释义 |
swimming
swim·ming S0945300 (swĭm′ĭng)n. The act, sport, or technique of one that swims.adj.1. Relating to or used in swimming.2. Capable of swimming: swimming insects.swim•ming (ˈswɪm ɪŋ) n. 1. the act of a person or thing that swims. 2. a sport based on the ability to swim. adj. 3. capable of swimming. 4. used in or for swimming. [before 1000] swimming- enatation - Escape by swimming.
- butterfly stroke - In swimming, the stroke in which both arms are raised out of the water and lifted forward together.
- shoal - A synonym for "school," referring to a large number of fish swimming together.
- supernatant - Means "swimming on the surface."
ThesaurusNoun | 1. | swimming - the act of swimming; "it was the swimming they enjoyed most": "they took a short swim in the pool"swimaquatics, water sport - sports that involve bodies of waterbathe - the act of swimming; "the Englishman said he had a good bathe"skinny-dip - a naked swimplunge, dip - a brief swim in waterdive, diving - a headlong plunge into waterfloating, natation - the act of someone who floats on the waterskin diving, skin-dive - underwater swimming without any more breathing equipment than a snorkel | Adj. | 1. | swimming - filled or brimming with tears; "swimming eyes"; "sorrow made the eyes of many grow liquid"liquidtearful - filled with or marked by tears; "tearful eyes"; "tearful entreaties" | | 2. | swimming - applied to a fish depicted horizontallynaiantheraldry - the study and classification of armorial bearings and the tracing of genealogieshorizontal - parallel to or in the plane of the horizon or a base line; "a horizontal surface" | Translationsswim (swim) – present participle ˈswimming: past tense swam (swӕm) : past participle swum (swam) – verb1. to move through water using arms and legs or fins, tails etc. The children aren't allowed to go sailing until they've learnt to swim; I'm going / I've been swimming; She swam to the shore; They watched the fish swimming about in the aquarium. 游泳 游泳2. to cross (a river etc), compete in (a race), cover (a distance etc) by swimming. He swam three lengths of the swimming-pool; She can't swim a stroke (= at all). 泳渡 泳渡3. to seem to be moving round and round, as a result of dizziness etc. His head was swimming; Everything began to swim before his eyes. 眩暈 眩晕 noun an act of swimming. We went for a swim in the lake. 游泳 游泳ˈswimmer noun a person who swims or who can swim. He's a strong swimmer. 游泳者 游泳者ˈswimming adjective covered with, or floating in, a liquid. meat swimming in/with grease. 充溢的 充溢的ˈswimming-bath, ˈswimming-pool nouns an indoor or outdoor pool for swimming in. 游泳池 游泳池ˈswimming-trunks noun plural short pants worn by boys and men for swimming. 游泳褲 游泳裤ˈswimsuit, ˈswimming-costume nouns a (woman's) garment worn for swimming. (女)游泳衣 (女)游泳衣 - Where is the public swimming pool? → 公共游泳池在哪儿?
- Is there a swimming pool? → 有游泳池吗?
- Where can I go swimming? → 哪儿能游泳?
- Is there a swimming pool? → 有游泳池吗?
- Let's go swimming → 我们去游泳吧
swimming
be swimming with the fishesgangster cliché To be murdered and have one's body disposed of in a river, lake, or ocean. (A less common variant of "be sleeping with the fishes.") Don't worry, boss, that no-good snitch will be swimming with the fishes before sunrise.See also: Fishes, swimmingswim upstreamTo go against or disagree with a prevailing or popularly held opinion or perspective; to act or behave contrary to the majority of others. When I was in college, I really swam upstream with some radical opinions, but as I've grown older, I've found myself falling more in line with others. I don't understand why you always have to swim upstream instead of making things a little easier on yourself!See also: swimswim with the currentTo go along or agree with the prevailing or popularly held opinion or perspective; to act or behave the same way as the majority of others. When I was in college, I used to have a lot of radical opinions and beliefs, but as I've grown older, I find myself swimming with the current more often. I'm sorry, but I simply refuse to swim along with the current just because it's the easier option!See also: current, swimswim with the streamTo go along or agree with the prevailing or popularly held opinion or perspective; to act or behave the same way as the majority of others. When I was in college, I used to have a lot of radical opinions and beliefs, but as I've grown older, I find myself swimming with the stream more often. I'm sorry, but I simply refuse to swim along with the stream just because it's the easier option!See also: stream, swimswim with sharks1. Literally, to be in the water with sharks. My brother is a real adventurer—he's bungee jumped before and has even swam with sharks!2. To be involved with cunning, possibly dangerous, people. I know you think you're a hustler, but you're swimming with sharks now—you could lose all your money against these guys. Before you start swimming with sharks, consider this—the last guy who went into business with them wound up dead!See also: shark, swimswim with the tideTo go along or agree with the prevailing or popularly held opinion or perspective; to act or behave the same way as the majority of others. When I was in college, I used to have a lot of radical opinions and beliefs, but as I've grown older I find myself swimming with the tide more often. I'm sorry, but I simply refuse to swim with the tide just because it's the easier option!See also: swim, tideswim against the currentTo go against or disagree with a prevailing or popularly held opinion or perspective; to act or behave contrary to the majority of others. I really swam against the current when I was in college, but as I've grown older I've found myself falling more in line with other people's way of thinking. I don't understand why you always have to swim against the current instead of making things a little easier on yourself!See also: current, swimswim against the streamTo go against or disagree with a prevailing or popularly held opinion or perspective; to act or behave contrary to the majority of others. I really swam against the stream when I was in college with some radical opinions, but as I've grown older I have found myself falling more in line with other people's way of thinking. I don't understand why you always have to swim against the stream instead of making things a little easier on yourself!See also: stream, swimswim against the tideTo go against or disagree with a prevailing or popularly held opinion or perspective; to act or behave contrary to the majority of others. I really swam against the tide when I was in college with some radical opinions, but as I've grown older I've found myself falling more in line with other people's way of thinking. I don't understand why you always have to swim against the tide instead of making things a little easier on yourself!See also: swim, tideswim in (something)1. Literally, to immerse oneself in a pool or body of water and swim in it. We went swimming in the lake out back every day during the summer.2. By extension, to be totally covered with or submerged in some liquid. There were a few measly strawberries swimming in cream, so it wasn't much of a dessert.3. To have or experience an abundance or overabundance of something. Don't worry about your cousins, their parents are swimming in money. You don't need any more toys—you and your sister are positively swimming in them. When we opened our doors, we were swimming in customers within minutes.See also: swimswim around1. Literally, to swim (in something or some place) aimlessly or from place to place. We spent the whole afternoon swimming around in the lake by the cabin. The water in the pool is shallow enough that kids can just swim around on their own.2. To flit around (in something or some place) very quickly or intangibly. I had so many people's names swimming around in my head by the end of the evening that I couldn't keep any of them straight. There are some rumors swimming around that the company is going to start laying people off.See also: around, swimswim in front of (one's) eyesTo appear in or cloud one's vision. Usually said of floaters (clumps of fibers in the eye) or rings, spots, or flashes of light or dark (called phosphenes). I stood up too quickly, causing flashes of light to swim in front of my eyes. A: "My daughter's had these floaters swimming in front of her eyes recently." B: "Isn't she a bit young for that to be happening?"See also: eye, front, of, swimswim before (one's) eyesTo appear in or cloud one's vision. Usually said of floaters (clumps of fibers in the eye) or rings, spots, or flashes of light (called phosphenes). I stood up too quickly, causing flashes of light to swim before my eyes. A: "My daughter's had these floaters swimming before her eyes recently." B: "Isn't she a bit young for that to be happening?"See also: before, eye, swimswim for (someone or something)To attempt to reach someone or something by swimming. The lifeguard swam for the girl, but he couldn't reach her in time. Our boat had started filling with water, so we jumped overboard and swam for shore.See also: swimswim for it1. To attempt to reach something or some place by swimming, especially as a last resort. Our boat had almost completely filled with water before we were able to reach the shore, so we had to swim for it the rest of the way.2. To attempt to escape (someone or something) by swimming. The prison is on an island, so anyone who tries to escape will have to swim for it in shark-infested waters.See also: swimswim into (something)1. To swim from location or one body of water into another. We squeezed through a crack in the wall of the underwater cave and were able to swim into a tiny moonlight chamber. Don't go too far out—the tide will make it very hard to swim back into shore. Please swim into the shallow end. It makes me nervous when you're in the deeper water like that.2. To swim in the opposite direction of some force, such as a tide, current, wave, etc. The worst part of the triathlon was the swimming, because we had to swim into the current nearly the whole way. You'll have to swim into the smaller waves with your board to get to the part of the water where the waves are big enough to lift you up onto the surfboard.See also: swimswim toward (someone or something)To move toward someone or something by swimming. We began swimming toward shore when we saw the dark storm clouds gathering on the horizon. That's it, sweetie! Keep kicking you legs and paddling with your arms as you swim toward me.See also: swim, towardswim with (someone or something)1. To swim alongside or in the vicinity of someone or an animal. We had the chance to swim with dolphins while we were in Hawaii. I spent the whole day swimming with my kids at the beach.2. To swim in the same direction of some force in the water, especially a tide or current. Use longer strokes if you find yourself swimming with the current during the race. We should be swimming with the tide at that hour, so I don't expect it to be too taxing.3. To go along or agree with the prevailing or popularly held opinion or perspective; to act or behave the same way as the majority of others. Used in the phrase "swim with the tide/current/stream." When I was in college, I used to have a lot of radical opinions and beliefs, but as I've grown older, I find myself swimming with the current more often. I'm sorry, but I simply refuse to swim along with the stream just because it's the easier option!4. To be murdered and have one's body disposed of in a body of water. Used especially in the gangster cliché "swim with the fishes." Don't worry, boss, that no-good snitch will be swimming with the fishes before sunrise. He'll swim with the fishes if he so much as breathes a word of our operations to anyone.5. To be involved with cunning, treacherous, or dangerous people. Used in the phrase "swim with sharks." I know you think you're a hustler, but you're swimming with sharks now—you could lose all your money against these guys. Before you start swimming with those sharks, consider this—the last guy who went into business with them wound up dead!See also: swimbe swimming with (someone or something)To be filled with, covered in, or overwhelmed by a large number of people or things; to be crawling with someone or something. The whole place is swimming with security, so breaking in is going to be really tough. The business was mired in debt and swimming with bad checks from delinquent clients by the time I eventually took over. I can't remember the last time the mall was swimming with people like this.See also: swimmingswim against the tide and swim against the current 1. Lit. to swim in a direction opposite to the flow of the water. She became exhausted, swimming against the tide. If you really want strenuous exercise, go out in the stream and swim against the current. 2. Fig. to do something that is in opposition to the general movement of things. Why can't you cooperate? Do you always have to swim against the tide? You always seem to waste your energy swimming against the current.See also: swim, tideswim aroundto swim here and there. I just like to get into the pool and swim around. I saw only one fish swimming around in your aquarium.See also: around, swimswim for itto escape by swimming. (See also run for it.) I escaped from the guard, dived into the river, and swam for it. Max swam for it, but he didn't get away.See also: swimswimming in somethingFig. having lots of something. Right now we are swimming in merchandise. In a month it will be gone. The Wilmington-Thorpes are just swimming in money.See also: swimmingswimming with someone or somethingFig. engulfed with someone or something. The scene of the crime was swimming with cops and reporters. The hotel was swimming with out-of-town visitors.See also: swimmingswim against the currentAlso, swim against the stream or tide . Go against prevailing opinion or thought, as in I'm voting for him even if that is swimming against the current. Shakespeare used a similar metaphor in 2 Henry IV (5:2): "You must now speak Sir John Falstaff fair, which swims against your stream." For the antonym, see swim with the tide. See also: current, swimswim with the tideGo along with prevailing opinion or thought, as in Irene doesn't have a mind of her own; she just swims with the tide. In the late 1600s this idiom was also put as swim down the stream, a usage not much heard today. The present form was first recorded in 1712. For the antonym, see swim against the current. See also: swim, tideswim against the stream or go against the stream If you swim against the stream or go against the stream, you do or say the opposite of what most other people are doing or saying. He was brave enough to be different and swim against the stream. If you live in a different culture, you can feel as if you are going against the stream.See also: stream, swimswim against the tide If you swim against the tide, you do or say the opposite of what most other people are doing or saying. Sinclair seems to be swimming against the tide by not retiring at 60. Thank you for having the courage to swim against the tide and stand up for the qualities that built this great country. Note: You can also say that someone swims with the tide to mean that they act in the same way as most other people. Many great cathedrals are attempting to swim with the tide and bring in tourists to replace the worshippers who no longer come.See also: swim, tideswimming in something in. having lots of something. Right now we are swimming in merchandise. In a month it will be gone. See also: something, swimming swim against the stream To move counter to a prevailing trend.See also: stream, swimSwimming
swimming, self-propulsion through water, often as a form of recreation or exercise or as a competitive sport. It is mentioned in many of the classics in connection with heroic acts or religious rites. The first book on methods of swimming was Nicolas Wynman's Dialogue Concerning the Art of Swimming (1538). Swimming calls more muscles into play with exact coordination than most other sports, and its high repetition of movement makes it extremely beneficial to the cardiovascular system. Swimming Strokes Swimming strokes should create the least possible water resistance; there should be a minimum of splashing so that forward motion is smooth and not jerky. The stroke most commonly used to attain speed is the crawl, standardized in Australia (hence sometimes called the Australian crawl) and perfected in the United States. In the crawl the body is prone; alternating overarm strokes and the flutter kick are used, and the head remains in the water, the face alternating from side to side. The trudgen stroke (named for an English swimmer whose speed made it famous), also involves alternate overarm strokes in a prone position, but a scissors kick is used and the head remains on one side. The backstroke is done in a supine position and in racing requires alternate over-the-head arm strokes and a flutter kick. The elementary backstroke involves alternation of the frog kick with simultaneous strokes of the arms, which are extended at shoulder level and moved in an arc toward the hips. The sidestroke, a relaxed movement, entails a forward underwater stroke with the body on one side and a scissors kick. The breaststroke can also be a restful stroke and is accomplished in a prone position; frog kicking alternates with a simultaneous movement of the arms from a point in front of the head to shoulder level. The most difficult and exhausting stroke is the butterfly; second only to the crawl in speed, it is done in a prone position and employs the dolphin kick with a windmill-like movement of both arms in unison. It is mastered by only the best swimmers. The dog paddle, a very simple stroke that takes its name from the way a dog swims, is done by reaching forward with the arms underwater and using a modified flutter kick. In freestyle swimming any stroke may be used, but the crawl, considered the speediest, is almost always favored. No matter what the stroke, breathing should be easy and natural, since the specific gravity of the human body, although it varies with the individual, is almost always such that the body floats if the lungs are functioning normally. In races, facility in diving from a firm surface is essential, except in the backstroke. Competitive Swimming Swimming became organized as an amateur sport in the late 19th cent. in several countries. Its popularity increased with the development and improvement of the swimming pool, and swimming was part of the first modern Olympic Games (1896). Olympic events for women were included in 1912. Today Olympic swimming events comprise the 50-, 100-, 200-, 400-, 800- (women), and 1,500-meter (men) freestyle races; 200- (men), 400-, and 800-meter (women) freestyle relay races; the 400-meter medley (mixed stroke) relay; 100- and 200-meter backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly races; 200- and 400-meter individual medley races; springboard and high diving events (see diving, springboard and platformdiving, springboard and platform, sport of entering the water from a raised position, often while executing tumbles, twists, and other acrobatic maneuvers. In most dives the upper part of the body enters the water first, and the arms are extended straight over the head. ..... Click the link for more information. ); water polowater polo, swimming game encompassing features of soccer, football, basketball, and hockey. The object of the game is to maneuver, by head, feet, or hand, a leather-covered ball 27 to 28 in. ..... Click the link for more information. ; and women's synchronized swimming. Improvements in swimsuits have contributed to faster times in many race events, most controversially in 2009 when polyurethane suits led to many new records at the world championships. Polyurethane were subsequently banned from competition; full-body suits were also banned. Among the more successful American Olympic swimmers have been John Weissmuller, Buster Crabbe, Esther Williams, Don Schollander, Mark Spitz, Matt Biondi, Janet Evans, and Michael Phelps. Among non-Olympic distance events, swimming the English Channel has been most publicized. The first confirmed crossing was made (1875) by Matthew Webb of England; Gertrude Ederle of the United States was the first woman to perform (1926) this feat. Swimming has never achieved sustained success as a professional sport. Bibliography See F. Oppenheim, The History of Swimming (1970); J. E. Counsilman, The Complete Book of Swimming (1977); D. F. Chambliss, The Making of Olympic Swimmers (1988). Swimming the locomotion of animals in an aquatic environment. Different animals are variously adapted for swimming. Aquatic and semiaquatic animals, which spend their entire life or the greater part of their life in water, swim actively or passively. Terrestrial animals swim only actively, when it is necessary to overcome a water barrier. Actively swimming animals move by means of various paddling organs. Such organs include the cilia or flagella of many protozoans, worms, and larvae; the ciliated plates of ctenophores; the antennae and thoracic and abdominal legs of crustaceans; and the limbs of turtles, swimming birds, and such mammals as pinnipeds, otters, and beavers. Locomotion by means of wavelike flexing of the body or unpaired fins characterizes whales, most fishes, caudate amphibians, snakes, nemertines, leeches, appendicularians, and the larvae of ascidians and amphibians. The body flexes either horizontally or vertically. Movement by reactive means is achieved in some animals by expulsion of water from some part of the body. The animal moves in the direction opposite to that of the water expelled. Medusae, cephalopod mollusks, salps, Pyrosomatidae, and the larvae of some insects swim in this fashion. Animals capable only of passive swimming, that is, those that are carried along by the currents, have adaptations to keep the body suspended. Such adaptations include the vacuoles in the external protoplasmic layer in radiolarians and the air bubbles in colonies of siphonophores. Sharks, mackerel, and tuna swim at speeds of 20 km/hr and greater. Flying fishes, before they enter the air, move at a speed approaching 65 km/hr. The swordfish reaches a speed of 130 km/hr. The hydrostatic orientation of fishes and the reflex regulation of their movements are usually functions of the swim bladder. (See BIOMECHANICS and MOVEMENT.) REFERENCEGranit, R. Osnovy reguliatsii dvizhenii. Moscow, 1973. (Translated from English.)
Swimming a sport that includes competitive swimming, various practical swimming, skin diving, and synchronized (artistic) swimming. Swimming may also be part of a medical treatment program, a form of recreation, or a component of various sports. Swimming meets include events in which competitors swim from 100 to 1,500 m. The three strokes used are the crawl, breast stroke, and butterfly (dolphin butterfly). Practical swimming includes diving for length and depth, lifesaving, and overcoming water obstacles. In synchronized swimming, swimmers perform acrobatics in the water and on land to music; the swimmers may perform alone, in pairs, or in groups. Swimming is part of various games played in the water. Swimming is fundamental to water polo and a component of the modern pentathalon and sailors’ combined events in aquatic sports. It is an essential part of the training of athletes engaged in motorboating, sailing, and diving. Although swimming has been known to man since the most ancient times, it became a sport only at the turn of the 16th century. One of the first swimming meets was held in Venice in 1515. In 1538 the Dane N. Winman published the first swimming manual. The first swimming schools were organized in the second half of the 18th century and in the early 19th in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and France. The first swimming pools were constructed in the mid-19th century. The sport of swimming became especially popular in the late 19th century. In Table 1. USSR and world swimming records1 |
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Distance (m) | Stroke, event | World | USSR |
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| | Time2 | Holder | Country | | Year | Time2 | Holder | City | Year |
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1Individual records for Olympic distances 2In minutes and seconds 3German Democratic Republic | | | | | | Men | | | | | | 100 . . . . . | Freestyle | 51.22 | M. Spitz | USA | | 1972 | 51.77 | V. V. Bure | Moscow | 1972 | 200 . . . . . . . | Freestyle | 1:52.78 | M. Spitz | USA | | 1972 | 1:54.81 | V. V. Bure | Moscow | 1973 | 400 . . . . . . . | Freestyle | 3:58.18 | R. DeMont | USA | | 1973 | 4:06.3 | V. V. Bure | Moscow | 1973 | 1,500 . . . . . . | Freestyle | 15:31.85 | S. Holland | Australia | | 1973 | 16:12.3 | V. O. Parinov | Ashkhabad | 1973 | 100 . . . | Breast stroke | 1:04.02 | J. Mencken | USA | | 1973 | 1:04.61 | M. G. Khriukin | Voronezh | 1973 | 200 . . . . . . . | Breast strok e | 2:19.28 | D. Wilkie | Great Britain | | 1973 | 2:23.47 | M. G. Khriukin | Voronezh | 1973 | 100 . . . | Butterfly | 54.27 | M. Spitz | USA | | 1973 | 57.8 | V. K. Nemshilov | Sochi | 1969 | 200 . . . . . . . | Butterfly | 2:00.70 | M. Spitz | USA | | 1972 | 2:06.8 | V. M. Sharygin | Moscow | 1972 | 100 . . . | Backstroke | 56.30 | R. Matthes | GDR3 | | 1972 | 59.1 | I. A. Grivennikov | Moscow | 1972 | 200 . . . . . . . | Backstroke | 2:01.87 | R. Matthes | GDR | | 1973 | 2:11.3 | L. V. Dobroskokin | Volgograd | 1971 | 200 . . . . . . . | Medley | 2:07.17 | G. Larsson | Sweden | | 1972 | 2:10.86 | S. V. Zakharov | Astrakhan | 1973 | 400 . . . . . . . | Medley | 4:30.81 | G. Hall | USA | | 1972 | 4:37.05 | S. V. Zakharov | Astrakhan | 1973 | | | | | | Women | | | | | | 100 . . . | Freestyle | 57.54 | K. Ender | GDR | | 1973 | 1:00.8 | T. A. Shelofastova | Leningrad | 1973 | 200 . . . . . . . | Freestyle | 2:03.56 | S. Gould | Australia | | 1972 | 2:10.4 | T. A. Shelofastova | Leningrad | 1973 | 400 . . . . . . . | Freestyle | 4:18.07 | K. Rotthammer | USA | | 1973 | 4:35.1 | T. A. Shelofastova | Leningrad | 1973 | 800 . . . . . . . | Freestyle | 8:52.97 | N. Calligaris | Italy | | 1973 | 9:23.4 | E. lu. Burmenskaia | Noril’sk | 1972 | 100 . . . . . . . | Breast stroke | 1:13.58 | C. Carr | USA | | 1972 | 1:14.7 | G. N. Prozumenshchikova | Moscow | 1971 | 200 . . . . . . . | Breast stroke | 2:38.50 | C. Ball | USA | | 1968 | 2:40.7 | G. N. Prozumenshchikova | Moscow | 1970 | 100 . . . . . . . | Butterfly | 1:02.31 | K. Ender | GDR | | 1973 | 1:06.38 | A. L. Meerzon | Leningrad | 1973 | 200 . . . . . . . | Butterfly | 2:13.76 | R. Kother | GDR | | 1973 | 2:21.27 | N. V. Popova | Kharkov | 1973 | 100 . . . | Backstroke | 1:04.99 | U. Richter | GDR | | 1973 | 1:06.97 | T. Sh. Lekveishvili | Tbilisi | 1972 | 200 . . . . . . . | Backstroke | 2:19.19 | M. Belote | USA | | 1972 | 2:26.54 | l. V. Golovanova | Alma-Ata | 1973 | 200 . . . . . . . | Medley | 2:20.51 | A. Huebner | GDR | | 1973 | 2:26.9 | N. L. Petrova | Moscow | 1972 | 400 . . . . . . . | Medley | 4:57.51 | G. Wegner | GDR | | 1973 | 5:13.4 | N. L. Petrova | Moscow | 1972 |
1890 the first European swimming championships were held, and since 1896 swimming has been included in the Olympics. In 1908 the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA) was organized; it included 96 national federations in 1973. The European Swimming League (LEN) was formed in 1924. Swimming was not a widespread sport in prerevolutionary Russia. In the early 20th century there were seven primitive indoor swimming pools and only 1,500 persons were engaged in the sport. Because training sessions were conducted primarily in open water during the summer, results were poor. The first Russian swimming championships were held in Kiev in 1913, and the first swimming competitions in the USSR were held in Moscow in 1918. In Petrograd in 1920, V. N. Peskov organized the Dolphin Sports Society, which had an outdoor pool. During the 1920’s several swimming schools were opened in Moscow, and in 1921 the first all-Russian swimming championships were held in the Moskva River. Swimming competitions were included in the USSR Spartakiads in 1928, with USSR championship competitions held on a regular basis thereafter. The first indoor swimming pools were opened in Leningrad in 1927 and in Moscow in 1930 and 1931. The pools allowed athletes to train throughout the year and helped prepare swimmers who surpassed the European and world records of the time. Noted swimmers of the period include L. K. Meshkov, S. P. Boichenko, V. V. Ushakov, A. M. Shumin, V. F. Kitaev, K. I. Aleshina, and M. V. Sokolova. Mass interest in swimming was linked to the implementation of universal military training, of which swimming was an important part. Swimming was made a compulsory part of the Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR complex at all stages in 1931 and 1932, and this too contributed to the popularization of the sport. It became a basic discipline at institutes and technicums of physical culture and in the physical-education departments of higher educational institutions of pedagogy. In the late 1940’s construction began on modern pools for use in winter and summer. In 1973 there were more than 1,000 pools, which were used by more than 2 million persons. Soviet swimmers have participated regularly in international competitions since the USSR swimming section joined FINA in 1947 (becoming the All-Union Federation in 1959) and LEN in 1949. Soviet swimmers have taken part in the Olympics since 1952 and in European championships since 1954. The greatest successes have been achieved by Olympic champion G. N. Prozumenshchikova and by various Olympic and European champions, including Kh. Kh. Iunichev, V. V. Konoplev, V. N. Nikitin, G. G. Androsov, L. N. Kolesnikov, V. I. Sorokin, V. V. Kuz’min, G. la. Prokopenko, S. V. Babanina, V. I. Kosinskii, V. G. Mazanov, S. V. Belits-Geiman, N. I. Pankin, I. A. Grivennikov, I. I. Pozdniakova, and V. V. Bure. Important contributions to methods of instruction, coaching, and modern swimming technique have been made by Honored Coaches of the USSR E. L. Alekseenko, V. V. Bure, T. V. Drobinskaia, L. A. Ioakimidi, V. N. Kashutina, N. M. Nesterova, and O. V. Kharlamova. Educators who have made fundamental contributions in these areas include S. M. Vaitsekhovskii, A. A. Van’kov, I. V. Vrzhesnevskii, L. V. Gerkan, V. F. Kitaev, M. Ia. Nabatnikova, B. N. Nikitskii, V. A. Parfenov, Z. P. Firsov, G. P. Chernov, and A. S. Chikin. In 1973 the first world swimming championships were held in Belgrade, with the best team performances turned in by swimmers from the USA, the German Democratic Republic, Australia, and the USSR. See Table 1 for USSR and world records. REFERENCESPlavanie. [Textbook.] Moscow, 1965. Butovich, N. A., and V. I. Chudovskii. Krol’—bystreishii sposob plavaniia. Moscow, 1968. Iniasevskii, K. A. Trenirovka plovtsov vysokogo klassa. Moscow, 1970. Counsilman, J. Nauka o plavanii. Moscow, 1972. (Translated from English.) Vasil’ev, V., and B. Nikitskii. Obuchenie deteiplavaniiu. Moscow, 1973.N. A. BUTOVICH What does it mean when you dream about swimming?Bodies of water are natural symbols of both the unconscious and the emotions. Dreaming about swimming can thus be related to the emotions or to an exploration of one’s unconscious (a natural dream image for someone undergoing therapy). Also, because we spend the first nine months of our lives in a liquid environment, swimming is also a symbol of birth or rebirth. Swimming (dreams)If you are swimming in your dream, you are most likely swimming through the “ocean” of your unconscious and through the “sea” of your emotions. The ease with which you are doing this activity will give you clues as to how well you are navigating through those very complex parts of yourself. Are you out of your depth or winning a race?AcronymsSeesubwayswimming
Synonyms for swimmingnoun the act of swimmingSynonymsRelated Words- aquatics
- water sport
- bathe
- skinny-dip
- plunge
- dip
- dive
- diving
- floating
- natation
- skin diving
- skin-dive
adj filled or brimming with tearsSynonymsRelated Wordsadj applied to a fish depicted horizontallySynonymsRelated Words |