| 释义 |
pluralism
plu·ral·ism P0384500 (plo͝or′ə-lĭz′əm)n.1. The condition of being multiple or plural.2. a. A condition in which numerous distinct ethnic, religious, or cultural groups are present and tolerated within a society.b. The belief that such a condition is desirable or socially beneficial.3. Ecclesiastical The holding by one person of two or more positions or offices, especially two or more ecclesiastical benefices, at the same time.4. Philosophy a. The doctrine that reality is composed of many ultimate substances.b. The belief that no single explanatory system or view of reality can account for all the phenomena of life.pluralism (ˈplʊərəˌlɪzəm) n1. (Ecclesiastical Terms) the holding by a single person of more than one ecclesiastical benefice or office2. (Sociology) sociol a theory of society as several autonomous but interdependent groups which either share power or continuously compete for power3. (Sociology) the existence in a society of groups having distinctive ethnic origin, cultural forms, religions, etc4. (Industrial Relations & HR Terms) a theory that views the power of employers as being balanced by the power of trade unions in industrial relations such that the interests of both sides can be catered for5. (Philosophy) philosophy a. the metaphysical doctrine that reality consists of more than two basic types of substance. Compare monism2, dualism2b. the metaphysical doctrine that reality consists of independent entities rather than one unchanging whole. Compare monism2, absolutism2b ˈpluralist n, adj ˌpluralˈistic adjplu•ral•ism (ˈplʊər əˌlɪz əm)
n. 1. (in philosophy) a. a theory that there is more than one basic substance or principle. Compare dualism (def. 2a), monism (def. 1a). b. a theory that reality consists of two or more independent elements. 2. a. a condition in which minority groups participate fully in the dominant society, yet maintain their cultural differences. b. a doctrine that society benefits from such a condition. 3. the holding by one person of two or more church offices at the same time. 4. the state or quality of being plural. [1810–20] plu′ral•ist, n., adj. plu`ral•is′tic, adj. plu`ral•is′ti•cal•ly, adv. pluralism1. Ecclesiastic. the holding of two or more church offices by a single person.
2. the state or condition of a common civilization in which various ethnic, racial, or religious groups are free to participate in and develop their common cultures.
3. a policy or principle supporting such cultural plurality. — pluralist, n. — pluralistic, adj.See also: Politics
1. a theory positing more than one principle or basic substance as the ground of reality. Cf. dualism, monism.
2. a theory that reality consists, not of an organic whole, but of two or more independent material or spiritual entities. — pluralist, n. — pluralistic, adj.See also: Philosophypluralism1. The belief that there are more than one or two substances in the world, such as mind and matter.2. A situation in which several different ethnic or cultural groups coexist within a society.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | pluralism - a social organization in which diversity of racial or religious or ethnic or cultural groups is toleratedsocial organisation, social organization, social structure, social system, structure - the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships; "the social organization of England and America is very different"; "sociologists have studied the changing structure of the family" | | 2. | pluralism - the doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elementsdoctrine, ism, philosophical system, philosophy, school of thought - a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or schoolmonism - the doctrine that reality consists of a single basic substance or element | | 3. | pluralism - the practice of one person holding more than one benefice at a timepractice, pattern - a customary way of operation or behavior; "it is their practice to give annual raises"; "they changed their dietary pattern" |
Translations
pluralism
pluralism, in philosophy, theory that considers the universe explicable in terms of many principles or composed of many ultimate substances. It describes no particular system and may be embodied in such opposed philosophical concepts as materialismmaterialism,
in philosophy, a widely held system of thought that explains the nature of the world as entirely dependent on matter, the fundamental and final reality beyond which nothing need be sought.
..... Click the link for more information. and idealismidealism,
the attitude that places special value on ideas and ideals as products of the mind, in comparison with the world as perceived through the senses. In art idealism is the tendency to represent things as aesthetic sensibility would have them rather than as they are.
..... Click the link for more information. . EmpedoclesEmpedocles
, c.495–c.435 B.C., Greek philosopher, b. Acragas (present Agrigento), Sicily. Leader of the democratic faction in his native city, he was offered the crown, which he refused. A turn in political fortunes drove him and his followers into exile.
..... Click the link for more information. , G. W. von LeibnizLeibniz or Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von
, 1646–1716, German philosopher and mathematician, b. Leipzig.
..... Click the link for more information. , William JamesJames, William,
1842–1910, American philosopher, b. New York City, M.D. Harvard, 1869; son of the Swedenborgian theologian Henry James and brother of the novelist Henry James.
..... Click the link for more information. , and Bertrand RussellRussell, Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3d Earl,
1872–1970, British philosopher, mathematician, and social reformer, b. Trelleck, Wales.
..... Click the link for more information. are among the philosophers generally considered as pluralistic. See also monismmonism
[Gr.,=belief in one], in metaphysics, term introduced in the 18th cent. by Christian von Wolff for any theory that explains all phenomena by one unifying principle or as manifestations of a single substance.
..... Click the link for more information. and dualismdualism,
any philosophical system that seeks to explain all phenomena in terms of two distinct and irreducible principles. It is opposed to monism and pluralism. In Plato's philosophy there is an ultimate dualism of being and becoming, of ideas and matter.
..... Click the link for more information. .pluralism the situation within a state or social organization in which power is shared (or held to be shared) among a multiplicity of groups and organizations. The original use of the term was in association with opposition to the Hegelian conception of the unitary state. In a socialist conception of pluralism, Guild Socialism, the dispersal of economic and political power to occupational groups was proposed as an ideal. However, the most important use of the term in modern sociology and political science is the suggestion that modern Western liberal democracies are pluralistic polities, in which a plurality of groups and/or élites either share power or continuously compete for power (see also PLURAL ÉLITISM). Compare PLURAL SOCIETY.Pluralism a philosophical position, according to which there are several or many independent principles or kinds of being that are not reducible to each other (ontological pluralism), and several or many sources and forms of knowledge (epis-temological pluralism). The term was coined by the German philosopher C. Wolff in 1712. The opposite of pluralism is monism. There are various forms of pluralism, including dualism, which asserts that there are two basic principles, the material and the ideal. A number of extreme variants of pluralism claim that there are not two but many first principles and generally reject the idea of the unity of the world. The history of philosophy may be viewed not only as the struggle between pluralism and monism but also as the clash between various forms of pluralism (for example, materialist versus idealist pluralism). Classical atomism, for example, was a materialist variant of pluralism, since Democritus believed that the atoms differed qualitatively and were not reducible to each other. The opposite viewpoint, the idealist variant of pluralism, which is represented by Leibniz, contends that the world consists of an infinite multitude of spiritual substances called monads. The qualitative description of reality, which was characteristic of knowledge before the rise of the exact sciences (classical mechanics and quantitative chemistry), posited many heterogeneous principles (for example, the “four elements”—water, air, earth, and fire), each of which described a particular sphere of reality with its specific qualities. Modern science, which endeavors to discover the relationships between phenomena and to reduce the qualitative diversity of phenomena to quantitatively measurable, unitary principles, flatly rejects pluralism. Classicist philosophy of the 17th and 18th centuries was, on the whole, monistic, for it tried to comprehend being as something unitary and integral. In this respect, it concurred with the orientation of classical natural science, which transformed mechanics into the universal and only valid means of explaining reality. The evolution of idealist philosophy in the late 19th and 20th centuries was characterized by a growing tendency toward pluralism. This trend was manifested primarily in personalism, which is based on the idea that every personality is unique; in the “philosophy of life” school; in pragmatism (W. James); in existentialism; and in N. Hartmann’s critical ontology. In epistemology the trend toward pluralism was associated with the revolution in physics at the turn of the 20th century, with the crisis in previously accepted ways of explaining the world, and with the transcending of mechanistic materialism and the formation of new conceptual systems, which at first seemed to be independent of each other. The transformation of pluralism into a conscious methodological position is characteristic of a number of schools of idealist “philosophy of science,” including H. Poincaré’s conventionalism (France) and the “critical methodology” proposed by the British philosopher K. Popper and his students (for example, P. Feyerabend), who refer to their point of view as “theoretical pluralism.” At the same time, an opposite tendency toward the integration of knowledge and the construction of a unitary model of the world has been growing stronger in science. In contemporary bourgeois sociology, pluralism as a methodological orientation is represented by several theories, including the theory of factors and the theory of political pluralism, which treats the mechanism of political power as the conflict and balance of groups with opposite or differing interests (see). A number of ideologists of right-wing and “left-wing” revisionism claim that there is pluralism in Marxism. To support their assertion they cite the existence of various equally valid interpretations of Marxist doctrine (for example, the scientistic and anthropological interpretations), as well as the existence of many “models” of socialism that have nothing in common. These antiscientific theories reject the international character of Marxism-Leninism and the general laws that apply to the building of socialist society. Dialectical materialism overcomes the limitations of both vulgar monism and pluralism, simultaneously stressing the material unity of the world and developing the doctrine that matter is characterized by qualitatively different forms of motion and that the various spheres and levels of being are both diverse and interconnected in complex ways. REFERENCESJames, W. Vselennaia s pliuralisticheskoi tochki zreniia. Moscow, 1911.
Tsekhmistro, I. Z. Dialektika mnozhestvennogo i edinogo. Moscow, 1972.
Laner, P. Pluralismus oder Monismus. Berlin, 1905.
Jakowenko, B. Vom Wesen des Pluralismus. Bonn, 1928.
Der Methoden und Theorienpluralismus in den Wissenschaften. Meisen-heim am Glan, 1971.A. P. OGURTSOV pluralism1. the holding by a single person of more than one ecclesiastical benefice or office 2. Philosophya. the metaphysical doctrine that reality consists of more than two basic types of substance b. the metaphysical doctrine that reality consists of independent entities rather than one unchanging whole pluralism
pluralism a diffusion of power and interests in a society or ORGANIZATION, such that there is a plurality of interest groups. Those who subscribe to pluralism argue that there will inevitably be differences between individuals or groups in any complex social institution over, for instance, the distribution of rewards. Pluralists claim that it is better to accept these differences than to suppress them, because once they are brought into the open it is possible to find mechanisms for resolving potential conflict to the benefit of all. In INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS the pluralist frame of reference is held by those who believe that the interests of management and workers will inevitably differ on occasions, for example over the size of an annual pay increase. They argue that it is better to accept that TRADE UNIONS are the legitimate expressions of employee interests rather than to refuse recognition on the grounds that employer-employee interests are identical. If the latter policy is adopted CONFLICT may break out without warning and with no acceptable means of resolving it. If, on the other hand, unions are recognized then management and unions can work together to devise procedures (for example GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES) that will prevent differences of interest from developing into open conflict and provide a means of resolving conflict if it should occur. See MANAGEMENT STYLE. pluralism
Antonyms for pluralismnoun a social organization in which diversity of racial or religious or ethnic or cultural groups is toleratedRelated Words- social organisation
- social organization
- social structure
- social system
- structure
noun the doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elementsRelated Words- doctrine
- ism
- philosophical system
- philosophy
- school of thought
Antonymsnoun the practice of one person holding more than one benefice at a timeRelated Words |