school

school¹

S0140300 (sko͞ol)n.1. An institution for the instruction of children or people under college age.2. An institution for instruction in a skill or business: a secretarial school; a karate school.3. a. A college or university.b. An institution within or associated with a college or university that gives instruction in a specialized field and recommends candidates for degrees.c. A division of an educational institution constituting several grades or classes: advanced to the upper school.d. The student body of an educational institution.e. The building or group of buildings housing an educational institution.4. The process of being educated formally, especially education constituting a planned series of courses over a number of years: The children were put to school at home. What do you plan to do when you finish school?5. A session of instruction: School will start in three weeks. He had to stay after school today.6. a. A group of people, especially philosophers, artists, or writers, whose thought, work, or style demonstrates a common origin or influence or unifying belief: the school of Aristotle; the Venetian school of painters.b. A group of people distinguished by similar manners, customs, or opinions: aristocrats of the old school.7. Close-order drill instructions or exercises for military units or personnel.8. Australian A group of people gathered together for gambling.tr.v. schooled, school·ing, schools 1. To educate in or as if in a school.2. To train or discipline: She is well schooled in literature. See Synonyms at teach.3. Slang To defeat or put down decisively, especially in a humiliating manner: Our team got schooled by the worst team in the division.adj. Of or relating to school or education in schools: school supplies; a school dictionary.

[Middle English scole, from Old English scōl, from Latin schola, scola, from Greek skholē; see segh- in Indo-European roots.]

school²

S0140300 (sko͞ol)n. A large group of aquatic animals, especially fish, swimming together; a shoal.intr.v. schooled, school·ing, schools To swim in or form into a school.

[Middle English scole, from Middle Dutch; see skel- in Indo-European roots.]

school

(skuːl) n1. (Education) a. an institution or building at which children and young people usually under 19 receive educationb. (as modifier): school bus; school day. c. (in combination): schoolroom; schoolwork. 2. (Education) any educational institution or building3. (Education) a faculty, institution, or department specializing in a particular subject: a law school. 4. (Education) the staff and pupils of a school5. (Education) the period of instruction in a school or one session of this: he stayed after school to do extra work. 6. (Education) meetings held occasionally for members of a profession, etc7. a place or sphere of activity that instructs: the school of hard knocks. 8. a body of people or pupils adhering to a certain set of principles, doctrines, or methods9. (Art Terms) a group of artists, writers, etc, linked by the same style, teachers, or aims: the Venetian school of painting. 10. a style of life: a gentleman of the old school. 11. informal a group assembled for a common purpose, esp gambling or drinkingvb (tr) 12. to train or educate in or as in a school13. to discipline or control14. an archaic word for reprimand[Old English scōl, from Latin schola school, from Greek skholē leisure spent in the pursuit of knowledge]

school

(skuːl) n (Zoology) a group of porpoises or similar aquatic animals that swim togethervb (Zoology) (intr) to form such a group[Old English scolu shoal²]

school¹

(skul)

n. 1. an institution for teaching persons under college age. 2. a college or university. 3. an institution or academic department for instruction in a particular skill or field. 4. a systematic program of studies: summer school. 5. the activity of teaching or of learning under instruction: No school today! 6. the body of persons belonging to an educational institution: The whole school applauded. 7. a building, room, etc., housing an academic department or institution. 8. any place, situation, etc., that instructs or indoctrinates. 9. the body of pupils or followers of a master, system, method, etc.: the Platonic school of philosophy. 10. a. a group of artists whose works reflect a common conceptual, regional, or personal influence. b. the art and artists of a geographical location considered independently of stylistic similarity. 11. any group of persons having common attitudes or beliefs. adj. 12. of or connected with a school or schools. v.t. 13. to educate in or as if in a school; teach; train. 14. Archaic. to reprimand. [before 900; Middle English scole (n.), Old English scōl < Latin schola < Greek scholḗ leisure employed in learning]

school²

(skul)

n. 1. a large number of fish, porpoises, whales, or the like, feeding or migrating together. v.i. 2. to form into, or go in, a school, as fish. [1350–1400; Middle English schol(e) < Dutch school; c. Old English scolu troop; see shoal²]

School

the body of pupils in a school; a group of painters or musicians; the disciples of a teacher; a collective body of teachers; a company of thieves; a set of persons who agree on certain philosophical, scientific, or other opinions; a herd of sea mammals or fish.Examples: school of abuse, 1579; of beggars; of bream, 1552; of card players, 1812; of clerks, 1486; of dolphins, 1615; of ducks, 1858; of experience, 1671; of fish, 1486; of gladiators, 1863; of gulls, 1894; of haddock, 1819; of hell, 1390; of herrings, 1578; of hippopotami, 1861; of oysters, 1665; of painters; of pamphlets, 1567; of patience, 1583; of patterers (thieves), 1859; of pheasants, 1592; of pickpockets; of pigeons, 1880; of pilchards, 1769; of politics, 1690; of porpoises, 1863; of scolds, 1589; of shallow coves (thieves), 1851; of smolt, 1863; of thieves, 1856; of troop of the Imperial Guard; of whales, 1585.

school

university">university1. used as countable nouns

In both British and American English, a school is a place where children are educated, and a university is a place where students study for degrees.

The village had a church and a school.Heidelberg is a very old university.2. used as uncountable nouns

In American English, school (without 'a' or 'the') is used to refer to both schools and universities. If someone is attending a school or university, Americans say that they are in school.

All the children were in school.She is doing well in school.

When speakers of American English ask an adult 'Where did you go to school?', they mean 'What college or university did you study in?'.

In British English, school refers only to schools for children. If someone is attending a school, British speakers say they are at school. If they are attending a university, British speakers say they are at university.

I was at school with Joty, but I haven't seen her since I was 16.She is studying medicine at university.See student

school

Past participle: schooled
Gerund: schooling

Imperative
school
school

Present
I school
you school
he/she/it schools
we school
you school
they school

Preterite
I schooled
you schooled
he/she/it schooled
we schooled
you schooled
they schooled

Present Continuous
I am schooling
you are schooling
he/she/it is schooling
we are schooling
you are schooling
they are schooling

Present Perfect
I have schooled
you have schooled
he/she/it has schooled
we have schooled
you have schooled
they have schooled

Past Continuous
I was schooling
you were schooling
he/she/it was schooling
we were schooling
you were schooling
they were schooling

Past Perfect
I had schooled
you had schooled
he/she/it had schooled
we had schooled
you had schooled
they had schooled

Future
I will school
you will school
he/she/it will school
we will school
you will school
they will school

Future Perfect
I will have schooled
you will have schooled
he/she/it will have schooled
we will have schooled
you will have schooled
they will have schooled

Future Continuous
I will be schooling
you will be schooling
he/she/it will be schooling
we will be schooling
you will be schooling
they will be schooling

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been schooling
you have been schooling
he/she/it has been schooling
we have been schooling
you have been schooling
they have been schooling

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been schooling
you will have been schooling
he/she/it will have been schooling
we will have been schooling
you will have been schooling
they will have been schooling

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been schooling
you had been schooling
he/she/it had been schooling
we had been schooling
you had been schooling
they had been schooling

Conditional
I would school
you would school
he/she/it would school
we would school
you would school
they would school

Past Conditional
I would have schooled
you would have schooled
he/she/it would have schooled
we would have schooled
you would have schooled
they would have schooled

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	school - an educational institution; "the school was founded in 1900"educational institution - an institution dedicated to educationacademy - a school for special trainingcorrespondence school - a school that teaches nonresident students by mailcrammer - a special school where students are crammeddancing school - a school in which students learn to dancedirect-grant school - formerly a school that charged tuition fees and also received government grants in return for admitting certain non-paying students who were nominated by the local authoritiesdriving school - a school where people are taught to drive automobilesfinishing school - a private school for girls that emphasizes training in cultural and social activitiesflying school - a school for teaching students to fly airplanesgrad school, graduate school - a school in a university offering study leading to degrees beyond the bachelor's degreelanguage school - a school for teaching foreign languagesnursing school, school of nursing - a school for training nursesreligious school - a school run by a religious bodyriding school - a school where horsemanship is taught and practicedGymnasium, lycee, lyceum, middle school, secondary school - a school for students intermediate between elementary school and college; usually grades 9 to 12secretarial school - a school where secretarial skills (typing and shorthand and filing etc) are taughttech, technical school - a school teaching mechanical and industrial arts and the applied sciencestraining school - a school providing practical vocational and technical trainingveterinary school - a school teaching veterinary medicineconservatory - the faculty and students of a school specializing in one of the fine artsfaculty, staff - the body of teachers and administrators at a school; "the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university"alma mater - your alma mater is a school you graduated frompublic school - a tuition free school in the United States supported by taxes and controlled by a school boardprivate school - a school established and controlled privately and supported by endowment and tuitiondance school - a school where students are taught to danceday school - a school giving instruction during the daytimenight school - a school that holds classes in the evenings for students who cannot attend during the daySabbath school, Sunday school - school meeting on Sundays for religious instructionelementary school, grade school, primary school, grammar school - a school for young children; usually the first 6 or 8 gradesschool teacher, schoolteacher - a teacher in a school below the college level
	2.	school - a building where young people receive education; "the school was built in 1932"; "he walked to school every morning"schoolhousebuilding, edifice - a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place; "there was a three-story building on the corner"; "it was an imposing edifice"classroom, schoolroom - a room in a school where lessons take placeconservatoire, conservatory - a schoolhouse with special facilities for fine artsday school - a school building without boarding facilitiesschool system - establishment including the plant and equipment for providing education from kindergarten through high school
	3.	school - the process of being formally educated at a school; "what will you do when you finish school?"schoolingeducation - the gradual process of acquiring knowledge; "education is a preparation for life"; "a girl's education was less important than a boy's"
	4.	school - a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers; "the Venetian school of painting"body - a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity; "the whole body filed out of the auditorium"; "the student body"; "administrative body"Ashcan School, Eight - a group of United States painters founded in 1907 and noted for their realistic depictions of sordid aspects of city lifedeconstructivism - a school of architecture based on the philosophical theory of deconstructionhistorical school - a school of 19th century German economists and legal philosophers who tried to explain modern economic systems in evolutionary or historical termspointillism - a school of painters who used a technique of painting with tiny dots of pure colors that would blend in the viewer's eye; developed by Georges Seurat and his followers late in 19th century Franceart nouveau - a French school of art and architecture popular in the 1890s; characterized by stylized natural forms and sinuous outlines of such objects as leaves and vines and flowerslake poets - English poets at the beginning of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District and were inspired by itsecession, sezession - an Austrian school of art and architecture parallel to the French art nouveau in the 1890s
	5.	school - the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session; "stay after school"; "he didn't miss a single day of school"; "when the school day was done we would walk home together"schooltime, school dayperiod, period of time, time period - an amount of time; "a time period of 30 years"; "hastened the period of time of his recovery"; "Picasso's blue period"study hall - a period of time during the school day that is set aside for study
	6.	school - an educational institution's faculty and students; "the school keeps parents informed"; "the whole school turned out for the game"educational institution - an institution dedicated to education
	7.	school - a large group of fish; "a school of small glittering fish swam by"shoalfish - any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills; "the shark is a large fish"; "in the living room there was a tank of colorful fish"animal group - a group of animals
Verb	1.	school - educate in or as if in a school; "The children are schooled at great cost to their parents in private institutions"educate - give an education to; "We must educate our youngsters better"home-school - educate (one's children) at home instead of sending (them) to a school; "The parents are home-schooling their daughter"
	2.	school - teach or refine to be discriminative in taste or judgment; "Cultivate your musical taste"; "Train your tastebuds"; "She is well schooled in poetry"civilise, civilize, cultivate, educate, trainfine-tune, refine, polish, down - improve or perfect by pruning or polishing; "refine one's style of writing"sophisticate - make less natural or innocent; "Their manners had sophisticated the young girls"
	3.	school - swim in or form a large group of fish; "A cluster of schooling fish was attracted to the bait"swim - travel through water; "We had to swim for 20 minutes to reach the shore"; "a big fish was swimming in the tank"

school

noun1. academy, college, institution, institute, discipline, seminary, educational institution, centre of learning, alma mater a boy who was in my class at school2. group, set, circle, following, class, faction, followers, disciples, sect, devotees, denomination, clique, adherents, schism the Chicago school of economists3. way of life, doctrine, creed, faith, outlook, persuasion, denomination, school of thought He was never a member of any school.verb1. train, prime, coach, prepare, discipline, educate, drill, tutor, instruct, verse, indoctrinate He is schooled to spot trouble.Quotations
"School is where you go between when your parents can't take you and industry can't take you" [John Updike]
"A school is not a factory. Its raison d'être is to provide opportunity for experience" [J.L. Carr The Harpole Report]

Schools, colleges, and universities

academe (literary), academy, alma mater, approved school (Brit.), boarding school, choir school (Brit.), city technology college or CTC (Brit.), civic university (Brit.), classical college (Canad.), co-ed (Brit.), college, college of advanced technology or CAT, college of education, collegiate institute (Canad.), community college, community home, community school (Brit.), composite school (Canad.), comprehensive or comprehensive school (chiefly Brit.), convent or convent school, correspondence school, council school, dame school (old-fashioned), day school, direct-grant school (Brit. old-fashioned), district high school (N.Z.), elementary school (Brit. old-fashioned), finishing school, first school (Brit.), grade school (U.S.), grammar school (U.S.), Great Public Schools or GPS (Austral.), hedge-school (Irish history), hostel (Canad.), independent school, infant school, integrated school (N.Z.), intermediate school (N.Z.), Ivy League, junior college (U.S. & Canad.), junior school, kindergarten, kindy or kindie (Austral. & N.Z.), land grant university (U.S.), List D school (Scot.), magnet school, maintained school, middle school (Brit.), mixed school, multiversity (chiefly U.S. & Canad.), National School, night school, normal school, nursery or nursery school, Open College, Open University, polytechnic, preparatory school, prep school, or (chiefly U.S.) prep, primary school, private school, public school, ragged school (Brit.), reformatory or reform school, residential school, Sabbath school (chiefly U.S.), schola cantorum, secondary modern school (Brit. old-fashioned), secondary school, seminary, separate school (Canad.), single-sex school, sixth-form college, special school (Brit.), state school, summer school, Sunday school, technical college or (informal) tech (Brit.), technology college, tertiary college (Brit.), trade school, university or (informal) uni, varsity (Brit. & N.Z. informal), village college, yeshiva

school

verbTo impart knowledge and skill to:coach, discipline, educate, instruct, teach, train, tutor.

Translations

学校学派学院训练鱼群

school¹

(skuːl) noun1. a place for teaching especially children. She goes to the school; He's not at university – he's still at school; (American) He's still in school.学校2. the pupils of a school. The behaviour of this school in public is sometimes not very good.全校学生3. a series of meetings or a place for instruction etc. She runs a sewing school; a driving school.培训班4. a department of a university or college dealing with a particular subject. the School of Mathematics.大学的系或学院5. (American) a university or college. 学院6. a group of people with the same ideas etc. There are two schools of thought about the treatment of this disease.学派 verb to train through practice. We must school ourselves to be patient.训练ˈschoolbag noun a bag for carrying books etc to and from school. She had a schoolbag on her back.书包ˈschoolboy, ˈschoolgirl nouns a boy or girl who goes to school. （中小学）男学生，（中小学）女学生 ˈschoolchild noun – plural ˈschoolchildren – a child who goes to school. 学童，学生 ˈschool-day noun a day on which children go to school. On a school-day I get up at seven o'clock.学校上课日ˈschooldays noun plural the time of a person's life during which he goes to school. 学生时代ˈschoolfellow noun a person who is or was taught at the same school, especially in the same class. I met an old schoolfellow of yours. 同学，校友 ˈschool-leaver noun a school-pupil who is about to leave, or has just left, school eg because he has finished his course of education there. （中、小学的）学校毕业生，离校生 ˈschoolmaster noun – feminine ˈschoolmistress – a person who teaches in school. 男教师ˈschoolmate noun a schoolfellow, especially a friend. 同学，校友 ˈschool-teacher noun a person who teaches in a school. 教师

school²

(skuːl) noun a group of certain kinds of fish, whales or other water animals swimming about. a school of porpoises.鱼群

school

→ 学校zhCN

Is there a ski school? → 有滑雪学校吗？

school

school,

term commonly referring to institutions of pre-college formal education. It also properly includes colleges, universities, and many types of special training establishments (see adult educationadult education,
extension of educational opportunities to those adults beyond the age of general public education who feel a need for further training of any sort, also known as continuing education.
..... Click the link for more information. ; colleges and universitiescolleges and universities,
institutions of higher education. Universities differ from colleges in that they are larger, have wider curricula, are involved in research activities, and grant graduate and professional as well as undergraduate degrees.
..... Click the link for more information. ; community collegecommunity college,
public institution of higher education. Community colleges are characterized by a two-year curriculum that leads to either the associate degree or transfer to a four-year college. The transfer program parallels the first two years of a four-year college.
..... Click the link for more information. ; vocational educationvocational education,
training designed to advance individuals' general proficiency, especially in relation to their present or future occupations. The term does not normally include training for the professions.
..... Click the link for more information. ).

Public Schools

In the United States, the standard school system developed from an uncoordinated conglomeration of dame schools, reading and writing schools, private academies, Latin grammar schools, and colleges into a well-organized system in which a child may progress from kindergartenkindergarten
[Ger.,=garden of children], system of preschool education. Friedrich Froebel designed (1837) the kindergarten to provide an educational situation less formal than that of the elementary school but one in which children's creative play instincts would be organized
..... Click the link for more information. to college in a continuous and efficient free public system. By 1890 there had evolved the now common twelve-grade system whereby the child enters kindergarten at the age of five, goes to grammar or elementary school for grades one through eight, high or secondary school for grades nine through twelve, and then enters college. Compulsory attendance at school has been legislated in all states, although standards of age and length of the school year vary considerably.

To meet the psychological and social stresses of early adolescence, the junior high school was introduced (1890–1920) in many systems for grades seven through nine. This organization, sometimes called the six-three-three plan, was designed to ease the transition period by having the junior high school introduce its students to many aspects of the high school, such as student government and separate classes for different subjects. Critics of the junior high school, however, contended that it merely copied the program of the high school, which they believed to be inappropriate for the age group that attends the junior high. In response, many districts have established intermediate, or middle, schools, usually encompassing grades five through eight.

To provide opportunity for advanced training beyond high school without a full college course, the junior or community collegecommunity college,
public institution of higher education. Community colleges are characterized by a two-year curriculum that leads to either the associate degree or transfer to a four-year college. The transfer program parallels the first two years of a four-year college.
..... Click the link for more information. , which generally includes the first two years of college, has gained wide popularity. Not only does it prepare students for technical careers, it allows states and municipalities to fulfill their commitment to open enrollmentopen enrollment,
a policy of admitting to college all high-school graduates in an effort to provide a higher education for all who desire it. To critics it means an inevitable lowering of standards as a considerable effort must be devoted to development of basic skills.
..... Click the link for more information. , whereby any high-school graduate may enter a specified institution of higher education. More recently, a few high schools have combined a community college curriculum with the last two years of high school. Such a program is designed to encourage bright or disadvantaged students to remain in high school by enabling them to earn an associate degree in conjunction with a high school diploma.

Although in the United States schools are primarily the responsibility of state and local authorities, the federal government has passed a number of measures intended to assist schools and their students. The National Defense Education Act (1958) and the Higher Education Act (1965) were designed to provide financial assistance to college and university students. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965, amended 1966, 1967) was the first national general-aid education program in the United States. It provided funds for school library and textbook services, the education of poor and handicapped children, and educational innovations and construction by local school districts.

Public school services have been extended, in some communities, into the sponsorship of community centers, adult education, summer schools, and recreation programs. In addition, with the increase in the number of households where both parents work and in the number of single-parent households, programs such as Head StartHead Start,
U.S. educational program for disadvantaged preschool children, established under the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Aimed initially only at poor children, its purpose was to organize programs that would prepare preschool children for elementary school.
..... Click the link for more information. have been established to care for preschool children. Special programs have been established for the deaf, the blind, and the mentally and physically handicapped and in some instances for the gifted. In large cities special high schools are sometimes set up to serve special student needs; e.g., there may be separate schools for artistic, industrial, scientific, and classical subjects. In the latter part of the 20th cent. public schools, particularly in economically depressed urban areas, suffered from economic cutbacks, an increase in student crime, and an inability to find qualified administrators and teachers. Efforts to revitalize public education systems have included such varied approaches as decentralized community control in large urban areas, privatization of public school administration, school vouchersschool vouchers,
government grants aimed at improving education for the children of low-income families by providing school tuition that can be used at public or private schools.
..... Click the link for more information. , charter schoolscharter school,
alternative type of American public school that, while paid for by taxes, is independent of the public-school system and relatively free from state and local regulations.
..... Click the link for more information. , and standards and testing revisions such as the No Child Left Behind Act (2001) and the Common Core State Standards Initiative (2010, 2011).

Parochial Schools and the English System

The free public school system is paralleled in many areas by private and parochial schoolsparochial school
, school supported by a religious body. In the United States such schools are maintained by a number of religious groups, including Lutherans, Seventh-day Adventists, Orthodox Jews, Muslims, and evangelical Protestant churches.
..... Click the link for more information. . Preparatory schools are private schools operated primarily to prepare students for college. They correspond to English public schools, which are in fact private, endowed institutions. The English system, which is roughly organized according to a six-six model, has been used as the basis for many school systems in developing countries. These educational systems usually provide primary education for children up to ages 11 or 12 and a secondary program for students up to age 18.

Bibliography

See E. P. Cubberley, Public Education in the United States (1919, repr. 1962); G. Graham, The Public School in the New Society (1969); A. Garr, The School in the Social Setting (1974); G. L. Gutek, A History of the Western Educational Experience (1984); J. R. Rinehart and J. F. Lee, American Education and the Dynamics of Choice (1991).

School

An institution for instruction in a skill or business. The abandonment or deterioration of an old school, which is a symbol of continuity and stability from one generation to the next, can have a negative effect on an entire community.

School

(in Russian, uchilishche), a type of educational institution. In the USSR there are schools of various levels and specializations. They include vocational schools and such specialized secondary schools as teacher-training schools, medical schools, and art schools. Higher educational institutions are also sometimes called schools, for example, higher military schools and the N. E. Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School. In prerevolutionary Russia, general-educational institutions were also called schools, for example, higher elementary schools, Realschule, and district schools.

School

in art, a trend represented by a group of students and followers of some artist, for example, the Venetsianov school, or by a group of artists who share similar creative principles and work in a similar style, such as the Stroganov school of icon painting. The term is also applied to the painting and sculpture of a city or region when the works in question date from a specific period and are stylistically distinguishable as a group, for example, the Bolognese school. The term may be extended to refer to the art of an entire country, for example, the Flemish school.

School

an institution for the organized education, instruction, and upbringing of the rising generation, as well as adults and young workers.

Schools may be classified according to who organizes them and where they get their funds as state, municipal (local-government), or private; private schools are supported by social or religious organizations or by private individuals. Depending on their course of instruction, schools may be classified as general or vocational (specialized); the level of education offered may be primary, incomplete secondary, secondary, or higher. With respect to religion, schools may be secular or sectarian. They may be classified according to the students’ sex as boys’ (men’s), girls’ (women’s), or coeducational. The aims, tasks, and nature of schools depend on the society’s level of development and its class structure.

The first schools originated in the countries and states of the ancient East, such as Babylonia, Assyria, Egypt, and India. They included temple schools for priests, palace schools for the education of the aristocracy, and schools for scribes, who were needed in administrative and economic management. In the classical world, the school was a highly important part of the Spartan, Athenian, and Roman systems of upbringing (seeSPARTAN UPBRINGING; GREECE, ANCIENT: Education; and ROME, ANCIENT: Education).

In the feudal period, schools in the East developed under the influence of the dominant religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam—and served the interests of the feudal lords. In India, for example, schools were attached to large temples and were intended mainly for the children of Brahmans and Kshatriyas. In addition to reading and writing, instruction was given in the sacred books, epic poems, mythology, grammar, literature, history, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. The children of the lesser landowners were taught reading, writing, and arithmetic in their local language at “communal” Hindu schools attached to rural temples. At Buddhist monasteries in the East there were, in addition to primary and secondary schools, higher theological schools, at which religious subjects and such sciences as mathematics and astronomy were taught. In Muslim regions and countries there were maktabs (Muslim primary schools) and madrasas (Muslim secondary and higher schools).

In medieval Western Europe the Catholic Church established a monopoly over education, and all schools came under the control and ideological direction of the church. Beginning in the fifth century, elementary parish schools for boys were created at some churches, monastic schools were established at monasteries, and bishop’s schools, also known as cathedral or episcopal schools, were founded in episcopal sees. The growth of the medieval cities was accompanied, in the 12th century, by the founding of the first universities. In the 13th and 14th centuries, to provide an alternative to the church schools, craft and guild schools were opened, which evolved into municipal schools in the 15th and 16th centuries. As the system of church schools developed, new schools were established for the children of secular feudal lords, such as the aristocratic grammar and public schools in England, the Ritterakademien in Germany, and the classical Gymnasiums in Germany and other countries (seeCLASSICAL EDUCATION). The children of the townspeople studied at burgher schools, Realschulen, trade schools, and technical schools.

With the rise of capitalism in Western Europe, the social-estate school became the class, bourgeois school, in which, as V. I. Lenin pointed out, “education is organised in one and the same way, and is equally accessible to all the wealthy” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 2, p. 476). In developed capitalist countries, laws were passed in the 19th century to establish universal compulsory primary education for children of both sexes, and schools were declared uniform and secular. In practice, this legislation was never fully implemented. In addition to classical secondary schools, Realschulen and vocational schools continued to be established; these schools met the needs of the bourgeoisie for trained personnel in trade and industry (seeREALSCHULE EDUCATION). The natural sciences were gradually added to the curricula of the classical schools.

Schools in the colonized countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America served the interests of the ruling classes of the respective mother countries, notably Spain, Great Britain, and France. The need for auxiliary personnel from the indigenous (“aboriginal”) population that would be loyal to the colonialists made it necessary to establish a variety of schools for the “coloreds” with instruction in the language of the mother country. In addition to primary schools, these included a small number of advanced primary schools; secondary schools, such as secondary grammar schools, colleges, collèges, and Iycées; and higher educational institutions, including universities. Instruction was given in the language of the respective mother country.

The institutions established by the colonial powers trained future overseers and civil servants, as well as soldiers and junior officers for the “colored troops.” Students included the children of the local aristocracy and bourgeoisie; the sons of tribal chiefs attended closed privileged schools. The rise of national liberation movements hastened the establishment of higher educational institutions; India, for example, had 18 universities before World War II. The schools were, however, strictly controlled by the colonial powers. The bulk of the indigenous population remained illiterate. This harsh legacy of colonialism is being overcome in the countries that have achieved independence.

Before the October Revolution of 1917 the emergence of the first schools and the development of school systems among the peoples who make up the USSR were determined by the particular historical features of the development of these peoples. In Armenia and Georgia, information on the first schools dates from the fourth century and in Azerbaijan from the fifth century. In Middle Asia and Azerbaijan, Muslim maktabs and madrasas were established beginning in the seventh century and remained unrivaled until the October Revolution.

The chronicles do not provide a complete picture of schools in Kievan Rus’, which were established between the tenth and 13th centuries at monasteries, in parishes, and at the courts of princes. The beresto writings of the 11th–15th centuries contain information on the methods used to teach reading and writing, and they show that literacy in ancient Rus’ extended to the feudal aristocracy, the clergy, and the townspeople, as well as to the posadskie liudi (urban merchants and artisans) and other merchants and artisans.

In prerevolutionary Russia various primary schools existed for the broad masses. The wealthy classes educated their children at Gymnasiums, Realschulen, commercial schools, and higher educational institutions, including universities. Elements of the system of social estates were preserved in the school system, notably in the restricted educational institutions for the nobility: the cadet corps, the Iycées, the Corps of Pages, and the institutes for wellborn girls. In addition, the educational system did not provide for a transition from the primary (public) schools to the Gymnasiums. Entry into schools was subject to national and religious restrictions.

The church was charged with inculcating loyal sentiments and piety in the youth. In addition to special schools for training the clergy, the Synod directly controlled the system of literacy schools, parochial schools, and eparchial schools. Religion was a compulsory subject in all schools. The level of literacy in Russia lagged behind that in the developed capitalist countries, and illiteracy was prevalent among the working people. Lenin noted in 1913 that “four-fifths of the rising generation are doomed to illiteracy by the feudal state system of Russia” (ibid., vol. 23, p. 127).

Schools in the USSR and other socialist countries. After the October Revolution of 1917, schools were declared public and open to all, irrespective of social status or nationality. Coeducational instruction was introduced in 1918. Schools were separated from the church and became state controlled and secular. The goal of the schools, as stated in the Program of the RCP(B) of 1919, was to “educate a generation that will be capable of fully establishing communism” and to produce well-rounded and harmoniously developed individuals with firm communist beliefs. The structure, curricula, and organization of Soviet schools undergo changes as socialist society develops and as science and culture advance, but they rest on principles that remain constant.

General-education schools train their students for labor and provide a polytechnical education (seeSECONDARY GENERAL-EDUCATION SCHOOL and POLYTECHNICAL EDUCATION). In addition to vocational training, specialized secondary educational institutions offer a general education. Instruction is free at all types of schools, and at such institutions as boarding schools and vocational-technical institutions some students are maintained at state expense. Students at specialized secondary educational institutions and higher educational institutions receive government stipends (seeHIGHER EDUCATION).

The school system is uniform, and the various types of schools represent a continuous series, so that a student may advance from the primary to the highest level. The children of each nationality of the USSR have the right to be taught in their native language. Universal primary education was made compulsory in 1934, and universal eight-year education in 1962. By 1976 the transition to universal secondary education had essentially been completed.

The other socialist countries have looked to the USSR as a model for building an educational system; at the same time, they have taken into account their own specific historical conditions and national characteristics. The socialist countries conform to a common pattern in the construction of a new society and the education of well-rounded individuals capable of becoming builders of socialism and communism. The schools of the socialist countries operate according to uniform principles, although they may be of different types and may have different designations and structures; in addition, the length of instruction and the level of compulsory universal education may vary.

Schools in modern capitalist countries. An aspect of the general crisis of capitalism is the educational crisis in bourgeois countries, which is manifested in their inability to restructure the educational system to meet the needs of industrial development. The bourgeois school system, whose goals remain unchanged, seeks to create for the bourgeoisie “useful servants, able to create profits for it without disturbing it” (Lenin, ibid., vol. 41, p. 303).

State appropriations for education in the capitalist countries are not sufficient to operate a school system in a proper fashion. In several countries, such as Great Britain, the USA, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Japan, secondary schools are becoming more widespread, and measures are being taken to reorganize the school system, its curricula and instructional methods, and its management. Existing legislation on universal compulsory education for the poorest strata of the population is not being implemented, however, because of widespread unemployment and racial and national discrimination; equal secondary education is not universally available. Subtle methods for preserving class inequalities, reflected in the material being taught and in the quality of instruction, exist in schools of various types. There are also sophisticated ways of selecting by class the students who will advance to the higher educational levels and who will specialize in prestigious areas of study; this selection is accomplished through the track system, the existence of expensive private schools, and special tests.

(Schools are also discussed in the sections on education and cultural affairs in the articles on Union republics, autonomous republics, and foreign countries.)

REFERENCES

Lenin, V. I. O vospitanii i obrazovanii, 3rd ed. Moscow, 1973.
Narodnoe obrazovanie v SSSR: Obshcheobrazovatel’naia shkola: Sb. dokumentov 1917–1973 gg. Moscow, 1974.
Konstitutsiia (Osnovnoi Zakon) Soiuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik. Moscow, 1977.
Brezhnev, L. I. Leninskim kursom: Rechi i stat’i, vol. 2. Moscow, 1973. Pages 220–38.
Konstantinov, N. A. Shkol’naia politika v kolonial’nykh stranakh (XIX–XXvv.). Moscow, 1948.
Konstantinov, N. A., and V. Ia. Struminskii. Ocherki po istorii nachal’nogo obrazovaniia v Rossii, 2nd edition. Moscow, 1953.
Korolev, F. F. Ocherki po istorii sovetskoi shkoly i pedagogiki, 1917–1920. Moscow, 1958.
Korolev, F. F., T. D. Korneichik, and Z. I. Ravkin. Ocherki po istorii sovetskoi shkoly i pedagogiki, 1921–1931. Moscow, 1961.
Narodnoe obrazovanie v SSSR, 1917–1967. Edited by M. A. Prokof’ev [et al.] Moscow, 1967.
Beliaev, V. P. Latinskaia Amerika: Narodnoe prosveshchenie i problemy sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiia. Moscow, 1971.
Mal’kova, Z. A. Sovremennaia shkola SShA. Moscow, 1971.
Goncharov, L. N. Shkola i pedagogika SShA do vtoroi mirovoi voiny: Istoricheskii ocherk. Moscow, 1972.
Ocherki istorii shkoly i pedagogicheskoi mysli narodov SSSR, XVIII v.–pervaia polovina XIX v. Edited by M. F. Shabaeva. Moscow, 1973.
Ocherki istorii shkoly i pedagogicheskoi mysli narodov SSSR: Vtoraia polovina XIX v. Edited by A. I. Piskunov. Moscow, 1976.
Izmailov, A. E. Prosveshchenie v respublikakh Sovetskogo Vostoka. Moscow, 1973.
Prokof’ev, M. A. Sovetskaia obshcheobrazovatel’naia shkola na sovremennom etape. Moscow, 1975.
Mal’kova, Z. A., and B. L. Vul’fson. Sovremennaia shkola i pedagogika v kapitalisticheskikh stranakh. Moscow, 1975.
Tangian, S. A. Obrazovanie i obshchestvennyi progress v razvivaiush-chikhsia stranakh. Moscow, 1975.
Shkola evropeiskikh stran sotsializma: Poslevoennoe razvitie i sovremennyeproblemy. Edited by M. N. Kuz’min. Moscow, 1976.
Shkol’naia politika i shkola v stranakh kapitalizma. Edited by Z. A. Mal’kova. Moscow, 1976.
Lapchinskaia, V. P. Sredniaia obshcheobrazovatel’naia shkola sovremennoi Anglii: Voprosy teorii i praktiki obucheniia. Moscow, 1977.
Shirinskii, A. E. Obrazovanie v razvivaiushchikhsia stranakh. Moscow, 1977.
Pedagogika shkoly. Edited by G. I. Shchukina. Moscow, 1977.
Sovetskaia shkola na sovremennom etape. Edited by N. P. Kuzin and M. N. Kolmakova. Moscow, 1977.
World Survey of Education, vols. 1–5. Paris, 1955–71.
Sasnett, M., and I. Sepmeyer. Educational Systems of Africa. Berkeley-Los Angeles [1966].
Misra, A. Education and Finance. Gwalior, 1971.

P. I. KULIKOV

What does it mean when you dream about school?

As a place to learn, to “brush up” on subjects previously studied, or to further one’s education, a school in a dream may indicate inadequacy, especially if related to unpleasant early school experiences. If the dreamer is a teacher, the dream may symbolize authority. In some esoteric groups it is said that during sleep the soul attends classes “on the inner planes” (in the spiritual realm), so that dreams about being in a classroom would be interpreted as reflecting this type of “spiritual learning” experience. (See also Class, Seminar).

school

An educational institution offering studies at differentiated levels to groups of pupils of various ages; instruction may be given by one or more teachers. It may be contained in a single structure or a group of separate buildings; may be under private or public auspices.

school

¹1. a. an institution or building at which children and young people usually under 19 receive education b. (as modifier): school bus 2. any educational institution or building 3. a faculty, institution, or department specializing in a particular subject 4. the staff and pupils of a school 5. the period of instruction in a school or one session of this 6. meetings held occasionally for members of a profession, etc. 7. a group of artists, writers, etc., linked by the same style, teachers, or aims

school

² a group of porpoises or similar aquatic animals that swim together

School

(dreams)This dream may be interpreted on several different levels. If you are the student, you may be feeling inadequate or lack self confidence. Either way, going to school or attending class in a dream is your unconscious reminder that there is a need for new learning and that you may have not learned an important lesson. School may not always be a positive experience, but it is always necessary. Ask yourself what do you need to learn more about? If you were a teacher in your dream, you may be dealing with issues of authority. From a spiritual point of view, some believe that in the dream state an individual may travel to an inner plane or the spiritual realm, where they can attend classes which assist in spiritual growth and development.

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Schools, colleges, and universities

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Public Schools

Parochial Schools and the English System

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What does it mean when you dream about school?

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Patient discussion about school

SCHOOL

school

Synonyms for school

noun academy

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noun group

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noun way of life

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verb train

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Synonyms for school

verb to impart knowledge and skill to

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Synonyms for school

noun an educational institution

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noun a building where young people receive education

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noun the process of being formally educated at a school

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noun a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers

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noun the period of instruction in a school

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noun an educational institution's faculty and students

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noun a large group of fish

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verb educate in or as if in a school

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verb teach or refine to be discriminative in taste or judgment

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verb swim in or form a large group of fish

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