or wakuf (Arabic, literally “retention”), property relinquished by the state or by an individual for religious or charitable purposes, in accordance with Muslim law. The institution of waqf arose in the seventh and eighth centuries in the Caliphate. It spread to all the Islamic countries and became the economic basis for the vast influence of the Muslim clergy. A waqf could consist of immovable or movable inalienable property. There were two kinds of waqfs: basic, in which the donor lost all rights to the property turned over; and ordinary, in which part of the income was left for hereditary use by the donor and his descendants. Special persons (mutawallis or nazirs) managed the waqf. In many countries of the Islamic East, waqfs have survived in one form or another to the present day (for instance, in Saudi Arabia and several other countries).