value

val·ue

V0016000 (văl′yo͞o)n.1. An amount, as of goods, services, or money, considered to be a fair and suitable equivalent for something else; a fair price or return.2. Monetary or material worth: the fluctuating value of gold and silver.3. Worth in usefulness or importance to the possessor; utility or merit: the value of an education.4. often values A principle or standard, as of behavior, that is considered important or desirable: "The speech was a summons back to the patrician values of restraint and responsibility" (Jonathan Alter).5. Precise meaning or import, as of a word.6. Mathematics A quantity or number expressed by an algebraic term.7. Music The relative duration of a tone or rest.8. The relative darkness or lightness of a color. See Table at color.9. Linguistics The sound quality of a letter or diphthong.10. One of a series of specified values: issued a stamp of new value.tr.v. val·ued, val·u·ing, val·ues 1. To determine or estimate the worth or value of; appraise.2. To regard highly; esteem: I value your advice. See Synonyms at appreciate.3. To rate according to relative estimate of worth or desirability; evaluate: valued health above money.4. To assign a value to (a unit of currency, for example).adj.1. Of or relating to the practice of investing in individual securities that, according to some fundamental measure, such as book value, appear to be relatively less expensive than comparable securities.2. Relating to or consisting of principles or standards: a value system.

[Middle English, from Old French, from feminine past participle of valoir, to be strong, be worth, from Latin valēre; see wal- in Indo-European roots.]

val′u·er n.

value

(ˈvæljuː) n1. the desirability of a thing, often in respect of some property such as usefulness or exchangeability; worth, merit, or importance2. an amount, esp a material or monetary one, considered to be a fair exchange in return for a thing; assigned valuation: the value of the picture is £10 000. 3. reasonable or equivalent return; satisfaction: value for money. 4. precise meaning or significance5. (plural) the moral principles and beliefs or accepted standards of a person or social group: a person with old-fashioned values. 6. (Mathematics) maths a. a particular magnitude, number, or amount: the value of the variable was 7. b. the particular quantity that is the result of applying a function or operation for some given argument: the value of the function for x=3 was 9. 7. (Music, other) music short for time value8. (Art Terms) (in painting, drawing, etc)a. a gradation of tone from light to dark or of colour luminosityb. the relation of one of these elements to another or to the whole picture9. (Phonetics & Phonology) phonetics the quality or tone of the speech sound associated with a written character representing it: 'g' has the value dʒ in English 'gem'. vb (tr) , -ues, -uing or -ued10. to assess or estimate the worth, merit, or desirability of; appraise11. to have a high regard for, esp in respect of worth, usefulness, merit, etc; esteem or prize: to value freedom. 12. (foll by at) to fix the financial or material worth of (a unit of currency, work of art, etc): jewels valued at £40 000. [C14: from Old French, from valoir, from Latin valēre to be worth, be strong]

val•ue

(ˈvæl yu)

n., v. -ued, -u•ing. n. 1. relative worth or importance. 2. monetary or material worth, as in commerce. 3. the worth of something in terms of some medium of exchange. 4. equivalent worth in money, material, or services. 5. estimated or assigned worth. 6. denomination, as of a monetary issue. 7. a. magnitude; quantity: the value of an angle. b. a point in the range of a function: The value of x² at 2 is 4. 8. import; the value of a word. 9. favorable regard. 10. Often, values. the abstract concepts of what is right, worthwhile, or desirable; principles or standards. 11. any object or quality desirable as a means or as an end in itself. 12. a. degree of lightness or darkness in a color. b. the relation of light and shade, as in a drawing. 13. the relative duration of a musical note as expressed by a particular notation symbol. 14. the phonetic equivalent of a letter or letters: the value of th in that. v.t. 15. to calculate the monetary value of. 16. to consider with respect to worth or importance. 17. to esteem. [1275–1325; Middle English < Old French valoir < Latin valēre to be worth] syn: See appreciate.

val·ue

(văl′yo͞o)1. Mathematics An assigned or calculated numerical quantity.2. The relative darkness or lightness of a color. See more at color.

value

, chroma, hue - A color's value is its brightness, its chroma is its strength, and its hue is its position in the spectrum.See also related terms for hue.

value

Past participle: valued
Gerund: valuing

Imperative
value
value

Present
I value
you value
he/she/it values
we value
you value
they value

Preterite
I valued
you valued
he/she/it valued
we valued
you valued
they valued

Present Continuous
I am valuing
you are valuing
he/she/it is valuing
we are valuing
you are valuing
they are valuing

Present Perfect
I have valued
you have valued
he/she/it has valued
we have valued
you have valued
they have valued

Past Continuous
I was valuing
you were valuing
he/she/it was valuing
we were valuing
you were valuing
they were valuing

Past Perfect
I had valued
you had valued
he/she/it had valued
we had valued
you had valued
they had valued

Future
I will value
you will value
he/she/it will value
we will value
you will value
they will value

Future Perfect
I will have valued
you will have valued
he/she/it will have valued
we will have valued
you will have valued
they will have valued

Future Continuous
I will be valuing
you will be valuing
he/she/it will be valuing
we will be valuing
you will be valuing
they will be valuing

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been valuing
you have been valuing
he/she/it has been valuing
we have been valuing
you have been valuing
they have been valuing

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been valuing
you will have been valuing
he/she/it will have been valuing
we will have been valuing
you will have been valuing
they will have been valuing

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been valuing
you had been valuing
he/she/it had been valuing
we had been valuing
you had been valuing
they had been valuing

Conditional
I would value
you would value
he/she/it would value
we would value
you would value
they would value

Past Conditional
I would have valued
you would have valued
he/she/it would have valued
we would have valued
you would have valued
they would have valued

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	value - a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed; "the value assigned was 16 milliseconds"numerical quantity - a quantity expressed as a numbercharacteristic root of a square matrix, eigenvalue, eigenvalue of a matrix, eigenvalue of a square matrix - (mathematics) any number such that a given square matrix minus that number times the identity matrix has a zero determinantscale value - a value on some scale of measurementparameter, argument - (computer science) a reference or value that is passed to a function, procedure, subroutine, command, or program
	2.	value - the quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable; "the Shakespearean Shylock is of dubious value in the modern world"worth - the quality that renders something desirable or valuable or usefulinvaluableness, pricelessness, valuableness, preciousness - the positive quality of being precious and beyond valuemonetary value, price, cost - the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold); "the fluctuating monetary value of gold and silver"; "he puts a high price on his services"; "he couldn't calculate the cost of the collection"toll, cost, price - value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something; "the cost in human life was enormous"; "the price of success is hard work"; "what price glory?"richness - the quality of having high intrinsic value; "the richness of the mines and pastureland"; "the cut of her clothes and the richness of the fabric were distinctive"importance - the quality of being important and worthy of note; "the importance of a well-balanced diet"unimportance - the quality of not being important or worthy of notenational income - the total value of all income in a nation (wages and profits and interest and rents and pension payments) during a given period (usually 1 yr)GNP, gross national product - former measure of the United States economy; the total market value of goods and services produced by all citizens and capital during a given period (usually 1 yr)GDP, gross domestic product - the measure of an economy adopted by the United States in 1991; the total market values of goods and services produced by workers and capital within a nation's borders during a given period (usually 1 year)face value, nominal value, par value - the value of a security that is set by the company issuing it; unrelated to market valuebook value - the value at which an asset is carried on a balance sheet; equals cost minus accumulated depreciationmarket price, market value - the price at which buyers and sellers trade the item in an open marketplacemonetary standard, standard - the value behind the money in a monetary system
	3.	value - the amount (of money or goods or services) that is considered to be a fair equivalent for something else; "he tried to estimate the value of the produce at normal prices"economic valuequantity, measure, amount - how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantifymess of pottage - anything of trivial value; "Esau sold his birthright to Jacob for a mess of pottage"premium - the amount that something in scarce supply is valued above its nominal value; "they paid a premium for access to water"
	4.	value - relative darkness or lightness of a color; "I establish the colors and principal values by organizing the painting into three values--dark, medium...and light"-Joe Hing Lowecolor property - an attribute of colorlightness - having a light colordarkness - having a dark or somber color
	5.	value - (music) the relative duration of a musical notenote value, time valuemusic - an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous mannerduration, continuance - the period of time during which something continues
	6.	value - an ideal accepted by some individual or group; "he has old-fashioned values"ideal - the idea of something that is perfect; something that one hopes to attainintroject - (psychoanalysis) parental figures (and their values) that you introjected as a child; the voice of conscience is usually a parent's voice internalizedprinciple - a rule or standard especially of good behavior; "a man of principle"; "he will not violate his principles"
Verb	1.	value - fix or determine the value of; assign a value to; "value the jewelry and art work in the estate"overvalue, overestimate - assign too high a value to; "You are overestimating the value of your old car"underestimate, undervalue - assign too low a value to; "Don't underestimate the value of this heirloom-you may sell it at a good price"float - allow (currencies) to fluctuate; "The government floated the ruble for a few months"set, determine - fix conclusively or authoritatively; "set the rules"
	2.	value - hold dear; "I prize these old photographs"prize, treasure, appreciatedo justice - show due and full appreciation; "The diners did the food and wine justice"consider, regard, view, reckon, see - deem to be; "She views this quite differently from me"; "I consider her to be shallow"; "I don't see the situation quite as negatively as you do"recognise, recognize - show approval or appreciation of; "My work is not recognized by anybody!"; "The best student was recognized by the Dean"
	3.	value - regard highly; think much of; "I respect his judgement"; "We prize his creativity"esteem, respect, prise, prizeconsider, regard, view, reckon, see - deem to be; "She views this quite differently from me"; "I consider her to be shallow"; "I don't see the situation quite as negatively as you do"think the world of - esteem very highly; "She thinks the world of her adviser"reverence, venerate, revere, fear - regard with feelings of respect and reverence; consider hallowed or exalted or be in awe of; "Fear God as your father"; "We venerate genius"admire, look up to - feel admiration for
	4.	value - evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, ability, extent, or significance of; "I will have the family jewels appraised by a professional"; "access all the factors when taking a risk"appraise, assess, evaluate, valuate, measuregrade, score, mark - assign a grade or rank to, according to one's evaluation; "grade tests"; "score the SAT essays"; "mark homework"rate, value - estimate the value of; "How would you rate his chances to become President?"; "Gold was rated highly among the Romans"pass judgment, evaluate, judge - form a critical opinion of; "I cannot judge some works of modern art"; "How do you evaluate this grant proposal?" "We shouldn't pass judgment on other people"assess - estimate the value of (property) for taxation; "Our house hasn't been assessed in years"standardise, standardize - evaluate by comparing with a standardreassess, reevaluate - revise or renew one's assessmentcensor - subject to political, religious, or moral censorship; "This magazine is censored by the government"praise - express approval of; "The parents praised their children for their academic performance"
	5.	value - estimate the value of; "How would you rate his chances to become President?"; "Gold was rated highly among the Romans"raterevalue - value anew; "revalue the German Mark"appraise, assess, evaluate, valuate, value, measure - evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, ability, extent, or significance of; "I will have the family jewels appraised by a professional"; "access all the factors when taking a risk"

value

noun1. importance, use, benefit, worth, merit, point, help, service, sense, profit, advantage, utility, significance, effectiveness, mileage (informal), practicality, usefulness, efficacy, desirability, serviceableness Studies are needed to see if these therapies have any value.
importance insignificance, uselessness, worthlessness, unimportance2. cost, price, worth, rate, equivalent, market price, face value, asking price, selling price, monetary worth The value of his investment has risen by more than 100%.plural noun1. principles, morals, ethics, mores, standards of behaviour, code of behaviour, (moral) standards a return to traditional family valuesverb1. appreciate, rate, prize, regard highly, respect, admire, treasure, esteem, cherish, think much of, hold dear, have a high opinion of, set store by, hold in high regard or esteem Do you value your best friend enough?
appreciate underestimate, disregard, undervalue, have no time for, hold a low opinion of2. evaluate, price, estimate, rate, cost, survey, assess, set at, appraise, put a price on I have had my jewellery valued for insurance purposes. cocaine valued at $53 million

value

noun1. A measure of those qualities that determine merit, desirability, usefulness, or importance:account, valuation, worth.2. A level of superiority that is usually high:caliber, merit, quality, stature, virtue, worth.3. That which is signified by a word or expression:acceptation, connotation, denotation, import, intent, meaning, message, purport, sense, significance, significancy, signification.verb1. To make a judgment as to the worth or value of:appraise, assay, assess, calculate, estimate, evaluate, gauge, judge, rate, size up, valuate.Idiom: take the measure of.2. To have a high opinion of:admire, consider, esteem, honor, regard, respect.Idioms: look up to, think highly of.3. To recognize the worth, quality, importance, or magnitude of:appreciate, cherish, esteem, prize, respect, treasure.Idiom: set store by.

Translations

价值价格估价对价尊重

value

(ˈvӕljuː) noun1. worth, importance or usefulness. His special knowledge was of great value during the war; She sets little value on wealth.价值2. price. What is the value of that stamp?价格3. purchasing power. Are those coins of any value?购买力4. fairness of exchange (for one's money etc). You get good value for money at this supermarket! 对价，等值 5. the length of a musical note. （音符所表示的）音的长短 verb1. to suggest a suitable price for. This painting has been valued at $50,000.估价2. to regard as good or important. He values your advice very highly. 尊重，评价 ˈvaluable adjective having high value. a valuable painting.贵重的ˈvaluables noun plural things of special value. She keeps her jewellery and other valuables in a locked drawer.贵重物品ˈvalued adjective regarded as valuable or precious. What is your most valued possession?宝贵的ˈvalueless adjective having no value; worthless. The necklace is completely valueless.无价值的ˈvalues noun plural standards or principles. People have very different moral values.标准value-ˈadded tax noun (abbreviation VAT) a tax that is imposed on goods and services. 增值税

value

→ 价值zhCN

value

value,

in colorimetry: see colorcolor,
effect produced on the eye and its associated nerves by light waves of different wavelength or frequency. Light transmitted from an object to the eye stimulates the different color cones of the retina, thus making possible perception of various colors in the object.
..... Click the link for more information. .

value,

in economics, worth of a commodity in terms of other commodities, or in terms of money (see priceprice,
amount of money for which a unit of goods or services is exchanged. Price is equivalent to market value and may or may not measure the intrinsic value of the goods or services to the buyer or seller.
..... Click the link for more information. ). Value depends on both desirability and scarcity. The marginal theory of value, pioneered in the late 19th cent. by Leon WalrasWalras, Léon,
1834–1910, French economist. After abandoning his studies in mining engineering, he became a freelance journalist, advancing the causes of economic and social reform. He later became a professor of political economy at the Univ.
..... Click the link for more information. , Stanley JevonsJevons, William Stanley
, 1835–82, English economist and logician. After working in Australia as assayer to the mint, he taught at Owens College, Manchester, and University College, London.
..... Click the link for more information. , and Carl MengerMenger, Carl
, 1840–1921, Austrian economist, a founder of the Austrian school of economics. He was professor of economics at the Univ. of Vienna from 1873 until 1903, when he retired to devote himself to research.
..... Click the link for more information. , has been highly influential in economics. It takes account of both scarcity and desirability by holding that the total value of a good depends on the utility rendered by the last unit consumed. It developed in opposition to David RicardoRicardo, David,
1772–1823, British economist, of Dutch-Jewish parentage. At the age of 20 he entered business as a stockbroker and was so skillful in the management of his affairs that within five years he had amassed a huge fortune.
..... Click the link for more information. 's earlier labor theory of value, which holds that the value of a good derives from the effort of production, based on supply. Ricardo asserted that the cost of production can be reduced to the cost of labor, either paid in wages or used as capitalcapital,
in economics, the elements of production from which an income is derived, usually defined with the exception of land and labor. As originally used in business, capital denoted interest-bearing money.
..... Click the link for more information. , the physical means of production. In the marginal theory of value, there is an exchange value, as Ricardo postulated, but there is also a use value, which signifies the utility of a given commodity for satisfying a human desire. This distinction is equally important in Marxian economics. Marginal theory is fundamental to modern economics, because it points out that both supply and demand have an impact on the price of a commodity.

Bibliography

See M. H. Dobb, Theories of Value and Distribution Since Adam Smith (1975); M. Allingham, Value (1983); B. Fine, ed., The Value Dimension (1986).

Value

The amount of light reflected by a hue. The greater the amount of light, the higher the value.

value

(MARXISM) the quantity of LABOUR POWER, measured in units of labour time, which is on average necessary to produce a commodity. This for Marx is the basis of exchange-value. See LABOUR THEORY OF VALUE, USE-VALUE AND EXCHANGE-VALUE.

Marx accepted, indeed it was central to his way of working, that value in his sense did not always correspond closely to actual prices (empirical exchange-values). His argument was, however, that these concrete forms of value stood in a systematic relation to value in his theoretical sense and that this best revealed the social relations underlying the workings of a capitalist economy, e.g. its dependence on EXPLOITATION (see also APPEARANCE AND REALITY).

This conception of value is a highly controversial one even within Marxism. Regarded by some as the essential core of Marx's theory of capitalist society by which this theory stands or falls, by others it is seen to involve conceptual problems in application that render it impossible to use empirically or simply wrong. The main alternative, an empirical conception of value adopted by mainstream ECONOMICS, is that value is determined simply by economic scarcity, i.e. by supply and demand.

Value

in painting and the graphic arts, a shade of a tone that expresses (in relationship with other shades) a certain quantity of light and shadow.

When applied to coloration in painting, the term “value” serves to designate each of the shades of a tone that are in a regular interrelationship and provide a sequential gradation of light and shadow within the limits of each color. The systematic use of value gradations (which marks the creative work of many of the greatest colorist painters, including D. Velàzquez, J. Vermeer, J. B. Chardin, C. Corot, V. I. Surikov, and I. I. Levitan) is one of the means that allows objects to be conveyed in their interrelationship with a milieu of light and air. It also permits the achievement of special depth and richness of coloration, as well as delicacy of color relations and transitions.

REFERENCE

Fromanten, E. Starye mastera. [Moscow, 1966]. Pages 154-57. (Translated from French.)

Value

(Russian, stoimost’), the social labor of commodity producers, embodied and materialized in a commodity.

Value is the social attribute of a thing, an attribute acquired in certain historical conditions—namely, in conditions of commodity production. It is created in production and manifested in exchange, when the commodity produced by the commodity producer is equalized with other commodities. Commodity producers are joined with one another in a system of social division of labor; they thereby work for one another, by virtue of which their labor takes on a social character. Differing from one another as use-values, the commodities being exchanged have one feature in common—that is, they are the products of labor, and labor that has been expended on their production constitutes their value. The proportion in which some commodities are exchanged for others is called the exchange-value. Thus, value manifests itself externally in the act of exchange, that is, in the exchange-value; the use-value of the commodity—the utility of a thing—becomes the bearer of exchange-value.

The magnitude of the value of a commodity is defined as the amount of labor socially necessary for production of the commodity; it is measured by work (labor) time. Since the various commodity producers expend an unequal amount of labor (time) on the production of one and the same commodity, the commodities have varied individual value. Since value embodies social labor, however, the social (market) value cannot be defined by individual expenditures of labor. Social value is defined as the socially necessary work time—the time expended on the manufacture of a commodity under socially normal conditions of production, and with the average degree of skill and intensity prevalent at the time—or it is defined as the time expended on the production of the basic mass of commodities of a given kind.

With private ownership, the proportions in which commodities are exchanged are spontaneously regulated by the socially necessary expenditures of labor (work time) in the process of competitive struggle (seeCOMPETITION). The complexity of labor also influences the magnitude of value. The magnitude of value is measured by the expenditures of simple labor that any unskilled worker is able to perform. In the exchange of commodities of different kinds, complex labor of all kinds is reduced to simple labor (seeREDUCTION OF LABOR). As a result, complex labor appears as multiplied simple labor, and in exchange, every hour of complex labor is equalized with a larger amount of simple labor.

W. Petty, A. Smith, and D. Ricardo laid the foundation for the labor theory of value. To K. Marx, however, belongs the credit for providing the labor theory of value with a highly consistent and comprehensive scientific grounding, and for drawing all the social and class conclusions therefrom.

Vulgar bourgeois political economy has attempted and is attempting to overthrow the labor theory of value. In bourgeois economics, for example, exchange-value is often treated as the expression of use-value. In this conception, the exchange proportions of commodities are determined not by the social labor expended but supposedly by the use-value of the commodity (seeMARGINAL UTILITY THEORY). Another theory of value, no less popular, treats value as the result of the effect of the three factors of production—land, labor, and capital (seePRODUCTIVITY, THEORIES OF).

In actuality, the amount of socially necessary labor expended on the production of a commodity determines the value of the commodity and the proportions in which one commodity is exchanged for another. “In general, the greater the productiveness of labor, the less is the labor time required for the production of an article, the less is the amount of labor crystallized in that article, and the less is its value” (K. Marx, in K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed. vol. 23, p. 49). Marx’ labor theory of value served as the basis for his theory of surplus value.

The simple, elementary, or accidental form of value was coterminous with the early stage of exchange, when exchange was accidental in character. A commodity whose value was expressed in another commodity assumed the relative form of value; a commodity in which the value of another was expressed assumed the equivalent form of value, that is, it was the equivalent of the first commodity. The relative form of value reflects primarily the homogeneity of the commodities being exchanged as the products of human abstract labor. In the stage of accidental exchange, a single, accidental commodity plays the role of equivalent.

With the first great social division of labor, namely, the separation of stock raising from crop cultivation, exchange became more regular, and livestock were systematically exchanged for other commodities, which appeared not as accidental equivalents but as particular equivalents, to which the livestock were equated. To this stage of exchange corresponded the total, or expanded, form of value, in which one commodity expressed its value in a whole series of other commodities.

As exchange became regular, the expanded form of value was gradually transformed into the general form of value, when from the world of commodities a single commodity was excluded to become equivalent to all other commodities—a universal equivalent. Only one commodity, in which all commodities expressed their value uniformly, played the role of universal equivalent. The universal equivalent possessed the character of universal exchangeability. Depending on the concrete conditions of production, various commodities fulfilled the function of universal equivalent—such as livestock, hides, and fish. When exchange transcended the bounds of the local market, there arose a need to restrict the function of the universal equivalent to a single commodity only—which now became money. To this stage of exchange corresponded the money-form of value.

The role of money initially fell to various commodities; finally, however, it was restricted to a single commodity—gold, whose properties made it eminently suited to fulfill the function of money. With the appearance of money, the value of all commodities is expressed in money, and commodities thereby acquire a price. In the market, under the impact of supply and demand, the price fluctuates around value (seeVALUE, LAW OF).

The value of a commodity expresses the value created by past labor and transferred, by concrete labor, from the expended means of production to a given commodity; it also expresses the new (newly created) value imparted by living labor to the commodity in a given production process. As production becomes technologically more advanced, the unit value of production generally falls, the share of past labor in value increases relatively, and the share of newly created value decreases. In every socioeconomic formation in which commodity production exists, the ratio of past and newly created value expresses the production relations specific to that formation.

Under capitalism, value consists of the constant capital (c) used in the production of a commodity; the variable capital (v), or that portion of the newly created value that is equivalent to the value of the labor power expended in the process of production; and the surplus value (m), or that portion of the newly created value that is appropriated without compensation by the capitalists. The social value of a commodity coincides with the actual social costs of production but differs from the capital costs of production by the magnitude of the surplus value. Under developed capitalism, as a result of the spontaneous redistribution of surplus value and the equalization of profits to an average profit, the value of commodities is transformed into the price of production.

Under socialism, value expresses socialist production relations. It is created and used in conditions in which public ownership of the means of production prevails and social production is organized in planned fashion. In socialist society, use-value becomes directly social value, that is, it is earmarked for the planned satisfaction of the growing needs of society. The organic unity of value and use-value manifests itself in the planning of production and sales of production—both in money and in kind—and in the use of value-forms for the calculation and evaluation of expenditures of social labor, for control of the production, distribution, and exchange of material goods, for the organization of material incentives, and for increasing the efficiency of production. Value expresses the value of the means of production expended (outlays of past, materialized labor), the value of the necessary product, and the value of the surplus product (outlays of living labor).

The socialist economy distinguishes between value and the prime cost of production. The difference between the two is the enterprise’s net income, or profit. Through planned pricing, value acts as a reference point for individual enterprises, one that indicates the average level of the social productivity of labor. The social unit value of production is lowered as the individual value at individual enterprises is reduced by the increased productivity of social labor. Enterprises that produce with outlays less than those socially necessary make greater profits, a portion of which is used, in accord with standards set by the state, to create economic incentive funds. Socialist society has an interest in lowering the unit value of production, since to do so is to ensure the means necessary for production development and higher standards of living.

Under socialism, the formation of value is an objective process, organized in planned fashion for the whole of society. The socialist state, once it establishes a need for a certain product and the social importance of that product, determines the enterprises and quantities in which the product is to be manufactured. It plans the expenditures of labor and of the means of production at every enterprise and organizes plan fulfillment, thereby exerting an influence on the amount of socially necessary work time and thus reducing work time. Under socialism, changes in the magnitude of value are the result of conscious human activity, planned and directed by the socialist state.

Value is a historical category, whose existence is derived from the commodity-money relations that will be overcome in full communism.

REFERENCES

Marx, K. Kapital, vol. 1, chs. 1–3. In Soch., vol. 23.
Lenin, V. I. “Karl Marks.” Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 26, pp. 60–62.
Rozenberg, D. I. Kommentarii k l-omy tomy “Kapitala” K. Marksa. Moscow, 1961.
Zakon stoimosti i ego ispol’zovanie v nar. khoziaislve SSSR. Moscow, 1959.
Zakon stoimosti i ego rol’ pri sotsializme. Moscow, 1959.
Tovarno-denezhnye otnosheniia v sisteme planomerno organizovannogo sotsialisticheskogo proizvodstva. Moscow, 1971.

A. A. SERGEEV

Value

a term broadly used in the philosophical and sociological literature to indicate the human, social, and cultural significance of certain phenomena of the real world.

In essence, all the various objects of human activity, as well as all social relations and the natural phenomena that fall within their range, may be regarded as “value objects,” or the objects of value relations; in other words, they may be evaluated in terms, for example, of good and evil, truth and falsehood, beauty and ugliness, the permissible and the prohibited, or the just and the unjust. Such valuations may be graduated—that is, they may indicate different levels of the respective attribute. The methods and criteria used in the very process of evaluating the respective phenomena are crystallized in the social consciousness and in culture as “value subjects”; these value subjects—namely, attitudes and valuations, imperatives and prohibitions, or goals and projects that are expressed in the form of normative notions—serve as the compass points of human activity. Value objects and subjects are thus the two poles, as it were, of man’s value relationship to the world.

In the structure of human activity the value aspects are interrelated with the cognitive and volitional aspects; the value categories themselves express the “limiting” orientation of the knowledge, interests, and preferences of various social groups and individuals. The evolving rational cognition of society, which includes an examination of the nature and origin of values, affects the entire range of value relations, preventing such relations from assuming the character of metaphysical absolutes. Marxism rejects the idealist conceptions of the ahistorical and suprasocial nature of values, emphasizing the social, practical, historical, and cognizable nature of human values, ideals, and norms.

Every specific historical form of social organization may be described in terms of a specific set and hierarchy of values. Such value systems represent the highest level of social regulation; they formulate the criteria of what is accepted by a given society and social group—such criteria serving as a basis for the development of more specific and specialized norm-monitoring systems, as well as development of the corresponding societal institutions and, in fact, of people’s goal-oriented actions, be they individual or collective acts. The assimilation of these criteria on the level of the personality structure—that is, the internalization of values— is essential to the personality’s development and to the maintenance of a normative order in society. The integration of social systems and their inner contradictions and dynamics are reflected in the structure of the corresponding value systems and in the way each social system affects different social groups.

Personal value orientation systems are important elements of the value relationships in society; they represent man’s entrenched and not fully conscious attitudes toward various elements of the social structure and toward values themselves. Subjectively colored valuations are not directly coincident with the socially significant characteristics of values. The empirical study of value orientations is an essential part of sociological research dealing with such issues as education, choice of occupation, public work, and job-related activity.

Value systems are formed and transformed in the course of society’s historical development. Since these processes are connected to the changes that take place in different spheres of human activity, their timetable does not coincide with the timetable of other changes, such as socioeconomic and political ones. Thus the aesthetic values of antiquity retained their significance even after the fall of the civilization that had given them birth; similarly known for their enduring influence are the humanist and democratic ideals of the European Enlightenment, which had their roots in the ancient and Hellene cultures.

The materialist conception of history is equally opposed to those historical views of society wherein the latter is treated as the actualization of a system of “eternal values” or, alternatively, as a succession of changing types of values—for example, the replacement of transcendentally oriented values by secular ones, or of unconditional values by conventional ones. At the same time, a concretely historical analysis of the origin and evolution of value systems is an important aspect of any scientific study of the history of society and culture.

REFERENCES

Vasilenko, V. A. Tsennosl’ iotsenka. Moscow, 1964.
Problema tsennosti v filosofii. Moscow-Leningrad, 1966. [Collection of articles.]
Drobnitskii, O. G. Mir ozhivshikh predmetov: Problema tsennosti i marksistskaia filosofiia. Moscow, 1967.
Liubimova, T. B. “Poniatie tsennosti v burzhuaznoi sotsiologii.” In the collection Sotsial’nye issledovaniia, fase. 5. Moscow, 1970.
Tugarinov, V. P. Teoriia tsennostei v marksizme. Leningrad, 1968.
Stolovich, L. N. Priroda esteticheskoi tsennosti. Moscow, 1972.

O. G. DROBNITSKII

value

[′val·yü] (mathematics) The value of a function ƒ at an element x is the element y which ƒ associates with x ; that is, y = ƒ(x). The expected payoff of a matrix game when each player follows an optimal strategy. (mining engineering) The economically valuable metals contained in ore or tailings. (science and technology) The magnitude of a quantity.

value

1. Mathsa. a particular magnitude, number, or amount b. the particular quantity that is the result of applying a function or operation for some given argument 2. Music short for time value3. in painting, drawing, etc.a. a gradation of tone from light to dark or of colour luminosity b. the relation of one of these elements to another or to the whole picture

value

brightness

value

(1) The content of a field or variable. It can refer to alphabetic as well as numeric data. For example, in the expression, state = "PA", PA is a value.

(2) In spreadsheets, the numeric data within the cell.

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a good value

be taken at face value

face value

at face value

take (someone or something) at face value

value judgment

at face value

take someone or something at face value

take something at face value

value someone or something above someone or something

value someone or something as something

value someone or something for something

value something at something

at face value, take

at face value

take somebody/something at face ˈvalue

a ˈvalue judgement

take at face value, to

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value,

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Patient discussion about value

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Synonyms for value

noun importance

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noun cost

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noun principles

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verb appreciate

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verb evaluate

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Synonyms for value

noun a measure of those qualities that determine merit, desirability, usefulness, or importance

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