| 释义 |
pupil
pu·pil 1 P0664600 (pyo͞o′pəl)n.1. A student under the direct supervision of a teacher or professor.2. Law A minor under the supervision of a guardian.
[Middle English pupille, orphan, from Old French, from Latin pūpillus, diminutive of pūpus, boy.]
pu′pil·lar·y (-pə-lĕr′ē) adj.
pu·pil 2 P0664600 (pyo͞o′pəl)n. The apparently black circular opening in the center of the iris of the eye, through which light passes to the retina.
[Middle English, from Old French pupille, from Latin pūpilla, little doll, pupil of the eye (from the tiny image reflected in it); see pupil1.]
pu′pi·lar, pu′pil·lar·y (-pə-lĕr′ē) adj.pupil (ˈpjuːpəl) n1. (Education) a student who is taught by a teacher, esp a young student2. (Law) civil law Scots law a boy under 14 or a girl under 12 who is in the care of a guardian[C14: from Latin pupillus an orphan, from pūpus a child]
pupil (ˈpjuːpəl) n (Anatomy) the dark circular aperture at the centre of the iris of the eye, through which light enters[C16: from Latin pūpilla, diminutive of pūpa girl, puppet; from the tiny reflections in the eye]pu•pil1 (ˈpyu pəl)
n. a person, usu. young, who is learning under the supervision of a teacher at school or a private tutor; student. [1350–1400; pupille < Middle French < Latin pūpillus (masculine), pūpilla (feminine) orphan, ward, diminutives of pūpus boy, pūpa girl] pu•pil2 (ˈpyu pəl)
n. the expanding and contracting opening in the iris of the eye, through which light passes to the retina. [1350–1400; < Latin pūpilla literally, little doll; for sense compare Greek kórē girl, doll, pupil of the eye, alluding to tiny reflections seen in the pupils] pu·pil (pyo͞o′pəl) The opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye.pupil- eleve - A French term used for a pupil or scholar.
- indocible - Means unteachable as a pupil.
- pupil - From Latin pupilla, it first meant "orphan, ward, minor."
- apple of his eye - Results from the fact that the pupil of the eye was called the "apple" in earlier English because it was thought to be a solid sphere.
pupilThe hole in the middle of the iris, through which light enters the eye.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  pupil - a learner who is enrolled in an educational institutioneducatee, studentart student - someone studying to be an artistauditor - a student who attends a course but does not take it for creditcatechumen, neophyte - a new convert being taught the principles of Christianity by a catechistcollege boy, college man, collegian - a student (or former student) at a college or universitycrammer - a student who cramsenrollee - a person who enrolls in (or is enrolled in) a class or course of studyEtonian - a student enrolled in (or graduated from) Eton CollegeIvy Leaguer - a student or graduate at an Ivy League schoollaw student - a student in law schoolmajor - a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject; "she is a linguistics major"medical student, medico - a student in medical schoolnonreader - a student who is very slow in learning to readoverachiever - a student who attains higher standards than the IQ indicatedpasser - a student who passes an examinationscholar - a student who holds a scholarshipseminarian, seminarist - a student at a seminary (especially a Roman Catholic seminary)sixth-former - a student in the sixth formskipper - a student who fails to attend classesnonachiever, underachiever, underperformer - a student who does not perform as well as expected or as well as the IQ indicateswithdrawer - a student who withdraws from the educational institution in which he or she was enrolledWykehamist - a student enrolled in (or graduated from) Winchester Collegeteacher-student relation - the academic relation between teachers and their students | | 2. | pupil - the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dotiris - muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil which in turn controls the amount of light that enters the eye; it forms the colored portion of the eyeaperture - a natural opening in something | | 3. |  pupil - a young person attending school (up through senior high school)school-age child, schoolchildboarder - a pupil who lives at school during term timeday boarder - a schoolchild at a boarding school who has meals at school but sleeps at homelatchkey child - a school-age child who is home without adult supervision for part of the day (especially after school until a parent returns home from work)schoolboy - a boy attending schoolspring chicken, young person, younker, youth - a young person (especially a young man or boy) |
pupilnoun1. student, scholar, schoolboy or schoolgirl, schoolchild a school with over 1,000 pupils
student teacher, tutor, schoolteacher, master or mistress, schoolmaster or schoolmistress2. learner, student, follower, trainee, novice, beginner, apprentice, disciple, protégé, neophyte, tyro, catechumen Goldschmidt became a pupil of the composer Franz Schreker.
learner coach, trainer, instructor, gurupupilnounOne who is being educated:learner, scholar, student.Translationspupil1 (ˈpjuːpl) noun a person who is being taught by a teacher or tutor. The school has 2,000 pupils. 小學生 小学生
pupil2 (ˈpjuːpl) noun the round opening in the middle of the eye through which the light passes. 瞳孔 瞳孔
pupil
pupil: see eyeeye,
organ of vision and light perception. In humans the eye is of the camera type, with an iris diaphragm and variable focusing, or accommodation. Other types of eye are the simple eye, found in many invertebrates, and the compound eye, found in insects and many other
..... Click the link for more information. .Pupil the opening in the iris through which light rays enter the eye. The dimensions of the pupil change according to the amount of light present: the pupil dilates in darkness, under emotional excitement and painful sensations, or with the injection of atropine or adrenalin into the body; it contracts in bright light. Change in the dimensions of the pupil is regulated by fibers of the autonomic nervous system and is accomplished by means of two smooth muscles located in the iris—the sphincter, which contracts the pupil, and the dilator, which expands it. In higher vertebrates, changes in the dimensions of the pupil are produced reflexively by the effect of light on the retina of the eye; in lower vertebrates, these changes are produced by the direct action of light on contrac-tile formations in the pupil. The pupil is usually round or slitlike; in some fish (for example, in a number of sharks, rays, and flounder) and mammals (for example, in sperm whales and dolphins) a projection of the iris, suspended from the superior edge of the pupil, can cover the pupil completely in the presence of intense illumination. In man the pupil is round; its diameter may change from 1.1 mm to 8 mm. Changes in the shape, dimensions, and speed of reaction of the pupil (so-called pupillary reflexes) are of diagnostic significance in eye diseases. O. G. STROEVA pupil[′pyü·pəl] (anatomy) The contractile opening in the iris of the vertebrate eye. pupil11. a student who is taught by a teacher, esp a young student 2. Civil and Scots law a boy under 14 or a girl under 12 who is in the care of a guardian
pupil2 the dark circular aperture at the centre of the iris of the eye, through which light enters pupil
pupil (P) [pu´pil] the opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye; see also Plate 17.Adie's pupil tonic pupil.Argyll Robertson pupil one that is miotic and responds to accommodation effort, but not to light.fixed pupil a pupil that does not react either to light or on convergence, or in accommodation.Hutchinson's pupil one that is dilated while the other is not.tonic pupil a usually unilateral condition of the eye in which the affected pupil is larger than the other, responds to accommodation and convergence in a slow, delayed fashion, and reacts to light only after prolonged exposure to dark or light; see also adie's syndrome. Called also Adie's pupil.pu·pil (p), (pyū'pĭl), [TA] The circular orifice in the center of the iris, through which the light rays enter the eye. Synonym(s): pupilla [TA] [L. pupilla] pupil (pyo͞o′pəl)n. The apparently black circular opening in the center of the iris of the eye, through which light passes to the retina.
pu′pi·lar, pu′pil·lar·y (-pə-lĕr′ē) adj.pu·pil (p) (pyū'pil) [TA] The circular orifice in the center of the iris, through which light rays enter the eye.
Synonym(s): pupilla [TA] . [L. pupilla]pupil (pu'pil) [L. pupilla, little doll (the reflection in the pupil)]  PUPIL DILATIONThe contractile opening at the center of the iris of the eye. It is constricted when exposed to strong light and when the focus is on a near object; is dilated in the dark and when the focus is on a distant object. Average diameter is 4 to 5 mm. The pupils should be equal. See: pupilla; illustrationDifferential DiagnosisConstriction of the pupil occurs, for example, in bright light and after exposure to drugs such as morphine, pilocarpine, physostigmine, eserine, and other miotics. Dilation of the pupil is most often observed after treatment with mydriatic drugs (such as atropine, scopolamine, or homatropine), but may also be caused by paralysis of cranial nerve III, intracranial masses or trauma, sympathetic nervous system stimulation, and other pupillary stimuli. Adie pupil See: Adie, William JohnArgyll Robertson pupil See: Argyll Robertson pupilartificial pupilA pupil made by iridectomy when the normal pupil is occluded.bounding pupilRapid dilatation of a pupil, alternating with contraction.Bumke pupilDilatation of the pupil owing to psychic stimulus.cat's-eye pupilA pupil that is narrow and slitlike.cornpicker's pupilsDilated pupils found in agricultural workers who are exposed to dust from jimsonweed. The dust contains stramonium, a mydriatic. fixed pupilA pupil that does not react to stimuli.Gunn pupil See: Gunn, Robert Marcuskeyhole pupilA pupil with an artificial coloboma at the pupillary margin.luetic pupilArgyll Robertson pupil.Marcus Gunn pupil See: Gunn, Robert Marcuspinhole pupilA pupil of minute size; one excessively constricted; seen after use of miotics, in opium poisoning, and in certain brain disorders.Robertson pupil See: Argyll Robertson pupilstiff pupilArgyll Robertson pupil.tonic pupilAdie pupilpupil The circular opening in the centre of the iris of the eye. The pupil becomes smaller (constricts) in bright light and widens in dim light under the action, respectively of its circular and radial muscle fibres.pupil the central opening in the iris of the vertebrate eye through which the light passes to the lens and retina. It changes in size as a result of muscle contraction and expansion moving the iris.PupilThe part of the eye that looks like a black circle in the center of the iris. It is actually an opening through which light passes.Mentioned in: Eye Cancer, Eye Examination, Hyperopia, Radial Keratotomy, Uveitispupil Aperture within the iris, normally circular, through which light penetrates into the eye. It is located slightly nasally to the centre of the iris. Its diameter can vary from about 2 to 8 mm. It is often slightly smaller in old age. The function of the pupil is to regulate the amount of light admitted into the eye, to optimize the depth of focus and to mitigate ocular aberrations. See acorea; anisocoria; corectopia; dicoria; dyscoria; hippus; iridectomy; microcoria; miosis; dilator pupillae muscle; sphincter pupillae muscle; mydriasis; Edinger-Westphal nucleus; polycoria; polyopia; pupil light reflex.
Adie's pupil A pupil in which the reactions to light, direct or consensual, are almost abolished, with a reaction occurring only after prolonged exposure to light or dark. The reaction of the pupil to a near target is also delayed and slow. The condition is usually unilateral, with the affected pupil being the larger of the two (anisocoria). It may be due to a disease of, or injury to, the ciliary ganglion or to the short ciliary nerves. Other causes include temporal arteritis in elderly patients, syphilis or diabetes. Syn. myotonic pupil; pupillotonia; tonic pupil (some authors use this last term when the cause is known and Adie's pupil when the cause is unidentified). See efferent pupillary defect; Adie's syndrome; pupil light reflex.
amaurotic pupil Miotic pupil that does not react to direct and consensual ipsilateral light stimulation, but does react consensually to contralateral stimulation. It is most often noted in cases of severe optic nerve dysfunction or retinal disease.
apparent pupil See entrance pupil of the eye.
Argyll Robertson pupil Pupil that reacts when the eye accommodates and converges but fails to react directly and consensually to light. The condition is bilateral, the pupils are small and usually unequal. It is usually a sign of neurosyphilis. See iridoplegia; tabes dorsalis.
artificial pupil 1. Pupil made by iridectomy. 2. A circular aperture made in a diaphragm which can be mounted in front of the eye to provide a constant and smaller pupil size. It is used in research but also as a clinical test. See pinhole disc.
pupil block See pupillary block.
pupil constriction See miosis; pupil light reflex.
pupil dilatation See mydriatic; pupil light reflex.
ectopic pupil See corectopia.
entrance pupil of the eye This is the image of the iris aperture formed by the cornea. It is what one sees when one looks at an eye. It is some 13% larger than the real pupil and located slightly in front of it. Syn. apparent pupil (Fig. P23).
exit pupil of the eye This is the image of the iris aperture formed by the crystalline lens. It is slightly larger (,3%) than the real pupil and situated slightly behind it (Fig. P23).
Horner's pupil See syndrome, Horner's.
Hutchinson's pupil A pupil that is dilated and completely inactive to all stimuli. It is associated with lesions of the central nervous system, as may occur in head injury.
keyhole pupil A pupil shaped like a keyhole due to iridectomy in which a section of the iris extending from the pupillary margin to the periphery has been excised, or due to coloboma or trauma to the iris.
pupil light reflex See pupil light reflex.
Marcus Gunn pupil A defect of the pupillary reflex characterized by a smaller constriction of both pupils when the affected eye is stimulated by light as compared to that occurring when the normal eye is stimulated. It is easier, however, to observe this phenomenon when swinging a light from one eye to the other in a darkened room while the subject is fixating a distant object (this is called the swinging flashlight test) (Fig. P24). Stimulation of the normal eye will cause constriction of both pupils whereas rapid stimulation of the affected eye will lead to a small dilatation (a paradoxical reaction, sometimes referred to as pupillary escape). This condition is due to a lesion in one retina or in one of the optic nerves, optic chiasma, optic tract, or the pretectal olivary nucleus that affects the afferent pupillary pathway. It is often the result of central or branch retinal or vein occlusion, extensive retinal detachment, retrobulbar optic neuritis, compressive optic neuropathy, or optic tract lesion, etc. Syn. relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), if the magnitude of the effect is partial; afferent pupillary defect (APD), if it is complete.
myotonic pupil See Adie's pupil.
pupil reflex See pupil reflex.
tonic pupil See Adie's pupil.
white pupil See leukocoria. " > Fig. P23 The entrance and exit pupils of the eye. E and E′ are the centres of the entrance and exit pupils, respectively (diagram not to scale)" > Fig. P24 Swinging flashlight test performed in a darkened room. A, stimulation of the normal eye results in bilateral pupil constriction
| Table P11 Examples of pupil abnormality | | defect | | appearance | | light response* | | consensual light response* | | near response | | Adie's pupil | | large | | impaired | | impaired | | slow | | Argyll Robertson | | both pupils small, unequal + irregular | | almost abolished | | almost abolished | | normal | | blindness in one eye | | normal | | abolished | | abolished | | normal | | Horner's syndrome | | small + ptosis | | normal | | normal | | normal | | Hutchinson's pupil | | large | | abolished | | abolished | | abolished | | optic neuritis | | normal/large | | impaired | | impaired | | normal | | 3rd nerve paralysis† | | large + ptosis | | abolished | | abolished | | abolished | | *To stimulation of the affected eye.†When caused by an aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery. |
pu·pil (pyū'pil) [TA] Circular orifice in center of iris, through which light rays enter eye. [L. pupilla]pupil
pupil 1 in Scots law, a boy under 14 and a girl under 12, a distinction now largely superceded by the age of majority at 18. 2 in Scotland, a trainee advocate. PUPIL, civil law. One who is in his or her minority. Vide. Dig. 1, 7; Id. 26, 7, 1, 2; Code, 6, 30, 18; Dig. 50, 16, 239. One who is in ward or guardianship. pupil
Synonyms for pupilnoun studentSynonyms- student
- scholar
- schoolboy or schoolgirl
- schoolchild
Antonyms- teacher
- tutor
- schoolteacher
- master or mistress
- schoolmaster or schoolmistress
noun learnerSynonyms- learner
- student
- follower
- trainee
- novice
- beginner
- apprentice
- disciple
- protégé
- neophyte
- tyro
- catechumen
Antonyms- coach
- trainer
- instructor
- guru
Synonyms for pupilnoun one who is being educatedSynonymsSynonyms for pupilnoun a learner who is enrolled in an educational institutionSynonymsRelated Words- art student
- auditor
- catechumen
- neophyte
- college boy
- college man
- collegian
- crammer
- enrollee
- Etonian
- Ivy Leaguer
- law student
- major
- medical student
- medico
- nonreader
- overachiever
- passer
- scholar
- seminarian
- seminarist
- sixth-former
- skipper
- nonachiever
- underachiever
- underperformer
- withdrawer
- Wykehamist
- teacher-student relation
noun the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eyeRelated Wordsnoun a young person attending school (up through senior high school)Synonyms- school-age child
- schoolchild
Related Words- boarder
- day boarder
- latchkey child
- schoolboy
- spring chicken
- young person
- younker
- youth
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