| 释义 |
translation
trans·la·tion T0320200 (trăns-lā′shən, trănz-)n.1. a. The act or process of translating, especially from one language into another.b. The state of being translated.2. A translated version of a text.3. Physics Motion of a body in which every point of the body moves parallel to and the same distance as every other point of the body.4. Biology The process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis.
trans′la·to′ry (-lə-tôr′ē) adj.translation (trænsˈleɪʃən; trænz-) n1. something that is or has been translated, esp a written text2. the act of translating or the state of being translated3. (Mathematics) maths a transformation in which the origin of a coordinate system is moved to another position so that each axis retains the same direction or, equivalently, a figure or curve is moved so that it retains the same orientation to the axes transˈlational adjtrans•la•tion (trænsˈleɪ ʃən, trænz-)
n. 1. a rendering of something into another language or into one's own language from another. 2. a version in a different language: an English translation of Plato. 3. the act or process of translating. 4. the state of being translated. 5. motion in which all particles of a body move with the same velocity along parallel paths. 6. Genetics. the process by which messenger RNA specifies the sequence of amino acids that line up on a ribosome for protein synthesis. [1300–50] trans•la′tion•al, adj. ![]() translationtrans·la·tion (trăns-lā′shən) The process in a cell by which a strand of messenger RNA directs the assembly of a sequence of amino acids to make a protein. Translation takes place in the ribosomes, the places in the cell where proteins are made.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  translation - a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first languageinterlingual rendition, rendering, versionmistranslation - an incorrect translationcrib, pony, trot - a literal translation used in studying a foreign language (often used illicitly)retroversion - translation back into the original language; "the teacher translated Latin texts into English which he gave to his students for retroversion"subtitle, caption - translation of foreign dialogue of a movie or TV program; usually displayed at the bottom of the screensupertitle, surtitle - translation of the words of a foreign opera (or choral work) projected on a screen above the stagewritten account, written record - a written document preserving knowledge of facts or events | | 2. | translation - a uniform movement without rotationchange of location, travel - a movement through space that changes the location of somethingshift, displacement - an event in which something is displaced without rotation | | 3. |  translation - the act of changing in form or shape or appearance; "a photograph is a translation of a scene onto a two-dimensional surface"transformationchange of integrity - the act of changing the unity or wholeness of somethingpermutation - complete change in character or condition; "the permutations...taking place in the physical world"- Henry Millerrevision, alteration - the act of revising or altering (involving reconsideration and modification); "it would require a drastic revision of his opinion"transfiguration - the act of transforming so as to exalt or glorifytransmogrification - the act of changing into a different form or appearance (especially a fantastic or grotesque one); "the transmogrification of the prince into a porcupine"metamorphosis - a complete change of physical form or substance especially as by magic or witchcraft | | 4. | translation - (mathematics) a transformation in which the origin of the coordinate system is moved to another position but the direction of each axis remains the samemath, mathematics, maths - a science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangementtransformation - (mathematics) a function that changes the position or direction of the axes of a coordinate system | | 5. | translation - (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasmgenetic science, genetics - the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organismsbiological process, organic process - a process occurring in living organisms | | 6. | translation - rewording something in less technical terminologyparaphrase, paraphrasis - rewording for the purpose of clarification | | 7. | translation - the act of uniform movementdisplacementmovement, move, motion - the act of changing location from one place to another; "police controlled the motion of the crowd"; "the movement of people from the farms to the cities"; "his move put him directly in my path" |
translationnoun1. interpretation, version, rendering, gloss, rendition, decoding, transcription, paraphrase, transliteration his excellent English translation of 'Faust'2. conversion, change, rendering, transformation, alteration, metamorphosis, transfiguration, transmutation the translation of these goals into classroom activitiesQuotations
"Translations, like wives, are seldom faithful if they are in the least attractive" [Roy Campbell The Poetry Review]
"Some hold translation not unlike to be"
"The wrong side of a Turkish tapestry" [Julia Ward Howe Familiar Letters]translationnoun1. A restating of something in other, especially simpler, words:paraphrase, rendering, restatement, version.2. The process or result of changing from one appearance, state, or phase to another:change, changeover, conversion, metamorphosis, mutation, shift, transfiguration, transformation, transmogrification, transmutation, transubstantiation.Translationstranslate (trӕnsˈleit) verb to put (something said or written) into another language. He translated the book from French into English. 翻譯(包括口、筆譯) 翻译（包括口、笔译） transˈlation noun1. the act of translating. The translation of poetry is difficult. 翻譯 翻译2. a version of a book, something said etc, in another language. He gave me an Italian translation of the Bible. 譯本 译本transˈlator noun a person who translates. 翻譯師，譯者 翻译者，译员 translation
lost in translationOf a word or words, having lost or lacking the full subtlety of meaning or significance when translated from the original language to another, especially when done literally. (Usually formulated as "be/get lost in translation.") My friend tried explaining a few French idioms to me, but I'm afraid they were lost in translation. Online translation tools are pretty amazing, but a lot gets lost in translation this way.See also: lost, translationbe lost in translationOf a word or words, to lose the full subtlety of meaning or significance when translated from one language to another, especially when done literally. My friend tried explaining a few French idioms to me, but I'm afraid they were lost in translation. It's amazing how much is lost in translation in the subtitles of foreign films.See also: lost, translationget lost in translationOf a word or words, to lose the full subtlety of meaning or significance when translated from one language to another, especially when done literally. My friend tried explaining a few French idioms to me, but I'm afraid they got lost in translation. It's amazing how much gets lost in translation in the subtitles of foreign films.See also: get, lost, translationfree translationA restatement of something that lacks accuracy or nuance. Well, that's a rather free translation of what I said—I was not the slightest bit accusatory. Yes, but in Heather's free translation of the text, she missed some very salient points.See also: free, translationloose translationA restatement of something that lacks accuracy or nuance. Well, that's a rather loose translation of what I said—I was not the slightest bit accusatory. Yes, but in Heather's loose translation of the text, she missed some very salient pointsSee also: loose, translationfree translation and loose translationa translation or restatement that is not completely accurate and not well thought out; a translation or restatement done casually. John gave a free translation of what our Japanese client asked for, and we missed the main issue. Anne gave a very free translation of the ancient Chinese poem.See also: free, translationtranslation
translation [Lat.,=carrying across], the rendering of a text into another language. Applied to literature, the term connotes the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor, or of finding an analogous substitute, for example, Scott Moncrieff's Remembrance of Things Past for Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu, which, translated literally, means "Looking for Lost Time." Translations of the most ancient texts extant into modern languages are called decipherments. Two well-known examples are the decoding of the Egyptian hieroglyphs on the Rosetta Stone (see under RosettaRosetta
, former name of Rashid
, city (1986 pop. 51,789), N Egypt, in the Nile River delta. The city once dominated the region's rice market; rice milling and fish processing are the main industries of modern Rashid. Founded in the 9th cent.
..... Click the link for more information. ) by Jean François Champollion and the decoding of the Persian cuneiform inscriptions on the rock of Behistun by Henry Rawlinson. Translating sacred texts has always been the chief means by which a culture transmits its values to posterity. Important translations of the Bible began with the Vulgate (Hebrew and Greek into Latin) of St. JeromeJerome, Saint
, c.347–420?, Christian scholar, Father of the Church, Doctor of the Church. He was born in Stridon on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia of Christian parents (although he was not baptized until 366); his Roman name was Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus.
..... Click the link for more information. in the 4th cent. A.D. English translations of the Bible include that of John WyclifWyclif, Wycliffe, Wickliffe, or Wiclif, John
, c.1328–1384, English religious reformer. A Yorkshireman by birth, Wyclif studied and taught theology and philosophy at Oxford.
..... Click the link for more information. in the 14th cent. (from Latin), William Tyndale's in the 16th cent. (from Hebrew and Greek), and the great Authorized Version of 1611, the King James Version, which has been called the most influential work of translation in any language. The Renaissance was a golden age of translations, especially into English. Renewed interest in the Latin classics created a demand for renderings of Ovid's Metamorphoses (tr. by Arthur GoldingGolding, Arthur,
c.1536–c.1605, English translator. He translated many Latin classics, including Caesar's Gallic War and Ovid's Metamorphoses. A Calvinist, Golding tried to infuse the Metamorphoses with a stern moral tone. He also translated noted French works.
..... Click the link for more information. , 1565–67), Vergil's Aeneid (tr. by Gawin DouglasDouglas, Gawin or Gavin
, 1474?–1522, Scottish poet and churchman; son of Archibald Douglas, 5th earl of Angus. He is considered one of the great medieval Scottish poets. Douglas was Bishop of Dunkeld.
..... Click the link for more information. , 1513; Henry Howard, earl of SurreySurrey, Henry Howard, earl of,
1517?–1547, English poet; son of Thomas Howard, 3d duke of Norfolk. His irascibility and continuous vaunting of his descent from Edward I resulted in his imprisonment on several occasions.
..... Click the link for more information. , c.1540; and Richard Stanyhurst, 1582), and Plutarch's Lives (tr. by Sir Thomas North, 1579). The flavor of these renderings is indicated in the opening lines of Stanyhurst's Aeneid: "Now manhood and garbroyles [battles] I chaunt, and martial horror." In addition there were translations of important contemporary works into English: Castiglione's Courtier (tr. by Sir Thomas Hoby, 1561), Montaigne's Essais (tr. by John FlorioFlorio, John
, 1553?–1625, English author, b. London of Italian parentage. Educated at Oxford, Florio served in various capacities at the court of James I. He is chiefly remembered for his free translation (1603) of the essays of Montaigne.
..... Click the link for more information. , 1603), and Cervantes's Don Quixote (tr. by John Shelton, 1612). Notable translations of the 19th and 20th cent. include Baudelaire's translations of the works of Edgar Allan Poe, Scott Moncrieff's translation of Proust, and Eustache Morel's translation of James Joyce. American authors whose works have been widely translated include Mark Twain, Jack London, Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos, Pearl Buck, Margaret Mitchell (Gone with the Wind ), and Upton Sinclair. Bibliography See E. Grossman, Why Translation Matters (2010); E. Allen and S. Bernofsky, ed., In Translation: Translators on Their Work and What It Means (2013). TranslationThe movement of a point in space without rotation. translation the transformation of SIGNS and meanings, (especially languages), where these are initially unknown or alien, into a known and familiar set of signs and meanings. The question of the extent to which the ideas and language of one society or culture can have an adequate expression in the language of another society or culture has been an especially important one in SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY (e.g. see SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS). Issues also arise in sociology, especially where it is assumed that its subject matter is SEMIOTIC and meaningful, i.e. made up of SIGNS, so that an unknown society or set of social interactions is like an unknown language and the main task is one of translation. Quine (1960) has argued that any translation is in principle ‘indeterminate’, that any set of signs can equally well be translated by an indefinite list of alternative possibilities. Davidson (1984) suggests that this leaves no alternative other than a ‘principle of charity’, which assumes that others and their signs will resemble us and our own signs. However, the effect of questions raised about the indeterminacy of translation is to puncture any simple assumptions about ready translation or objectivity in social science. See also RELATIVISM, INCOMMENSURABILITY, FORMS OF LIFE, WITTGENSTEIN.Translation a transformation of space or a part of space —for example, a passage from one figure to another—wherein all the points are shifted the same distance in the same direction. The set of all translations both in the plane and in space forms a group. In Euclidean geometry this group is a subgroup of the group of motions; in affine geometry it is a subgroup of the group of affine transformations.
Translation in biology, the biosynthesis of polypeptide chains of proteins in living cells. It consists in the deciphering of the genetic information coded in the form of the sequence of nucleotides in molecules of messenger (matrix) ribonucleic acids (iRNA or mRNA). The nucleotide sequence of iRNA determines the sequence of amino acids in the synthesized proteins. Translation is achieved by means of intracellular particles called ribosomes, which are bonded with iRNA and activated amino-acid derivatives (aa-tRNAs) of transfer RNAs. The aa-tRNAs “recognize” certain nucleotide trios (codons) in the iRNAs that correspond to the amino acids bonded to these codons. Recognition occurs owing to the complementary interaction of the codon of iRNA with an anticodon (a trio of nucleotides that is complementary to the codon) of tRNA. The polypeptide chain of the protein is synthesized in the peptidyl-transferase center of the ribosome, which is divided into peptidyl and amino-acid areas. The peptidyl area serves to bond tRNA, to which the growing polypeptide (peptidyl-tRNA) is attached; the amino-acid area serves to bond aa-tRNA. The pep-tide bond that unites amino-acid radicals in proteins is formed owing to the reaction of the terminal carboxyl group (—COOH) of the peptide in peptidyl-tRNA, with the amino group (—NH2) of the amino acid in aa-tRN A2. After the peptide bond is formed, the peptide chain becomes bonded with tRNA2, which is located in the amino-acid area. Subsequently, peptidyl-tRNA2 moves to the peptidyl area and expels the free tRNA1. At the same time, the iRNA shifts by one codon in relation to the ribosome. Then a new aa-tRNA is bonded to the amino-acid area of the ribosome, and so on. During translation the ribosome moves along the chain of iRNA; this movement is accompanied by the sequential assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide, beginning at the amino end of the chain (the N terminus) and concluding at the carboxyl end (C terminus). This stage of translation, called elongation, differs in mechanism from the initiation and termination of translation, the signals for which are the bondings of corresponding codons of iRNA with the ribosome. All stages of translation are catalyzed by specific protein factors and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). The role of these catalyzers in the translation process may be assumed not only by cellular and RNA protein factors but by viral RNAs and synthetic polynucleotides. This is widely taken into account in studying the biosynthesis of protein in acellular systems. REFERENCESSpirin, A. S., and L. P. Gavrilova. Ribosoma, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1971.
Molekuliarnye osnovy biosinteza belkov. Moscow, 1971.
Lehninger, A. Biokhimiia. Moscow, 1974. Chapter 30. (Translated from English.)A. A. BOGDANOV
Translation the displacement of a physical or mathematical object parallel to itself in space over some distance a along a straight line called the axis of translation. A translation is completely characterized by the vector a. If a translation carries an object into itself, the translation is a symmetry operation. Such translations are inherent in objects that are periodic in one, two, or three dimensions. Examples of such objects are ornamental borders, wallpaper, and, on a microscopic scale, crystals and chain molecules of polymers. The theory of translational symmetry plays an important role in crystallography and solid-state physics. For example, the theory makes it possible to study the properties of wave functions of electrons in crystals and to establish the space groups of crystal symmetry. In order to describe the properties of crystals, it is convenient to choose three translations along the edges of the unit cell as unit vectors (seeSYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS). The concept of translation is applicable to multidimensional coordinate spaces and to other kinds of spaces, such as quasi-momentum space (seeSOLID) and phase space. A. A. GUSEV translation[tran′slā·shən] (mathematics) A function changing the coordinates of a point in a euclidean space into new coordinates relative to axes parallel to the original. A function on a group to itself given by operating on each element by some one fixed element. Let E be a finitely generated extension of a field k, F be an extension of k, and both E and F be contained in a common field; the translation of E to F is the extension EF of F, where EF is the compositum of E and F. Also known as lifting. (mechanics) The linear movement of a point in space without any rotation. (cell and molecular biology) The process by which the linear sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of messenger ribonucleic acid directs the specific linear sequence of amino acids, as during protein synthesis. translationA linear displacement; in kinematics, a motion of a body such that a set of rectangular axes, fixed in the body, remains parallel to a set of axes fixed in space.translation Maths a transformation in which the origin of a coordinate system is moved to another position so that each axis retains the same direction or, equivalently, a figure or curve is moved so that it retains the same orientation to the axes
http://babelfish.altavista.comtranslation
translation [trans-la´shun] the synthesis of a polypeptide using messenger RNA as a template, a complex process involving ribosomes and transfer RNAs; every three bases (a codon) along the mRNA beginning with the start codon specifies one amino acid in the polypeptide chain.trans·la·tion (trans-lā'shŭn), 1. A change or conversion into another form. 2. The complex process by which messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomes effect the production of protein from amino acids, the specificity of synthesis being controlled by the base sequences of the messenger RNA. 3. In dentistry, the movement of a tooth through alveolar bone without change in axial inclination. [L. translatio, a transferring, fr. transfero pp. -latus, to carry across] translation (trăns-lā′shən, trănz-)n. Biology The process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis.
trans′la·to′ry (-lə-tôr′ē) adj.translation Informatics
A work worded in another language.
Molecular biology
The process whereby the genetic information on mRNA is “decoded” and converted into a coherent protein; tRNA converges on ribosomes packaged as rRNA and, at the behest of mRNA, dispenses amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain; protein synthesis is divided into initiation, elongation and termination steps, and the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides using the genetic information encoded in mRNA. The mRNA is “read” from the 5’ end to the 3’ end, with the protein being synthesised from the amino terminus to the carboxyl terminus.
Vox populi
The conversion of one language to another. Local health and social service may facilitate the provision of interpreting and translating services.trans·la·tion (trans-lā'shŭn) 1. A change or conversion into another form. 2. The process by which messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomes effect the production of protein from amino acids. 3. dentistry The movement of a tooth through alveolar bone without change in axial inclination. translation 1. A final stage in the expression of a gene; the lining up of amino acids and synthesis of a polypeptide on a ribosome by means of transfer RNA. Translation requires several enzymes. 2. In a clinical context, the successful application of a new research discovery to a therapeutic modality.  Fig. 303 Translation . A polypeptide chain, formed by amino acids joined by peptide bonds. translation the formation of a POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN on a RIBOSOME during PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, using a sequence that is contained in MESSENGER RNA. The process can be divided into a number of steps: - (a) mRNA produced from the DNA during TRANSCRIPTION becomes attached to one or more ribosomes (see POLYRIBOSOME).
- (b) the RNA passes through the ribosome, beginning with a start (initiation) signal (generally AUG) near the 5′ end of RNA and ending with a stop signal near the 3′ end (see POLYNUCLEOTIDE CHAIN).
- (c) surrounding the ribosomes are various TRANSFER RNA molecules each attached to its specific AMINO ACID. As a triplet of RNA bases moves through the ribosome it is ‘read’ by the correct tRNA molecule which brings the correct amino acid. In bacteria, initiator tRNA is involved in initiating translation following an interaction between 16S rRNA of the small ribosome subunit and the SHINE-DALGARNO sequence on mRNA.
- (d) the amino acids become joined by PEPTIDE BONDS, forming a polypeptide chain. Termination occurs when the ribosome encounters a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA). See Fig. 303 . See GENETIC CODE for details of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain.
trans·la·tion (trans-lā'shŭn) In dentistry, movement of a tooth through alveolar bone without change in axial inclination. Translation
Related to Translation: WordreferenceTRANSLATION. The copy made in one language of what has been written, or spoken in another.
2. In pleading, when a libel or an agreement, written in a foreign language, must be averred, it is necessary that a translation of it should also be given.
3. In evidence, when a witness is unable to speak the English language so as to convey his ideas, a translation of his testimony must be made. In that case, an interpreter should be sworn to translate to him, on oath, the questions propounded to him, and to translate to the court and jury his answers. 4 Mass. 81; 5 Mass. 219; 2 Caines' Rep. 155; Louis. Code of Pr. 784, 5.
4. It has been determined that a copyright may exist in a translation, as a literary work. 3 Ves. & Bea. 77; 2 Meriv. 441, n.
5. In the ecclesiastical law, translation denotes the removal from one place to another.; as, the bishop was translated from the diocese of A, to that of B. In the civil law, translation signifies the transfer of property. Clef des Lois Rom. h.t.
6. Swinburne applies the term translation to the bestowing of a legacy which had been given to one, on another; this is a species of ademption, (q.v.) but it differs from it in this, that there may be an ademption without a translation, but there can be no translation without an ademption. Bac. Ab. Legacies, C.
7. By translation is also meant the transfer of property, but in this sense it is seldom used. 2 Bl. Com. 294. Vide Interpreter. translation
TranslationWhen a parent-subsidiary relationship exists between two companies in different countries using different currencies, the act or practice of changing the financial statements of the subsidiary to conform to the accounting standards of the parent's country, as well as re-denominating the subsidiary's currency into the parent's currency. According to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States, the translation of a foreign currency to U.S. dollars must be accurate as of the date on the financial statement. If there have been substantial changes to the exchange rate since that date, the consolidated financial statement must note this.translation The expression of amounts denominated in one currency in terms of another currency by using the rate at which two currencies are exchanged. For example, a firm with foreign operations might express sales made in German marks in terms of U.S. dollars. Also called foreign currency translation.EncyclopediaSeetrèstranslation
Related to translation: WordreferenceSynonyms for translationnoun interpretationSynonyms- interpretation
- version
- rendering
- gloss
- rendition
- decoding
- transcription
- paraphrase
- transliteration
noun conversionSynonyms- conversion
- change
- rendering
- transformation
- alteration
- metamorphosis
- transfiguration
- transmutation
Synonyms for translationnoun a restating of something in other, especially simpler, wordsSynonyms- paraphrase
- rendering
- restatement
- version
noun the process or result of changing from one appearance, state, or phase to anotherSynonyms- change
- changeover
- conversion
- metamorphosis
- mutation
- shift
- transfiguration
- transformation
- transmogrification
- transmutation
- transubstantiation
Synonyms for translationnoun a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first languageSynonyms- interlingual rendition
- rendering
- version
Related Words- mistranslation
- crib
- pony
- trot
- retroversion
- subtitle
- caption
- supertitle
- surtitle
- written account
- written record
noun a uniform movement without rotationRelated Words- change of location
- travel
- shift
- displacement
noun the act of changing in form or shape or appearanceSynonymsRelated Words- change of integrity
- permutation
- revision
- alteration
- transfiguration
- transmogrification
- metamorphosis
noun (mathematics) a transformation in which the origin of the coordinate system is moved to another position but the direction of each axis remains the sameRelated Words- math
- mathematics
- maths
- transformation
noun (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasmRelated Words- genetic science
- genetics
- biological process
- organic process
noun rewording something in less technical terminologyRelated Wordsnoun the act of uniform movementSynonymsRelated Words |