scale

scale¹

S0117200 (skāl)n.1. a. One of the many small hard dermal or epidermal structures that characteristically form the external covering of fishes and reptiles and certain mammals, such as pangolins.b. A similar part in other animals, such as one of the thin flat overlapping structures that cover the wings of butterflies and moths.2. A small, thin, often flattened plant structure, such as one of the modified leaves that cover a tree bud or one of the structures that bear the reproductive organs on the cones of a conifer.3. a. A dry thin flake of epidermis shed from the skin.b. A skin lesion or lesions marked by such flakes.4. a. A scale insect.b. A plant disease or infestation caused by scale insects.5. a. A flaky oxide film formed on a metal, as on iron, that has been heated to high temperatures.b. A flake of rust.6. A hard mineral coating that forms on the inside surface of boilers, kettles, and other containers in which water is repeatedly heated.v. scaled, scal·ing, scales v.tr.1. To clear or strip of scale or scales: Scale and clean the fish.2. To remove in layers or scales: scaled off the old paint.3. To cover with scales; encrust.4. To throw or propel (a thin flat object) through the air or along a surface, such as water or ice.5. Dentistry To remove (tartar) from tooth surfaces with a pointed instrument.6. Australian a. To cheat; swindle.b. To ride on (a tram, for example) without paying the fare.v.intr.1. To come off in scales or layers; flake.2. To become encrusted.

[Middle English, from Old French escale, husk, shell, influenced in meaning by Old French escaille, scale of a fish or reptile (both of Germanic origin; see skel- in Indo-European roots).]

scale′like adj.

scale²

S0117200 (skāl)n.1. a. A system of ordered marks at fixed intervals used as a reference standard in measurement: a ruler whose scale is in inches.b. An instrument or device bearing such marks.c. A standard of measurement or judgment; a criterion.2. a. A proportion used in determining the dimensional relationship of a representation to that which it represents: a world map with a scale of 1:4,560,000.b. A calibrated line, as on a map or an architectural plan, indicating such a proportion.c. Proper proportion: a house that seemed out of scale with its surroundings.3. A progressive classification, as of size, amount, importance, or rank: judging divers' performances on a scale of 1 to 10.4. A relative level or degree: entertained on a lavish scale.5. A minimum wage fixed by contract: musicians playing a benefit concert for scale.6. Mathematics A system of notation in which the values of numerical expressions are determined by their places relative to the chosen base of the system: the decimal scale.7. Music An ascending or descending collection of pitches proceeding by a specified scheme of intervals.v. scaled, scal·ing, scales v.tr.1. To climb up or over; ascend: scaled the peak.2. To make in accord with a particular proportion or scale: Scale the model to be one tenth of actual size.3. To alter according to a standard or by degrees; adjust in calculated amounts: scaled down their demands; scaled back the scheduled pay increase.4. To estimate or measure the quantity of lumber in (logs or uncut trees).v.intr.1. To climb; ascend.2. To rise in steps or stages.

[Middle English, from Latin scālae, ladder; see skand- in Indo-European roots.]

scal′a·ble adj.

scale³

S0117200 (skāl)n.1. An instrument or machine for weighing.2. a. often scales See balance.b. Either of the pans, trays, or dishes of a balance.v. scaled, scal·ing, scales v.tr. To weigh with a scale.v.intr. To have a given weight, as determined by a scale: cargo that scales 11 tons.

[Middle English, bowl, balance, from Old Norse skāl; see skel- in Indo-European roots.]

scale

(skeɪl) n1. (Zoology) any of the numerous plates, made of various substances resembling enamel or dentine, covering the bodies of fishes2. (Zoology) a. any of the horny or chitinous plates covering a part or the entire body of certain reptiles and mammalsb. any of the numerous minute structures covering the wings of lepidoptera. squamous3. a thin flat piece or flake4. (Pathology) a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the skin: excessive shedding may be the result of a skin disease5. (Botany) a specialized leaf or bract, esp the protective covering of a bud or the dry membranous bract of a catkin6. (Animals) See scale insect7. (Metallurgy) a flaky black oxide of iron formed on the surface of iron or steel at high temperatures8. (Metallurgy) any oxide formed on a metal during heat treatment9. another word for limescalevb10. (tr) to remove the scales or coating from11. to peel off or cause to peel off in flakes or scales12. (intr) to shed scales13. to cover or become covered with scales, incrustation, etc14. (tr) to throw (a disc or thin flat object) edgewise through the air or along the surface of water15. (Automotive Engineering) (intr) informal Austral to ride on public transport without paying a fare16. (tr) slang South African to steal (something)[C14: from Old French escale, of Germanic origin; compare Old English scealu shell] ˈscaleˌlike adj

scale

(skeɪl) n1. (Mechanical Engineering) (often plural) a machine or device for weighing2. (Mechanical Engineering) one of the pans of a balance3. tip the scales a. to exercise a decisive influenceb. (foll by at) to amount in weight (to)vb (tr) 4. to weigh with or as if with scales5. to have a weight of[C13: from Old Norse skāl bowl, related to Old High German scāla cup, Old English scealu shell, scale¹]

scale

(skeɪl) n1. (Mathematics) a sequence of marks either at regular intervals or else representing equal steps, used as a reference in making measurements2. (General Physics) a measuring instrument having such a scale3. a. the ratio between the size of something real and that of a model or representation of it: the scale of the map was so large that we could find our house on it. b. (as modifier): a scale model. 4. a line, numerical ratio, etc, for showing this ratio5. a progressive or graduated table of things, wages, etc, in order of size, value, etc: a wage scale for carpenters. 6. an established measure or standard7. a relative degree or extent: he entertained on a grand scale. 8. (Music, other) music a group of notes taken in ascending or descending order, esp within the compass of one octave9. (Mathematics) maths the notation of a given number system: the decimal scale. 10. (Education) a graded series of tests measuring mental development, etc11. obsolete a ladder or staircasevb12. to climb to the top of (a height) by or as if by a ladder13. (tr) to make or draw (a model, plan, etc) according to a particular ratio of proportionate reduction14. (tr; usually foll by up or down) to increase or reduce proportionately in size, etc15. (Forestry) US and Canadian (in forestry) to estimate the board footage of (standing timber or logs)[C15: via Italian from Latin scāla ladder; related to Old French eschiele, Spanish escala]

scale¹

(skeɪl)

n., v. scaled, scal•ing. n. 1. a. one of the thin flat horny plates forming the covering of certain animals, as snakes, lizards, and pangolins. b. one of the hard bony or dentinal plates, either flat or denticulate, forming the covering of other animals, as fishes. 2. any thin platelike piece, lamina, or flake that peels off from a surface, as the skin. 3. a. Also called bud scale. a specialized rudimentary leaf that protects an immature leaf bud. b. a thin, dry, membranous part of a plant, as the bract of a catkin. 4. scale insect. 5. a coating, as on the inside of a boiler, formed by the precipitation of salts from the water. 6. a. an oxide, esp. an iron oxide, occurring in a scaly form on the surface of metal brought to a high temperature. b. such scale formed on iron or steel during hot-rolling. v.t. 7. to remove the scales from: to scale a fish. 8. to remove in scales or thin layers. 9. to encrust with scale. 10. to skip, as a stone over water. 11. to remove (calculus) from teeth. v.i. 12. to come off in scales. 13. to shed scales. 14. to become coated with scale. [1250–1300; (n.) < Old French escale < West Germanic *skāla; (v.)scalen to remove scales from, derivative of the n.]

scale²

(skeɪl)

n., v. scaled, scal•ing. n. 1. Often, scales. a balance or any of various other instruments or devices for weighing. 2. either of the pans or dishes of a balance. 3. Scales, Libra. v.t. 4. to weigh in scales. Idioms: tip the scale(s), a. to weigh, esp. a large amount. b. to be or become the crucial deciding factor. [1175–1225; < Old Norse skālar (pl.), c. Old English scealu scale (of a balance)]

scale³

(skeɪl)

n., v. scaled, scal•ing. n. 1. a progression of steps or degrees. 2. a series of marks laid down at determinate distances, as along a line, for purposes of measurement or computation: the scale of a thermometer. 3. a. a graduated line, as on a map, representing proportionate size. b. the ratio of distances on a map to corresponding values on the surface of the earth. 4. any measuring instrument with graduated markings. 5. the proportion that a representation of an object bears to the object itself: a model on a scale of one inch to one foot. 6. relative size or extent: planning done on a grand scale. 7. a succession of tones ascending or descending according to fixed intervals. 8. a graded series of tests or tasks for measuring intelligence, achievement, adjustment, etc. 9. a system of numerical notation: the decimal scale. 10. Obs. v.t. 11. to climb by or as if by a ladder; climb up or over. 12. to make according to scale. 13. to adjust proportionately; match or relate to some standard or measure. 14. to measure by or as if by a scale. v.i. 15. to climb; ascend; mount. 16. to advance in a graduated series. 17. scale down (or up), to decrease (or increase) in amount: to scale down wages. [1350–1400; (n.) Middle English < Latin scālae ladder, stairs; (v.) Middle English < Old French escaler or Medieval Latin scālāre, both ultimately derivative of Latin scāla, scālae]

scale¹

(skāl)1. One of the small thin plates forming the outer covering of fish, reptiles, and certain other animals.2. A similar part, such as one of the minute structures overlapping to form the covering on the wings of butterflies and moths.3. A small, thin, usually dry plant part, such as one of the protective leaves that cover a tree bud or one of the flat structures that bear the reproductive organs on the cones of a conifer.4. A plant disease caused by scale insects.

scale²

1. An ordered system of numbering or indexing that is used as a reference standard in measurement, in which each number corresponds to some physical quantity. Some scales, such as temperature scales, have equal intervals; other scales, such as the Richter scale, are arranged as a geometric progression.2. An instrument or a machine for weighing.

scale

The ratio or fraction between the distance on a map, chart, or photograph and the corresponding distance on the surface of the Earth. See also conversion scale; graphic scale; photographic scale; principal scale.

scale

Past participle: scaled
Gerund: scaling

Imperative
scale
scale

Present
I scale
you scale
he/she/it scales
we scale
you scale
they scale

Preterite
I scaled
you scaled
he/she/it scaled
we scaled
you scaled
they scaled

Present Continuous
I am scaling
you are scaling
he/she/it is scaling
we are scaling
you are scaling
they are scaling

Present Perfect
I have scaled
you have scaled
he/she/it has scaled
we have scaled
you have scaled
they have scaled

Past Continuous
I was scaling
you were scaling
he/she/it was scaling
we were scaling
you were scaling
they were scaling

Past Perfect
I had scaled
you had scaled
he/she/it had scaled
we had scaled
you had scaled
they had scaled

Future
I will scale
you will scale
he/she/it will scale
we will scale
you will scale
they will scale

Future Perfect
I will have scaled
you will have scaled
he/she/it will have scaled
we will have scaled
you will have scaled
they will have scaled

Future Continuous
I will be scaling
you will be scaling
he/she/it will be scaling
we will be scaling
you will be scaling
they will be scaling

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been scaling
you have been scaling
he/she/it has been scaling
we have been scaling
you have been scaling
they have been scaling

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been scaling
you will have been scaling
he/she/it will have been scaling
we will have been scaling
you will have been scaling
they will have been scaling

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been scaling
you had been scaling
he/she/it had been scaling
we had been scaling
you had been scaling
they had been scaling

Conditional
I would scale
you would scale
he/she/it would scale
we would scale
you would scale
they would scale

Past Conditional
I would have scaled
you would have scaled
he/she/it would have scaled
we would have scaled
you would have scaled
they would have scaled

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	scale - an ordered reference standard; "judging on a scale of 1 to 10"graduated table, ordered series, scale of measurementcriterion, standard, touchstone, measure - a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated; "the schools comply with federal standards"; "they set the measure for all subsequent work"Beaufort scale, wind scale - an international scale of wind force from 0 (calm air) to 12 (hurricane)index - a numerical scale used to compare variables with one another or with some reference numberlogarithmic scale - scale on which actual distances from the origin are proportional to the logarithms of the corresponding scale numbersMercalli scale - a scale formerly used to describe the magnitude of an earthquake; an earthquake detected only by seismographs is a I and an earthquake that destroys all buildings is a XIIMohs scale - a scale of hardness of solids; talc is 0 and diamond is 10; ordering is determined by which substance can scratch another substanceRichter scale - a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 formerly used to express the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of the size of seismograph oscillationsmoment magnitude scale - a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 (a successor to the Richter scale) that enables seismologists to compare the energy released by different earthquakes on the basis of the area of the geological fault that ruptured in the quaketemperature scale - a system of measuring temperaturewage scale, wage schedule - a schedule of wages paid for different jobs
	2.	scale - relative magnitude; "they entertained on a grand scale"magnitude relation, quantitative relation - a relation between magnitudes
	3.	scale - the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it; "the scale of the map"; "the scale of the model"proportion - the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
	4.	scale - a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkinscale leaffoliage, leaf, leafage - the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plantssquamule - a minute scale
	5.	scale - a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skinexfoliation, scurfchip, fleck, scrap, bit, flake - a small fragment of something broken off from the whole; "a bit of rock caught him in the eye"dander - small scales from animal skins or hair or bird feathers that can cause allergic reactions in some peopledandruff - loose scales shed from the scalp; "I could see the dandruff on her shoulders"
	6.	scale - (music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave)musical scalemusical notation - (music) notation used by musiciansgamut - the entire scale of musical notesdiatonic scale - a scale with eight notes in an octave; all but two are separated by whole toneschromatic scale - a 12-note scale including all the semitones of the octavegapped scale - a musical scale with fewer than seven notesmusical note, note, tone - a notation representing the pitch and duration of a musical sound; "the singer held the note too long"music - an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner
	7.	scale - a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of massweighing machinebalance - a scale for weighing; depends on pull of gravitymeasuring device, measuring instrument, measuring system - instrument that shows the extent or amount or quantity or degree of somethingweighbridge - platform scale flush with a roadway for weighing vehicles and cattle etc
	8.	scale - an indicator having a graduated sequence of marksindicator - a device for showing the operating condition of some systemvernier scale, vernier - a small movable scale that slides along a main scale; the small scale is calibrated to indicate fractional divisions of the main scale
	9.	scale - a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners)shell, platearmor plate, armor plating, armour plate, plate armor, plate armour - specially hardened steel plate used to protect fortifications or vehicles from enemy firehorseshoe, shoe - U-shaped plate nailed to underside of horse's hoofshell plating - the plates covering the frame of a steel ship and corresponding to the planking of a wooden shipshield - a protective covering or structure
	10.	scale - a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animalsfish scale - scale of the kind that covers the bodies of fishsquama - a protective structure resembling a scalecovering, natural covering, cover - a natural object that covers or envelops; "under a covering of dust"; "the fox was flushed from its cover"
Verb	1.	scale - measure by or as if by a scale; "This bike scales only 25 pounds"measure - have certain dimensions; "This table surfaces measures 20inches by 36 inches"
	2.	scale - pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standardmodel, pattern - plan or create according to a model or models
	3.	scale - take by attacking with scaling ladders; "The troops scaled the walls of the fort"take - take by force; "Hitler took the Baltic Republics"; "The army took the fort on the hill"
	4.	scale - reach the highest point of; "We scaled the Mont Blanc"surmountarrive at, reach, attain, gain, hit, make - reach a destination, either real or abstract; "We hit Detroit by noon"; "The water reached the doorstep"; "We barely made it to the finish line"; "I have to hit the MAC machine before the weekend starts"
	5.	scale - climb up by means of a ladderclimb, climb up, go up, mount - go upward with gradual or continuous progress; "Did you ever climb up the hill behind your house?"
	6.	scale - remove the scales from; "scale fish"descaleremove, take away, withdraw, take - remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract; "remove a threat"; "remove a wrapper"; "Remove the dirty dishes from the table"; "take the gun from your pocket"; "This machine withdraws heat from the environment"
	7.	scale - measure with or as if with scales; "scale the gold"measure, quantify - express as a number or measure or quantity; "Can you quantify your results?"
	8.	scale - size or measure according to a scale; "This model must be scaled down"size - make to a size; bring to a suitable size

scale

¹noun flake, plate, layer, lamina a thing with scales all over its bodyRelated words
technical name squama
adjective squamous

scale

²noun1. degree, size, range, spread, extent, dimensions, scope, magnitude, breadth He underestimates the scale of the problem.2. system of measurement, register, measuring system, graduated system, calibration, calibrated system an earthquake measuring five-point-five on the Richter scale3. ranking, ladder, spectrum, hierarchy, series, sequence, progression, pecking order (informal), seniority system This has become a reality for increasing numbers across the social scale.4. ratio, proportion, relative size The map, on a scale of 1:10,000, shows over 5,000 individual paths.verb1. climb up, mount, go up, ascend, surmount, scramble up, clamber up, shin up, escalade The men scaled a wall and climbed down scaffolding on the other side.scale something down reduce, cut, moderate, slow down, cut down, wind down, tone down, downsize The air rescue operation has now been scaled down.scale something up expand, extend, blow up, enlarge, lengthen, magnify, amplify, augment Simply scaling up a size 10 garment often leads to disaster.

scale¹

verbTo remove the skin of:decorticate, pare, peel, skin, strip.

scale²

verbTo move upward on or along:ascend, climb, go up, mount.

Translations

刻度鳞攀登比例比例尺

scale¹

(skeil) noun1. a set of regularly spaced marks made on something (eg a thermometer or a ruler) for use as a measure; a system of numbers, measurement etc. This thermometer has two scales marked on it, one in Fahrenheit and one in Centigrade.刻度2. a series or system of items of increasing or decreasing size, value etc. a wage/salary scale.比例尺3. in music, a group of notes going up or down in order. The boy practised his scales on the piano.音阶4. the size of measurements on a map etc compared with the real size of the country etc shown by it. In a map drawn to the scale 1:50,000, one centimetre represents half a kilometre.比例5. the size of an activity. These guns are being manufactured on a large scale.规模

scale²

(skeil) verb to climb (a ladder, cliff etc). The prisoner scaled the prison walls and escaped. 爬，攀登

scale³

(skeil) noun any of the small thin plates or flakes that cover the skin of fishes, reptiles etc. A herring's scales are silver in colour.鳞ˈscaly adjective (of fish etc) covered with scales. 有鳞的

scale

→ 刻度zhCN, 鳞zhCN

scale

scale,

in cartography, the ratio of the distance between two points on a map to the real distance between the two corresponding points portrayed. The scale may be expressed in three ways: numerically, as a ratio or a fraction, e.g., 1:100,000 or 1-100,000; verbally, e.g., "one inch to one mile" (not "one inch equals one mile"); and graphically, by marking distances on a sample line. The last method has the advantage that the scale remains true even if the map is enlarged or reduced mechanically. The first method is particularly useful since any unit of measurement may be used; e.g., if one uses metric units, a scale of 1:100,000 would mean that one centimeter on the map represents one kilometer on the earth's surface (since 100,000 centimeters equals one kilometer). The more the size of features on the map approaches the features' actual size on the earth's surface, the larger the scale of the map is said to be. A large-scale map usually shows more detail than does a small-scale map, but covers a smaller area than does a small-scale map of the same size.

scale,

in music, any series of tones arranged in a step-by-step rising or falling order of pitchpitch,
in music, the position of a tone in the musical scale, today designated by a letter name and determined by the frequency of vibration of the source of the tone. Pitch is an attribute of every musical tone; the fundamental, or first harmonic, of any tone is perceived as
..... Click the link for more information. . A scale defines the intervalinterval,
in music, the difference in pitch between two tones. Intervals may be measured acoustically in terms of their vibration numbers. They are more generally named according to the number of steps they contain in the diatonic scale of the piano; e.g.
..... Click the link for more information. relationship of each tonetone.
In music, a tone is distinguished from noise by its definite pitch, caused by the regularity of the vibrations which produce it. Any tone possesses the attributes of pitch, intensity, and quality.
..... Click the link for more information. to the others upon which the composition depends. Scales further serve to classify and catalog the tonal material used in composition.

A great variety of scales have been used in the past and in different cultures; no single interval is common to all of them. In the 6th cent. B.C., Pythagoras defined the mathematical relationship of the perfect intervals (the octave, fourth, and fifth) and of the intervals between them (an interval being the difference in pitch between two tones). The Greek system was taken up by the Christian church, which adapted its note series to a number of modesmode,
in music. 1 A grouping or arrangement of notes in a scale with respect to a most important note (in the pretonal modes of Western music, this note is called the final or finalis
..... Click the link for more information. used in medieval music, especially in plainsongplainsong
or plainchant,
the unharmonized chant of the medieval Christian liturgies in Europe and the Middle East; usually synonymous with Gregorian chant, the liturgical music of the Roman Catholic Church.
..... Click the link for more information. .

The church modes, under the impact of the composition of polyphonic vocal music, became reduced in due course to the two characteristic scales of later Western music, the major and the minor. The major scale, called diatonic, has five whole tones (t) and two semitones (s) arranged thus: ttsttts (as in the white notes on the piano keyboard taken from one C to the next C); this scale, with certain modifications, became the basis of Western musical tonalitytonality
, in music, quality by which all tones of a composition are heard in relation to a central tone called the keynote or tonic. In music that has harmony the terms key and tonality
..... Click the link for more information. until the end of the 19th cent. The dissemination and influence of the diatonic scale was therefore very great. The minor scale is based on tsttstt. This arrangement produces the lower third, sixth, and seventh degrees that are characteristic of the minor mode; the higher seventh degree, a semitone rather than a whole tone below the main note, or "tonic," is often borrowed from the major mode for use at cadences.

Akin to the modes, the concept of keykey.
1 In music, term used to indicate the scale from which the tonal material of a given composition is derived. To say, for example, that a composition is in the key of C major means that it uses as its basic tonal material the tones of that scale which is associated
..... Click the link for more information. was developed, whereby a home tone, or tonic, is the principal focus of a composition, and the various other tones assume importance according to their relationship to the tonic. The increasing complexity of instruments demanded more refined tuning systemstuning systems,
methods for assigning pitches to the twelve Western pitch names that constitute the octave. The term usually refers to this procedure in the tuning of keyboard instruments.
..... Click the link for more information. . By J. S. Bach's time equal temperamenttemperament,
in music, the altering of certain intervals from their acoustically correct values to provide a system of tuning whereby music can move from key to key without unacceptably impure sonorities.
..... Click the link for more information. had become established. The resulting scale, called chromatic, consisted of 12 notes divided by semitone intervals (the white and black notes of the keyboard). Although the diatonic scale is basically heptatonic (seven-noted), music that is in a major or minor tonality usually employs the remaining five tones of the chromatic scale as auxiliary or ornamental tones. Music that employs them freely is said to be highly chromatic, while music that employs them sparingly is said to be diatonic.

The 12 scales, one for each note as the home tone, plus the 12 concomitant minor scales remained the basic organizing structure of Western music until the system was challenged by the dodecaphonic (twelve-tone scale) composers, in particular Arnold SchoenbergSchoenberg, Arnold
, 1874–1951, Austrian composer, b. Vienna. Before he became a U.S. citizen in 1941 he spelled his name Schönberg. He revolutionized modern music by abandoning tonality and developing a twelve-tone, "serial" technique of composition (see serial
..... Click the link for more information. , who worked into the mid-20th cent. (see atonalityatonality
, in music, systematic avoidance of harmonic or melodic reference to tonal centers (see key). The term is used to designate a method of composition in which the composer has deliberately rejected the principle of tonality.
..... Click the link for more information. ; serial musicserial music,
the body of compositions whose fundamental syntactical reference is a particular ordering (called series or row) of the twelve pitch classes—C, C#, D, D#, E, F, F#, G, G#, A, A#, B—that constitute the equal-tempered scale.
..... Click the link for more information. ). The whole-tone scale, which divides the octave into six equal whole tones (C, D, E, F sharp, G sharp, and A sharp, on the piano), gives a feeling of vagueness that made it adaptable to impressionism; its possibilities were thoroughly explored in the works of Debussy. The pentatonic scale (the black keys of the piano illustrate one form) has long been thought of as having an Asian character because of the prevalence of pentatonic scales in Chinese, Japanese, and Javanese music. The most complex scales known belong to Arabian musicArabian music,
classical musical tradition of the Islamic peoples of Arabia, the Fertile Crescent, and North Africa. Characteristics, Forms, and Instruments

The chief characteristics of Arabian music are modal homophony, florid ornamentation, and modal rhythm.
..... Click the link for more information. and Hindu musicHindu music.
The music of India is entirely monodic. To Westerners it is the most accessible of all Asian musical cultures. Its tonal system divides the octave into 22 segments called srutis, not all equal but each roughly equal to one quarter of a whole tone of Western music.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Bibliography

See N. Slonimsky, Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns (1947); C. Sachs, The Wellsprings of Music (1965).

scale,

in zoology, an outgrowth, either bony or horny, of the skin of an animal. The major component of the scales of fishes is bone, and they are formed directly in the skin membrane as the fish grows. The number of rows of scales, as well as the kind, figures in the identification of a species. The growth of the scales is marked by rings, which aid in determining the age of the fish. The placoid scales of sharks, which have a dentine base with a pulp cavity, are thought to be similar to the forms from which the teeth of the higher vertebrates evolved. Ganoid scales, found in primitive fishes such as the gar pike and the sturgeon, are heavy and platelike. Other fishes have either rough scales (ctenoid) with comblike edges or smooth scales (cycloid). The horny scales, or scutes, of most reptiles develop embryologically as outpushings of the epidermis. In some lizards the scales are modified to form tubercles or granules. Other lizards and snakes have overlapping scales, highly developed in the snakes as aids to locomotion. The crocodile has both horny and bony scales. Among turtles and their relatives scales are usually found on the head, neck, limbs, and tail; in most of the group horny scales also form a pattern of flat plates overlying the bony dermal skeleton of the back and belly. Birds have horny scales on the feet and sometimes on the legs. Some mammals, e.g., the mouse and the rat, have scales on the tail; the pangolin and the armadillo have a body covering of large horny scales.

scale,

in weights and measures, instruments for determining weight, generally for other than laboratory use. For the principles of operation of all weighing devices, see balancebalance,
instrument used in laboratories and pharmacies to measure the mass or weight of a body. A balance functions by measuring the force of gravity that the earth exerts on an object, i.e., its weight.
..... Click the link for more information. . Platform scales utilize a succession of multiplying levers that transmit the weight to a beam or other registration device. They are used where massive objects or large quantities are to be weighed. For example, a railway car or truck moves onto a platform scale before and after unloading or loading, in each case the difference between the weighings being the weight of its cargo. As the name implies, counter scales are used in commercial establishments where weighing can be most conveniently done on a counter. Cylinder, drum, or barrel scales show their calibrations on a rotatable chart. These find wide use because of the ease with which the cost of a given weight may be read from them through the juxtaposition of fixed and rotating charts. The same purpose is served by the fan-type scale, in which an indicator moves through an arc marked from zero to the maximum capacity of the scale. Both the indicator and the fan expanse are calibrated for automatic computation. A great variety of scales are specially constructed for industrial uses in which weighing of a continuous flow of material is required. The scale in such cases is part of the machinery that carries the weighed material to a succeeding operation. Many scales provide printed records of each reading, and some keep a cumulative registration of a succession of readings.

Bibliography

See A. W. Green, How We Weigh and Measure (1961); B. Kisch, Scales and Weights (1965).

Scale

The relationship of one part of an object to an outside measure, such as a human body or some standard reference; a system of representing or reproducing objects in a different size proportionately in every part.

human scale

The size or proportion of a building element or space, or article of furniture; relative to the structural or functional dimensions of the human body.

monumental scale

Impressively large, sturdy and enduring. Not related to the scale of the human body.

Scale

a series of musical sounds, that is, a consistent sequence of sounds (steps) of a given mode, which are arranged in ascending or descending order from the base tone. The scale spans one octave but can be extended up or down the adjoining octaves. The scale designates the structure of the mode and the pitch relationships of the scale’s steps. A distinction is made between the seven-tone scale of diatonic modes, the five-tone scale of anhemitonic (without half steps) modes, and the 12-tone chromatic scale. Executing the various scales and their combinations helps develop the musical technique of instrumentalists and singers.

V. A. VAKHROMEEV

Scale

in architecture, the relationship between various dimensions of buildings, structures, and organized space and, in turn, their relationship to the human viewer. Scale not only impresses the viewer with a notion of the size of a building or architectural complex, which may or may not be accurate, but also creates a mood.

Architectural scale is the result of the total interaction of the dimensions underlying every element of a composition as seen by the viewer. For example, visual measurement units of the wall of a house may be bricks, dressed stone (of which the wall or the wall covering is composed), blocks, panels, or the entire wall (if it is not divided into sections). An important role in the creation of a sense of scale is played by the major visible structural elements, which provide a particularly graphic idea of the building’s dimensions. An architect can achieve diversified artistic effects by moving or setting apart the supports, by changing the height of the girders or the archivolts in relation to the bay, and by relating these changes to the dimensions and sections of the building’s other elements.

The apparent scale of an architectural work can sometimes be affected by the distance from which it is seen. For example, a building that gives the impression of being large from a remote vantage point (or on a drawing), may seem substantially smaller when approached by the viewer, who is then able to see the actual dimensions of the construction in relation to himself. The architectural scale of a building as a whole is related to its surroundings (the local terrain, the urban environment) and changes with them.

Construction on a grand scale is primarily used to impart particular significance to an architectural work. For example, ancient Greek temples, with their heroic scale, seem to have been designed for epic heroes. The large-scale amphitheaters, aqueducts, and basilicas of ancient Rome, as well as the civic structures in the Russian Empire style, reflect the power of the states that built them. Grandiosity of scale, combined with the large dimensions of the structures, has an oppressive effect on people, making them feel insignificant (for example, the religious Structures of ancient Egypt). The scale of an architectural work reflects socio-historical conditions and the outlook of a particular era, as well as the social position of the person who ordered its construction.

As with the structural forms, the scale of an architectural work is an effective artistic device, creating an image that is understood and felt not only by contemporaries but also by future societies and other cultures.

REFERENCES

Burov, A. K. Ob arkhitekture. Moscow, 1960.
Kirillova, L. I. Masshtabnost’ v arkhitekture. Moscow, 1961.
Vseobshchaia istoriia arkhitektury, vol. 2. Moscow, 1973. Pages 251-60.
Nobbs, P. E. Design: A Treatise on the Discovery of Form. London-New York, 1937.
Licklider, H. Architectural Scale. London, 1965.

V. F. MARKUZON

Scale

the ratio of the length of segments on a drawing, plan, aerial photograph, or map to the actual physical length of the segments corresponding to them. The fractional scale thus defined is an abstract number, which is greater than 1 in cases of drawings of small machines and instrument parts, as well as many microscopic objects, but less than 1 in other cases, where the denominator of the fraction (with a numerator equal to 1) shows the degree of reduction in the sizes of the images of the objects relative to their actual dimensions. The scale of plans and topographical maps is constant; that of geographic maps is variable.

The graphic scale—that is, a straight line divided into equal segments with notations that indicate the actual physical lengths of the segments corresponding to them—is important in practice. A “transversal” scale is constructed for more precise recording and measurement of lines on maps. A transversal scale is a graphic scale parallel to which are drawn a number of equidistant horizontal lines that are intersected by perpendicular (vertical) and diagonal (transverse) lines. The principles of construction and use of a transversal scale are clear from Figure 1, which shows a fractional scale of 1:5,000. The segment of the transversal scale marked in the figure by the two dots corresponds to a line on the terrain of 200 + 60 + 6 = 266 m. The term “transversal scale” is also used for a metal ruler on which a representation of such a drawing has been inscribed with very fine lines, sometimes with no markings. This makes it easy to use for any fractional scale.

Figure 1. Transversal scale

REFERENCES

Inzhenernaia geodeziia. Editor in chief, P. S. Zakatov. Moscow, 1969.
Chebotarev, A. S. Geodeziia, 2nd ed., part 1. Moscow, 1955.

Scale

solid deposits that form on the interior walls of the pipes of boilers, water economizers, steam superheaters, evaporators, and other heat-exchange devices in which water containing various salts is heated or evaporated.

The most common types of scale, in terms of chemical composition, are carbonate (calcium and magnesium carbonates, CaCO₃ and MgCO₃), sulfate (CaSO₄), and silicate (silicates of calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum). The heat conductivity of scale is tens of times—and frequently hundreds of times —less than that of the steel of which heat exchangers are made. For this reason, even very thin films of scale give rise to high thermal resistance and may lead to such overheating of the boiler tubes that flaws and bulges are formed, frequently leading to rupture of the tubes. Scale formation is prevented by chemical treatment of the water that enters the boilers or heat exchangers. Scale is removed by mechanical and chemical means. Examples of scale are the solid deposits formed inside of teakettles and samovars.

Scale

the product that results when the surface of a metal oxidizes upon reaction with the environment.

Usually, scale includes only the oxidation products of iron and iron alloys. In a broader sense, however, it also includes the products of other oxidizing agents on the surface of a metal, for example, sulfur and nitrogen. Thin layers of scale, often called oxide films, are transparent for thicknesses up to 40 nanometers (nm) and are to some extent colored for thicknesses from 40 to 500 nm. For thicknesses greater than 500 nm, scale has a permanent color that depends on its chemical composition.

Scale

(1) A microscopic chitinous plate on the bodies of some arthropods, mainly insects, which sometimes completely covers the body. As a result of their optical properties, the scales as a rule determine the coloration of the animal. Butterflies have scales which are particularly developed. Bristletails, springtails, weevils, mosquitoes, and some Hymenoptera have scales, as well as some mites.

(2) Various growths on plants, usually flat and having a protective function. Frequently “scale” refers to the base of a leaf that remains on the stalk after the leaf has fallen off and that forms a peculiar shell on the stem.

Scale

(also plate), a hard metameric protective plate of the epidermis in vertebrates, including fish, reptiles, birds, and some mammals.

The scales of fossil Agnatha and fossil fishes were mesodermal in origin and were formed by bony tissue (dentin, bone). Scales are distributed on the body in regular diagonal rows in the direction of the collagen fibers of the skin. In addition to their protective function, they fulfill musculoskeletal functions. In the phylogenesis of the lowest, originally aquatic, vertebrates, such as cyclostomes, fishes, and amphibians, the origin of the scales is the placoid scales of fossil Thelodontidae and cartilaginous fishes, as represented by dentin spines and teeth that were periodically replaced as the animal grew (seePLACOID SCALE). The cosmoid scales, ganoid scales, cycloid scales, and ctenoid scales of the bony fishes are complex phylogenetic derivatives of the original type of scale (seeCOSMOID SCALE; GANOID SCALE; CYCLOID SCALE; and CTENOID SCALE). These scales are characterized by cyclical growth and the formation of annual rings, which make it possible to determine the age of the fish.

Among amphibians, bony plates similar to fish scales are found in some stegocephalians and modern Apoda, such as the Caeciliidae, including water snakes. The horny plates of reptiles, birds, and some mammals are formed by the keratinization of the outermost epidermal layer. They prevent the skin from drying out and protect it from physical damage. The horny plates are usually replaced through periodic molting or desquamation. In certain reptiles, such as crocodiles and tortoises, the horny plates sometimes fuse with the secondary dermal ossifications and cover the entire body. In birds they cover only the legs, and in mammals, for example, marsupials, rodents, insectivores, and some others, they are usually found on the tail. The secondary development of large plates on the body is observed in armadillos, in which they overlie bony plates, and in pangolins.

V. N. IAKOVLEV

Scale

part of the reading device of a measuring instrument, consisting of a system of markings (dots or lines arranged in some definite sequence) with numbers or other symbols at some of the markings representing a series of consecutive values of the measured quantity.

Scale parameters, such as scale limits and the value of a division of the scale (that is, the difference between scale values corresponding to two adjacent markings), depend on the inherent measurement limits of the measuring mechanism, on the sensitivity of the instrument, and on the required reading precision. The arrangement of the divisions, which can be in a circle, an arc, or a straight line, depends on the design of the reading device, while the scale itself may be uniform, quadratic, logarithmic, and so on. The main divisions of the scale, corresponding to the numerical values, are marked off by longer or thicker lines. Readings are made by the naked eye on scales the distance between whose divisions is 0.7 mm or higher; smaller intervals require the use of a magnifying glass or microscope. Fractional estimates of scale divisions are made with the aid of verniers.

scale

[skāl] (acoustics) A series of musical notes arranged from low to high by a specified scheme of intervals suitable for musical purposes. (botany) The bract of a catkin. (chemistry) boiler scale (engineering) A series of markings used for reading the value of a quantity or setting. To change the magnitude of a variable in a uniform way, as by multiplying or dividing by a constant factor, or the ratio of the real thing's magnitude to the magnitude of the model or analog of the model. A weighing device. A ruler or other measuring stick. A dense deposit bonded on the surface of a tube in a heat exchanger or on the surface of an evaporating device. (graphic arts) An indication of represented to actual distances on a map, chart, or drawing. (metallurgy) A thick metallic oxide coating formed usually by heating metals in air. (physics) A one-to-one correspondence between numbers and the value of some physical quantity, such as the centigrade or Kelvin temperature scales on the API (American Petroleum Institute) or Baumé scales of specific gravity. To determine a quantity at some order of magnitude by using data or relationships which are known to be valid at other (usually lower) orders of magnitude. (vertebrate zoology) A flat calcified or cornified platelike structure on the skin of most fishes and of some tetrapods.

scale

1. The product resulting from the corrosion of metals. 2. A heavy oxide coating on copper and copper alloys resulting from exposure to high temperatures in an oxidizing atmosphere. 3. In drawing, a measuring instrument with graduated spaces. 4. A system of proportion by which definite magnitudes represent defined larger magnitudes, as on a map or drawing. 5.See scaling.6. The outer covering of a casing.7.See architect’s scale, engineer’s scale.8. The crust on the inner surfaces of boilers, hot water heaters, and pipes formed by deposits of silica and other contaminants in water.

scale

Scale as it is indicated on maps and charts. scale

The scale of a photograph.The ratio between a distance on a map, a photograph, or a chart and the corresponding ground distance. The scale is represented by a representative fraction (e.g., 1/500,000, 1 in 500,000, or 1:5,000,000), by a plain statement (e.g., “1 in to a mile” or simply “1 in”), or by a graduated scale given at the bottom of a map or a chart.

scale

¹1. any of the numerous plates, made of various substances resembling enamel or dentine, covering the bodies of fishes 2. a. any of the horny or chitinous plates covering a part or the entire body of certain reptiles and mammals b. any of the numerous minute structures covering the wings of lepidoptera 3. a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the skin: excessive shedding may be the result of a skin disease 4. a specialized leaf or bract, esp the protective covering of a bud or the dry membranous bract of a catkin 5. a flaky black oxide of iron formed on the surface of iron or steel at high temperatures 6. any oxide formed on a metal during heat treatment

scale

²1. a machine or device for weighing 2. one of the pans of a balance

scale

1. a sequence of marks either at regular intervals or else representing equal steps used as a reference in making measurements 2. a measuring instrument having such a scale 3. Music a group of notes taken in ascending or descending order, esp within the compass of one octave 4. Maths the notation of a given number system 5. a graded series of tests measuring mental development, etc.

scale

(1) To resize a device, object or system. With regard to increases, "scale vertically" or "scale up" refers to expanding a single machine's capability. To "scale horizontally" or "scale out" refers to adding more machines.

With regard to decreases, the term is often used with cutting-edge chip technologies. For example, "this memory scales with CMOS" means that the memory architecture takes advantage of the increasing miniaturization in CMOS chip fabrication by becoming smaller as well. See at scale, upconvert and scalable.

(2) To increase. The term is widely used to refer to expanding a system, quite often a website or Web-based application that is quickly gaining popularity. See at scale, blitzscaling, scalable and scaler.

(3) To move with. The phrase "the image scales with the window" means that as an on-screen window is dragged by the user to a larger or smaller frame size, the image inside continuously expands or contracts to fit the changing frame.

(4) To change the representation of a quantity in order to bring it into prescribed limits of another range. For example, values such as 1249, 876, 523, -101 and -234 might need to be scaled into a range from -5 to +5.

(5) To designate the position of the decimal point in a fixed or floating point number.

(6) To increase or decrease the size of a digital image.

(7) A large size. For example, the "efficiencies of scale" means the economies derived from expansion.

Scaling Up and Down

Enlarging an image adds pixels, and quality software can produce a decent result for small increases. However, no matter how good the algorithms, a large increase softens the new image. In addition, the original sharpness cannot be brought back as this pixel example shows. See dithering.

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turn the scale(s)

tilt the scale(s)

thumb on the scale

bud scale

tip the balance

tip the scale(s)

scale back

scale up

be thrown into the scale (of something)

scale down

scale (something) to (something else)

scale something down

scale something to something

scale down

tip the balance

tip the balance

tip the scales

throw something on (or into) the scale

scale back

scale down

scale up

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human scale

monumental scale

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