION!

Boric acid is toxic and should be used only rarely. It is particularly dangerous because it can be accidentally swallowed by children or used in food because of its resemblance to sugar.

butyric acid

C₄H₈O₂, a viscous fatty acid with a rancid odor, derived from butter but rare in most fats. It is used in disinfectants, emulsifying agents, and pharmaceuticals. CAS # 107-92-6

carbolic acid

Phenol (1).

carbonic acid

H₂CO₃, an acid formed when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. CAS # 463-79-6

carboxylic acid

Any acid containing the carboxyl group –COOH. The simplest examples are formic and acetic acids.

cell-free fetal nucleic acid

Free fetal nucleic acid.

cholic acid

C₂₄H₄₀O₅, a bile acid formed in the liver by hydrolysis of other bile acids. It is formed from the breakdown of cholesterol and helps digest consumed fats. CAS # 81-25-4

cinnamic acid

C₉H₈O₂, an insoluble white powder derived from cinnamon. It is used as a flavoring agent in cooking and in the preparation of perfumes and medicines. CAS # 140-10-3

citric acid

C₆H₈O₇, an acid found naturally in citrus fruits or prepared synthetically. It acts as a sequestrant, helping to preserve food quality. CAS # 77-92-9

conjugated linoleic acid

Abbreviation: CLA
Any of the isomers of linoleic acid effective against cancer, obesity, diabetes, and atheromata in laboratory rodents. CLAs have not been shown to have similar beneficial effects in humans.

cysteic acid

C₃H₇NO₅S, an acid produced by the oxidation of cysteine. Further oxidation produces taurine. CAS # 498-40-8

deoxycholic acid

C₂₄H₄₀O₄, a crystalline acid found in bile. CAS # 83-44-3

deoxyribonucleic acid

, desoxyribonucleic acid See: DNA

diacetic acid

Acetoacetic acid.

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

2,4-D.

p-dichlorosulfamoyl benzoicacid

Halazone.

4,8-dihydroxyquinaldic acid

Xanthurenic acid.

docosahexaenoic acid

, docosahexanoic Abbreviation: DHA
C₂₂H₃₂O₂, an omega-3 fatty acid found in the oils of cold-water fish and in algae. DHA plays a role in the development of nerve cell membranes and is required for the normal growth and development of the infant brain. Lack of DHA has been linked to growing numbers of people suffering from depression. CAS # 6217-54-5

domoic acid

C₁₅H₂₀NO₆, a toxin that resembles glutamate, the main excitatory amino acid of the brain. When ingested, it may cause continuous seizures. CAS # 14277-97-5

eicosapentaenoic acid

Abbreviation: EPA
C₂₀H₃₀O₂, an omega-3 fatty acid found in fish oils, containing 20 carbons and five double bonds. CAS # 10417-94-4

endogenous uric acid

Uric acid derived from purines undergoing metabolism from the nucleic acid of body tissues.

essential fatty acid

Abbreviation: EFA
A fatty acid (alpha-linoleic and linoleic) that is essential for health and must be present in the diet because it cannot be synthesized in the body. See: digestion

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Abbreviation: EDTA
C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₈, a chelating agent that, in its calcium or sodium salts, is used to remove metallic ions such as lead and cadmium from the body and as a food preservative. See: chelationCAS # 60-00-4

exogenous uric acid

Uric acid derived from purines from food made up of free purines and nucleic acids. See: urate; uraturia

fatty acid

Any of numerous monobasic acids with the general formula C_nH_2n+1-COOH (an alkyl radical attached to a carboxyl group).

Fatty acids are insoluble in water. This insolubility would prevent their being absorbed from the intestines, but the action of bile salts on the fatty acids enable thems to be absorbed. Fatty acids include acetic, butyric, capric, caproic, caprylic, formic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double or triple bonds in the carbon chain. They include those of the oleic series (oleic, tiglic, hypogeic, and palmitoleic) and the linoleic or linolic series (linoleic, linolenic, clupanodonic, arachidonic, hydrocarpic, and chaulmoogric). See: fat

folic acid

C₁₉H₁₉N₇O₆, a water-soluble B complex vitamin needed for DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism. It is present in green leafy vegetables, beans, and yeast. It is used to treat megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias and to prevent neural tube defects (NTDs) and cardiovascular disease in adults. The U.S. Public Health Service recommends that all women of childbearing age who may become or are pregnant should consume 0.8 mg of folic acid daily to reduce their risk of having a child affected with spina bifida or other NTDs. See: neural tube defect Synonym: folate; vitamin B₉CAS # 59-30-3

CAUTION!

Folic acid should not be used to treat pernicious anemia (a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency) because it does not protect patients against the development of changes in the central nervous system that accompany this type of anemia.

folinic acid

C₂₀H₂₃N₇O₇, the active form of folic acid. It is used to counteract the effects of folic acid antagonists and to treat folic acid deficiency anemia. CAS # 1492-18-8

formic acid

HCOOH, the first and strongest member of the monobasic fatty acid series. It occurs naturally in certain animal secretions, e.g., the sting of insects such as bees and ants, and in muscle, but it is also prepared synthetically. CAS # 64-18-6

formiminoglutamic acid

C₆N₂O₄H₁₀, an intermediate product in the metabolism of histidine. CAS # 816-90-0

free fatty acid

Abbreviation: FFA
The form in which a fatty acid leaves the cell to be transported for use in another part of the body. FFAs are not esterified and may be unbound (not bound to protein). In the plasma, the nonesterified fatty acids released immediately combine with albumin to form bound free fatty acids.

free fetal nucleic acid

Abbreviation: ffNA
Fetal RNA or DNA in blood or body fluids. It is used to determine the sex of the fetus (as in pregnancies in which X-linked inherited diseases are a concern) or to identify other genetically transmitted illnesses, e.g., trisomies. Synonym: cell-free fetal nucleic acid

fumaric acid

C₄H₄O₄, one of the organic acids in the Krebs cycle. It is used as a substitute for tartaric acid in beverages and baking powders. CAS # 110-17-8

fuming nitric acid

Concentrated nitric acid (more than 86% nitric acid) that emits toxic fumes that cause choking if inhaled. See: fumes

gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid

Abbreviation: Gd-DTPA
A radiographic contrast agent, used in magnetic resonance imaging to enhance the appearance of blood vessels.

CAUTION!

Contrast agents containing gadolinium should not be given to patients with diminished renal function. CAS # 86050-77-3

gallic acid

C₆H₂(OH)₃COOH, a colorless crystalline acid. It occurs naturally as an excrescence on the twigs of trees, esp. oaks, as a reaction to the deposition of gall wasp eggs. It is used as a skin astringent and in the manufacture of writing inks and dyes. CAS # 149-91-7

gamma-aminobutyric acid

Abbreviation: GABA
C₄H₉NO₂, the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain. CAS # 56-12-2

gamma-linolenic acid

Abbreviation: GLA
C₁₈H₃₀O₂, an essential fatty acid promoted by alternative medicine practitioners as a treatment for skin and inflammatory disorders, cystic breast disease, and hyperlipidemia. CAS # 506-26-3

glucuronic acid

CHO(CHOH)₄COOH, an oxidation product of glucose that is present in the urine. Toxic products (salicylic acid, menthol, phenol) that have entered the body through the intestinal tract are detoxified in the liver by conjugation with glucuronic acid. CAS # 6556-12-3

glutamic acid

HOOC·(CH₂)₂·CH(NH₂)·COOH, an amino acid formed in protein hydrolysis and an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Synonym: aminoglutaric acidCAS # 617-65-2

glyceric acid

CH₂OH·CHOH·COOH, an intermediate product of the oxidation of fats. CAS # 473-81-4

glycocholic acid

C₂₆H₄₃NO₆, a bile acid that hydrolizes to glycine and cholic acid. CAS # 475-31-0

glycolic acid

C₂H₄O₃, an alpha-hydroxy acid derivative used to remove the outer layer of skin to rejuvenate its appearance. CAS # 79-14-1

glyoxylic acid

C₂H₂O₃, an acid produced by the action of glycine oxidase on glycine or sarcosine. CAS # 298-12-4

hippuric acid

C₆H₅CONHCH₂COOH, an acid formed and excreted by the kidneys. It is formed from the combination of benzoic acid and glycine. The synthesis takes place in the liver and, to a limited extent, in the kidneys. CAS # 495-69-2

guanidoacetic acid

An acid formed in the liver, kidney, and other tissues. It is metabolized to form creatine.

hexafluorosilicic acid

Silicofluoride.

homogentisic acid

C₈H₈O₄, an intermediate product of tyrosine catabolism. It is found in the urine in alkaptonuria. Synonym: alkaptonCAS # 451-13-8

hyaluronic acid

Abbreviation: HA
(C₁₄H₂₁NO₁₁)_n, an acid mucopolysaccharide found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue that acts as a binding and protective agent. It is found in synovial fluid and in the vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye. Patients with osteoarthritis have elevated serum levels of HA. Synonym: hyaluronanCAS # 9004-61-9

hydriodic acid

HI, an acid used in solution in various forms of chemical analyses. Synonym: hydrogen iodideCAS # 10034-85-2

hydrochloric acid

HCl, an inorganic acid normally present in gastric juice. It destroys fermenting bacteria that might cause intestinal tract disturbances.

CAS# 7647-01-0

hydrocyanic acid

HCN, a colorless, extremely poisonous, highly volatile acid that occurs naturally in plants but is also produced synthetically. It acts by preventing cellular respiration. Hydrocyanic acid is used in electroplating, fumigation, and in producing dyes, pigments, synthetic fibers, and plastic. Exposure of humans to 200 to 500 parts of hydrocyanic acid per 1,000,000 parts of air for 30 min is fatal. Synonym: hydrogen cyanideCAS # 74-90-8

hydrofluoric acid

HF, a corrosive solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It can be used in dentistry to etch composites and porcelain surfaces and is used industrially to etch glass. See: hydrogen fluoride

CAUTION!

Exposure to the skin and aerodigestive tract causes severe burns with local necrosis and systemic manifestations resulting from disordered calcium and potassium metabolism. Treatments with calcium gluconate can be beneficial. CAS # 7664-39-3

hydrosulfuric acid

Hydrogen sulfide.

hydroxy acid

Any of the acids containing one or more hydroxyl (–OH) groups in addition to the carboxyl (–COOH) group, e.g., lactic acid, CH₃COHCOOH).

hydroxy-iminodiacetic acid

Abbreviation: HIDA
A chemical that, when bound to radioactive technetium, is used to demonstrate the formation and flow of bile. See: HIDA scan

hydroxybutyric acid

C₄H₈O₃, any of the acids present in the urine, esp. in diabetic ketoacidosis, when the conversion of fatty acids to ketones increases.

hydroxycitric acid

C₆H₈O₈, an herbal extract promoted for the treatment of weight loss. Placebo-controlled studies have not found any benefit to the treatment. CAS # 6205-14-7

hypochlorous acid

HClO, an acid used as a disinfectant, deodorant, and bleaching agent. It is usually used in the form of one of its salts. CAS # 7790-92-3

imino acid

An acid formed as a result of oxidation of amino acids in the body.

inorganic acid

An acid containing no carbon atoms. Synonym: mineral acid

iocetamic acid

C₁₂H₁₃I₃N₂O₃, a radiopaque agent formerly used in cholecystography. CAS # 16034-77-8

iopanoic acid

C₁₁H₁₂I₃NO₂, a radiopaque contrast medium used in radiographic studies of the gallbladder. CAS # 96-83-3

keto acid

Any organic acid containing the ketone CO (carbonyl radical).

lactic acid

C₃H₆O₃, an organic acid formed in muscles during anaerobic cell respiration in strenuous exercise. It is also formed during anaerobic muscle activity when glucose cannot be changed to pyruvic acid in glycolysis. It contributes to muscle aches and fatigue. Synonym: lactacidCAS # 50-21-5

levulinic acid

CH₃COCH₂CH₂COOH, an acid formed when certain simple sugars are acted on by dilute hydrochloric acid. CAS # 123-76-2

lignoceric acid

C₂₄H₄₈O₂, a saturated, naturally occurring fatty acid present in certain foods, including peanuts. It is also found in wood tar, various cerebrosides, and in small amounts in most natural fats. The acid is also a by-product of lignin production. CAS # 557-59-5

linoleic acid

C₁₈H₃₂O₂, an omega-6 fatty acid found in vegetables, nuts, grains, seeds, fruits and their oils. Oils rich in linoleic acid include (in descending order) safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean and cottonseed. CAS # 60-33-3

linolenic acid

C₁₈H₃₀O₂, an omega-6 fatty acid, thought to be cardioprotective. It reduces the production of cytokines and down-regulates serum cell adhesion molecules thought to be intermediates in atherosclerosis. CAS # 506-26-3

lithic acid

An obsolete term for uric acid.

lysergic acid

C₁₆H₁₆N₂O₂, a crystalline acid derived from ergot. Its derivative, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), is a potent hallucinogen. See: LSDCAS # 82-58-6

lysophosphatidic acid

Abbreviation: LPA
C₂₁H₄₁O₇P, an acid purified from the ascitic fluid of patients with ovarian cancer. LPA stimulates the growth of ovarian cancer and may be a useful screening test for the disease. CAS # 22002-87-5

malic acid

C₄H₆O₅, an acid found in sour fruits such as apples and apricots and active in the aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates. CAS # 6915-15-7

malonic acid

C₃H₄O₄, a dibasic acid formed by the oxidation of malic acid and active in the Krebs cycle in carbohydrate metabolism. Malonic acid is found in beets. Its inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase is the classic example of competitive inhibition. CAS # 141-82-2

mandelic acid

C₈H₈O₃, a colorless hydroxy acid. Its salt is used to treat urinary tract infections. Synonym: phenylglycolic acidCAS # 90-64-2

mineral acid

Inorganic acid.

methacrylic acid

C₄H₆O₂, a colorless acid used to make methyl methacrylate. CAS # 79

monounsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid containing one double bond between carbon atoms. It is found in olive oil and is the predominant fat in the Mediterranean diet. It is thought to reduce low-density lipoprotein levels without affecting high-density lipoprotein levels. See: Mediterranean diet

muriatic acid

A nontechnical term for hydrochloric acid. CAS # 7647-01-0

n-3 fatty acid

Omega-3 fatty acid.

n-6 fatty acid

Omega-6 fatty acid.

nicotinic acid

Niacin.

nitric acid

HNO₃, a colorless, poisonous, fuming corrosive acid, widely used in industry and in chemical laboratories. CAS # 7697-37-2

nitrous acid

HNO₂, a weak acid chemical reagent used in biological laboratories. CAS # 7782-77-6

nonvolatile acid

An acid, such as lactic acid or sulfuric acid, that accumulates in the body as a result of digestion, disease, or metabolism. It cannot be excreted from the body by ventilation but must be excreted by organs other than the lungs, e.g., by acidification of the urine.

NUCLEIC ACID: DNA and RNA

nucleic acid

Any of the high-molecular-weight molecules that carry the genetic information crucial to the replication of cells and the manufacturing of cellular proteins. They have a complex structure formed of sugars (pentoses), phosphoric acid, and nitrogen bases (purines and pyrimidines). Most important are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). See: illustration

octadecanoic acid

Stearic acid.

okadaic acid

C₄₄H₆₈O₁₃, a toxic acid found in shellfish. The toxin is produced by oceanic phytoplankton consumed by filter-feeding marine animals such as clams, crabs, and mussels and is the cause of diarrheal shellfish poisoning. Ingestion of these shellfish by humans results in profuse watery diarrhea. CAS # 78111-17-8

oleic acid

C₁₈H₃₄O₂, a monounsaturated fatty acid found in most organic fats and oils. CAS # 112-80-1

omega-3 fatty acid

, ?-3 fatty acidAny of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids found in the oils of some saltwater fish, and in canola, flaxseed, walnuts, and some vegetables. These acids include eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Alpha-linolenic acid (found in flaxseed and chia) can be metabolically converted to omega-3 fatty acids in the body. People whose diets are rich in omega-3 fatty acids have a reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease. Synonym: n-3 fatty acid

omega-6 fatty acid

, ?-6 fatty acidAny of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, thought to influence cardiovascular and growth function when balanced with omega-3 fatty acids in eicosanoid production. Linoleic acids are derived from vegetable oils; arachidonic acids, from animal fats. Synonym: n-6 fatty acid

omega-9 fatty acid

, ?-9 fatty acidAny of the nonessential unsaturated fatty acids that have a double carbon bond in the ninth position from the end of their fatty acid tail. They include oleic acid (present in olive oil), stearic acid, and erucic acid.

organic acid

An acid containing the carboxyl radical, –COOH. Organic acids include acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, and all fatty acids.

orotic acid

C₅H₄N₂O₄, a crystalline acid occurring in milk. It is a precursor in the formation of pyrimidine nucleotides. CAS # 65-86-1

osmic acid

Osmium tetroxide.

oxalic acid

C₂H₂O₄, the simplest dibasic organic acid. Its potassium or calcium salts occur naturally in rhubarb, wood sorrel, and other plants. It is the strongest organic acid and is poisonous. When properly diluted, it removes ink or rust stains from cloth. It is used also as a reagent. CAS # 144-62-7

oxaloacetic acid

, oxalacetic acidC₄H₄O₅, a product of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from oxidation of malic acid during the Krebs cycle. It may be derived from other sources. CAS # 328-42-7

palmitic acid

C₁₆H₃₂O₂, a saturated fatty acid occurring as esters in most natural fats and oils. CAS # 57-10-3

pantothenic acid

C₉H₁₇NO₅, an acid of the vitamin B complex, occurring naturally in yeast, liver, heart, salmon, eggs, and various grains. It is part of coenzyme A, which is necessary for the Krebs cycle and for conversion of amino acids and lipids to carbohydrates. Synonym: vitamin B₅CAS # 137-08-6

para-aminobenzoic acid

Abbreviation: PABA
NH₂C₆H₄COOH, an acid of the vitamin B complex, used as a dietary supplement, an antirickettsial drug, a reagent, and a sunscreen agent. Synonym: aminobenzoic acidCAS # 150-13-0

para-aminohippuric acid

Abbreviation: PAH, PAHA
C₉H₁₀N₂O₃, a derivative of aminobenzoic acid. The salt, para-aminohippurate, is used to test the excretory capacity of the renal tubules. CAS # 61-78-9

para-aminosalicylic acid

Abbreviation: PAS, PASA
C₇H₇NO₃, a white or nearly white, practically odorless powder that darkens when exposed to air or light. It is a second-line drug used to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Synonym: aminosalicylic acidCAS # 65-49-6

pectic acid

C₁₇H₂₄O₁₆, an acid derived from pectin by hydrolyzing its methyl ester group.

pentanoic acid

Valeric acid.

peptide nucleic acid

Abbreviation: PNA
A synthetic nucleic acid analog in which natural nucleotide bases are linked to a peptide-like backbone instead of the sugar-phosphate backbone found in DNA and RNA. PNA has numerous uses in gene regulation, splicing, and therapy; in hybridization; and as a molecular diagnostic assay.

perchloric acid

HClO₄, a colorless unstable liquid compound. It is the highest oxygen-containing acid of chlorine, strong and dangerously corrosive. CAS # 7601-90-3

phenylglycolic acid

Mandelic acid.

phosphoric acid

An acid formed by oxidation of phosphorus. The phosphoric acids are orthophosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; pyrophosphoric acid, H₄P₂O₇; metaphosphoric acid, HPO₃; and hypophosphoric acid, H₄P₂O₆. The salts of these acids are phosphates. Orthophosphoric acid, a tribasic acid, is used as a 30% to 50% solution to etch enamel of teeth in preparation for bonding of resin dental restorations. CAS # 7664-38-2

phosphorous acid

H₃PO₃, a crystalline acid formed when phosphorus is oxidized in moist air. CAS # 13598-36-2

phytic acid

C₆H₁₈P₆O₂₄, a pale, water-soluble acid that is found in cereal grains and, if ingested, may interfere with the absorption of calcium and magnesium. CAS # 83-86-3

picric acid

C₆H₂(NO₂)₃OH, a yellow crystalline powder that precipitates proteins and explodes when heated or charged. It is used as a dye and a reagent. Its salts are used in the Jaffé reaction (used to measure serum creatinine). Synonym: trinitrophenolCAS # 88-89-1

poly DL lactic acid

Polyglactin.

polyglycolic acid

(C₂H₂O₂)_n, a polymer of glycolic acid anhydride units. It is used to manufacture surgical sutures, clips, and mesh. CAS # 26009-03-0

polylactic acid

Polylactide.

propionic acid

C₃H₆O₂, a carboxylic acid present in sweat. CAS # 79-09-4

4-pyridoxic acid

C₈H₉NO₄, a crystalline acid that is the principal end product of pyridoxine metabolism, excreted in human urine.

pyruvic acid

C₃H₄O₃, an organic acid that plays an important role in the Krebs cycle. It is an intermediate product in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids. Its quantity in the blood and tissues increases in thiamine deficiency because thiamine is essential for its oxidation. CAS # 127-17-3

quinic acid

C₇H₁₂O₆, a crystalline acid present in some plants, including cinchona bark, and berries. CAS # 77-95-2

retinoic acid

C₂₀H₂₈O₂, a metabolite of vitamin A used in the treatment of cystic acne. CAS # 302-79-4

ribonucleic acid

See: RNA

ricinoleic acid

C₁₈H₃₄O₃, an unsaturated hydroxy acid making up about 80% of fatty acids in the glycerides of castor oil. It has a strong laxative action. CAS # 141-22-0

salicylic acid

C₇H₆O₃, a white crystalline acid derived from phenol used to make aspirin, as a preservative and flavoring agent, and in the topical treatment of some skin conditions such as warts and wrinkles. See: chemical peelingCAS # 69-72-7

salicyluric acid

C₉H₉NO₄, an acid found in the urine after ingestion of salicylic acid or its derivatives.

saturated fatty acid

A fatty acid in which the carbon atoms are linked to other carbon atoms by single bonds. See: fatty acid; unsaturated fatty acid

silicic acid

Any of a family of acids containing silica, such as H₂SiO₃ (metasilicic acid), H₂SiO₄ (orthosilicic acid), or H₂SiO₇ (pyrosilicic acid). When silicic acid is precipitated, silica gel is obtained. CAS # 10193-36-9

stearic acid

C₁₈H₃₆O₂, a monobasic fatty acid occurring naturally in plants and animals. It is used in the manufacture of soap and pharmaceutical products such as glycerin suppositories. Synonym: octadecanoic acidCAS # 57-11-4

succinic acid

C₄H₆O₄, an intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. CAS # 110-15-6

sulfonic acid

Any of the organic compounds having the general formula SO₂OH, derived from sulfuric acid by replacement of a hydrogen atom.

sulfosalicylic acid

C₇H₆O₆S₃, a crystalline acid soluble in water or alcohol. It is used as a reagent for precipitating proteins, as in testing for albumin in urine. CAS # 97-05-2

sulfuric acid

H₂SO₄, a colorless, corrosive, oily, viscous acid prepared from sulfur dioxide and used in many industrial processes and in clinical laboratories. Industrial accidents involving sulfuric acid through contact with skin or inhalation of aerosols are common. CAS # 7664-93-9

sulfurous acid

H₂SO₃, an inorganic acid and a powerful chemical reducing agent used commercially, esp. for as a bleach. CAS # 7782-99-2

tannic acid

C₇₆H₅₂O₄₆, a mixture of digallic acid esters of d(+) glucose prepared from oak galls and sumac. It yields gallic acid and glucose on hydrolysis. CAS # 1401-55-4

tartaric acid

C₄H₆O₆, an acid obtained from by-products of wine fermentation. It is widely used in industry in the manufacture of carbonated drinks, flavored gelatins, dyes, and metals. It is also used as a reagent. It is thought to be an allergen. CAS # 526-83-0

taurocholic acid

C₂₆H₄₅NO₇S, a bile acid that hydrolyzes to cholic acid and taurine. CAS # 81-24-3

teichoic acid

Any of the polymers found in the cell walls of some gram-positive bacteria, such as the staphylococci.

tranexamic acid

C₈H₁₅NO₂, an antifibrinolytic drug that has approx. 10 times the potency of and more sustained activity than aminocaproic acid. It is used to decrease bleeding time during surgical procedures. Loss of blood is decreased when this drug is used. CAS # 1197-18-8

trans-fatty acid

The solid fat produced by heating liquid vegetable oils in the presence of hydrogen and certain metal catalysts. Partial hydrogenation changes some of the unsaturated bonds to saturated ones. The more trans-fatty acids in the diet, the higher the serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

trichloroacetic acid

Abbreviation: TCA
A drug used as a caustic to destroy certain types of warts, condylomata, keratoses, and hyperplastic tissue.

2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid

2,4,5-T.

unsaturated fatty acid

An organic acid in which some of the carbon atoms are linked to other carbon atoms by double bonds, thus containing less than the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms, e.g., unsaturated oleic and linoleic acids as compared with the saturated stearic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids include linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid. See: fatty acid; saturated fatty acid

CLUMP OF URIC ACID CRYSTALS (×400)

uric acid

C₅H₄N₄O₃, a crystalline acid occurring as an end product of purine metabolism. It is formed from purine bases derived from nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). It is a common constituent of urinary stones and gouty tophi. See: illustrationCAS # 69-93-2

Output

Uric acid must be excreted because it cannot be metabolized. Uric acid output should be between 0.8 and 1g/day if the patient is on an ordinary diet.

Increased elimination is observed after ingestion of proteins and nitrogenous foods, after exercise, after administration of cytotoxic agents, and in gout and leukemia. Decreased elimination is observed in kidney failure, lead poisoning, and in those who eat a protein-free diet.

valeric acid

C₅H₁₀O₂, an oily fatty acid having a distinctly disagreeable odor, existing in four isomeric. Synonym: pentanoic acidCAS # 109-52-4

valproic acid

Abbreviation: VPA
C₈H₁₆O₂, an acid used to treat seizure disorders. CAS # 99-66-1

vanillylmandelic acid

, vanilmandelic acid Abbreviation: VMA
C₉H₁₀O₅, a principal metabolic product of catecholamines. VMA makes up approx. 90% of the metabolites of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and is secreted in the urine. People with pheochromocytoma produce excess amounts of catecholamines; therefore there are increased amounts of VMA in their urine. CAS # 55-10-7

volatile acid

An acid produced from carbon dioxide (CO₂). It can be excreted by the body by ventilation (colloquially, “blowing off CO₂”).

xanthurenic acid

C₁₀H₇NO₄, an acid excreted in the urine of pyridoxine-deficient animals after they have been fed tryptophan. Synonym: 4,8-dihydroxyquinaldic acidCAS # 59-00-7

acid

1. Any compound capable of releasing hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. 2. A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration greater than that of pure water. 3. Having a pH of less than 7. pH is the common logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration.

acid

any chemical substance that acts as a proton donor. Acids dissolve in water with the formation of hydrogen ions which may be replaced by metals to form salts.

Acid

Common street name for LSD.Mentioned in: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

ac·id

(as'id) 1. A compound yielding a hydrogen ion in a polar solvent; acids form salts by replacing all or part of the ionizable hydrogen with an electropositive element or radical. 2. Colloquially, any chemical compound that has a sour taste. 3. Sour; sharp to the taste. 4. Relating to acid; giving an acid reaction. 5. A substance with a pH between 0 and 7. [L. acidus, sour]

Patient discussion about acid

Q. Why should I take folic acid? I heard that it is recommended for women to take folic acid every day. Should I take it even if I am not pregnant?A. Folic acid is a B vitamin promoted mainly as part of a healthy diet to reduce the risk of neural tube birth defects (such as spina bifida and anencephaly), some types of cancer, and heart disease. It has also been studied for use in Alzheimer's disease and in chronic fatigue syndrome. While evidence of its ability to reduce neural tube defects in infants (when taken by the mother before and during pregnancy) is fairly strong, its effects against other conditions are still under study.

Q. Why to take Folic Acid during pregnancy? I am in the beginning of my pregnancy and the Doctor told me to take Folic Acid every day, why?A. Folic acid can reduce your risk of having a baby with a serious birth defect of the brain and spinal cord, called the “neural tube.” A baby with spina bifida, the most common neural tube defect, is born with a spine that is not closed. The exposed nerves are damaged, leaving the child with varying degrees of paralysis, incontinence, and sometimes mental retardation. Recommended daily dose of Folic acid is 600 mcg.
to read my article about that, feel free to visit :
http://doctoradhi.com/blog/?p=106

Q. Which foods contain folic acid? I was told by my Doctor to take folic acid. Which foods are rich with folic acid so I can add them to my diet?A. Folic acid is a B vitamin found in many vegetables, beans, fruits, whole grains, and in fortified breakfast cereals.

More discussions about acid

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ACID

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What does it mean when you dream about acid?

acid

ACID

ACID

acid

acid

ac·id

acid

acid

ac·id

acid

acetic acid

acetoacetic acid

acetylacetic acid

acetylsalicylic acid

acrylic acid

adenylic acid

alpha-hydroxy acid

alpha-linolenic acid

alpha-lipoic acid

amino acid

aminoacetic acid

aminobenzoic acid

aminocaproic acid

aminoglutaric acid

aminosalicylic acid

aminosuccinic acid

arachidonic acid

argininosuccinic acid

aristolochic acid

CAUTION!

ascorbic acid

aspartic acid

barbituric acid

benzoic acid

bile acid

binary acid

boric acid

CAUTION!

butyric acid

carbolic acid

carbonic acid

carboxylic acid

cell-free fetal nucleic acid

cholic acid

cinnamic acid

citric acid

conjugated linoleic acid

cysteic acid

deoxycholic acid

deoxyribonucleic acid