artificial respiration

artificial respiration,

any measure that causes air to flow in and out of a person's lungs when natural breathing is inadequate or ceases, as in respiratory paralysis, drowning, electric shock, choking, gas or smoke inhalation, or poisoning. Respiration can be taken over by an artificial lung (especially in respiratory paralysis), a pulmotor, or any other type of mechanical respirator (see resuscitatorresuscitator
, device used to revive a person whose normal breathing has been disrupted. Several types are in wide use. The automatic tank resuscitator consists of a face mask that fits tightly over the nose and mouth and is connected by a tube to one or more tanks of gas.
..... Click the link for more information. ). In emergency situations, however, when no professional help is available, rescuers undertake the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method of artificial respiration. First, any foreign material is swept out of the mouth with the hand. The victim is placed on his back, with the head tilted backward and chin pointing upward so that the tongue does not block the throat. The reviver's mouth is then placed tightly over the victim's mouth or nose, with the victim's nostrils or mouth held shut. For a small child or infant, the reviver places his mouth firmly over the mouth and nose. The reviver takes a deep breath and blows into the victim's mouth, nose, or both. If there is no exchange of air, the reviver checks the position of the head. If there is still no exchange, the victim should be turned on his side and rapped between the shoulder blades to dislodge any foreign matter that may be blocking the air passages. A child can be held by the ankles and rapped between the shoulder blades. The reviver stops blowing when the chest expands, turns his head away, and listens for exhalation. If the victim is an adult, blowing should be vigorous, at the rate of about 12 breaths per minute. A child's breaths should be shallower, about 20 per minute, and an infant's breaths should come in short puffs. When victims vomit, they must be turned on their side and the airway cleaned before continuing artificial respiration. If the victim has had the larynx removed, the above method is used, but the reviver must breathe into the stoma (surgical opening made in front of neck for breathing). Breathing into the subject should be continued until natural breathing resumes or until professional help arrives. Since the heart often stops beating when breathing is interrupted, cardiopulmonary resuscitationcardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR), emergency procedure used to treat victims of cardiac and respiratory arrest. CPR can be done in a hospital with drugs and special equipment or as a first-aid technique.
..... Click the link for more information. (CPR) is typically administered simultaneously. This entails compressing the chest above the heart at 60 or more thrusts per minute, with two breaths being administered after every 15 chest thrusts. See first aidfirst aid,
immediate and temporary treatment of a victim of sudden illness or injury while awaiting the arrival of medical aid. Proper early measures may be instrumental in saving life and ensuring a better and more rapid recovery.
..... Click the link for more information. .

artificial respiration

[¦ärd·ə¦fish·əl ‚res·pə′rā·shən] (medicine) The maintenance of breathing by artificial ventilation, in the absence of normal spontaneous respiration; effective methods include mouth-to-mouth breathing and the use of a respirator.

artificial respiration

1. any of various methods of restarting breathing after it has stopped, by manual rhythmic pressure on the chest, mouth-to-mouth breathing, etc. 2. any method of maintaining respiration artificially, as by use of an iron lung

artificial respiration

artificial

[ahr″tĭ-fish´al] made by art; not natural or pathologic.artificial respiration any method of forcing air into the lungs in a person who still has a pulse but whose breathing has stopped. Artificial respiration can be given with no equipment, so that it is an ideal emergency first aid procedure. Ideally, it should be given using a pocket face mask or a bag valve mask; in the absence of emergency resuscitation equipment, resuscitation" >mouth-to-mouth resuscitation may be done.Indications. Artificial respiration can save a life whenever breathing has stopped but heartbeat has not, as in near-drowning, electric shock, choking, gas poisoning, drug poisoning, injury to the chest, or suffocation from other causes. It is also administered along with other procedures in cases of cardiac arrest. Usually one can tell that breathing has stopped by listening, observing, and feeling for respiratory movement. The cause of the stoppage of breathing may be obvious (as when a drowning person is pulled out of the water) or unknown.Procedure. To be effective, artificial respiration must be begun immediately. At the same time artificial respiration is begun someone should call for emergency medical assistance, but if there is no one to send, artificial respiration should be given in preference to going for help. Any obstruction must be removed from the victim's mouth that would interfere with the passage of air, such as mud, sand, chewing gum, or displaced false teeth. Once begun, artificial respiration should be continued until the victim begins to breathe regularly by himself, until trained emergency personnel take charge, until the rescuer cannot continue because of fatigue, or until a physician determines that the patient is dead. Do not give up easily; victims have recovered as long as 4 hours after artificial respiration was started. If cardiac arrest occurs, cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be started. If only one person is present, that person should provide both alternately.Once revived, the victim is kept quiet, covered to prevent chills, and given other first aid for shock.

respiration

[res″pĭ-ra´shun] 1. the exchange of oxygen" >oxygen and carbon dioxide" >carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells, including inhalation and exhalation, diffusion of oxygen from the pulmonary alveoli to the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli, followed by the transport of oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the body cells. See also ventilation (def. 2) and see Plates.2. the metabolic processes by which living cells break down carbohydrates, amino acids, and fats to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); called also cell respiration.The Respiratory Sequence. The sequence of the respiration process begins as air enters the corridors of the nose or mouth, where it is warmed and moistened. The air then passes through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea and into the bronchi.

The bronchi branch in the lungs into smaller and smaller bronchioles, ending in clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli" >alveoli; there are 750 million alveoli in the lungs. The blood flows through the lungs in the pulmonary circulation" >pulmonary circulation. Through the thin membrane of the network of capillaries around the alveoli, the air and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide molecules migrate from the erythrocytes in the capillaries through the porous membrane into the air in the alveoli, while the oxygen molecules cross from the air into the red blood cells.
The erythrocytes proceed through the circulatory system, carrying the oxygen in loose combination with hemoglobin and giving it up to the body cells that need it. In cellular respiration the blood cells release oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide. The lungs dispose of the carbon dioxide, left there by the red blood cells, in the process of breathing. With each breath, about one-sixth of the air in the lungs is exchanged for new air.Breathing. The lungs inflate and deflate 16 to 20 times per minute in adults, 12 to 20 per minute in teenagers, 20 to 30 per minute in children 2 to 12 years old, and 30 to 50 per minute in newborns. Their elastic tissue allows them to expand and contract like a bellows worked by the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm contracts, flattening itself downward, and thus enlarges the thoracic cavity. At the same time the ribs are pulled up and outward by the action of the narrow but powerful intercostal muscles that expand and contract the rib cage. As the chest expands, the air flows in. Exhalation occurs when the respiratory muscles relax and the chest returns automatically to its minimum size, expelling the air (see also lung).Automatic Breathing Controls. The automatic control of breathing stems from poorly defined areas known as the centers" >respiratory centers, located in the medulla oblongata and pons. From there, impulses are sent down the spinal cord to the nerves that control the diaphragm, and to the intercostal muscles. Chemical and reflex signals control these nerve centers. (See hering-breuer reflexes.)
The chemical controls of breathing are mainly dependent on the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. The response is so sensitive that if the carbon dioxide level increases two-tenths of 1 per cent, the respiratory rate increases automatically to double the amount of air taken in, until the excess of carbon dioxide is eliminated. It is not lack of oxygen but excess of carbon dioxide that causes this instant and powerful reaction.
The tension" >carbon dioxide tension (Pco₂), of arterial blood normally is 35 to 45 mm Hg. When the Pco₂ increases, the respiratory centers are stimulated and breathing becomes more rapid; conversely, decrease of the Pco₂ slows the rate of respiration. The Pco₂ acts both directly on the respiratory centers and on the carotid and aortic bodies, chemoreceptors that are responsive to changes in blood Pco₂, Po₂, and pH (see also blood gas analysis).Protective Respiratory Mechanisms. The lungs are constantly exposed to the surrounding atmosphere. Twenty times a minute, more or less, they take in a gaseous mixture, along with whatever foreign particles happen to be suspended in it and at whatever temperature it may be. To compensate, the lungs have some remarkable protective devices.

On its way through the nasal passage, the cold air from outside is preheated by a large supply of blood, which gives off warmth through the thin mucous membrane that lines the respiratory tract. This same mucous lining is always moist, and dry air picks up moisture as it passes.
Dust, soot, and bacteria are filtered out by a barrier of cilia, tiny hairlike processes that line the passageways of the respiratory tract. The cilia trap not only foreign particles but also mucus produced by the respiratory passages themselves. Since the movement of the cilia is always toward the outside, they move the interfering matter upward, away from the delicate lung tissues, so that it can be expectorated or swallowed. Particles that are too large for the cilia to dispose of usually stimulate a sneeze or a cough, which forcibly expels them. Sneezing and coughing are reflex acts in response to stimulation of nerve endings in the respiratory passages. The stimulus for a cough comes from the air passages in the throat; for a sneeze, from those in the nose.abdominal respiration inspiration accomplished mainly by the diaphragm.aerobic respiration oxidative transformation of certain substrates into high-energy chemical compounds; see also adenosine triphosphate.artificial respiration see artificial respiration.Biot's respiration breathing characterized by irregular periods of apnea alternating with periods in which four or five breaths of identical depth are taken; seen in patients with increased intracranial pressure associated with spinal meningitis and other central nervous system disorders.cell respiration respiration (def. 2).Cheyne-Stokes respiration see cheyne-stokes respiration.cogwheel respiration breathing with jerky inhalation.diaphragmatic respiration that performed mainly by the diaphragm.electrophrenic respiration induction of respiration by electric stimulation of the phrenic nerve; see pacemaker" >phrenic pacemaker. Called also diaphragmatic or phrenic pacing.external respiration the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.internal respiration the exchange of gases between the body cells and the blood.Kussmaul's respiration a distressing, paroxysmal dyspnea affecting both inspiration and expiration, characterized by increased respiratory rate (above 20 per minute), increased depth of respiration, panting, and labored respiration; seen in diabetic acidosis and coma and renal failure. Called also air hunger.paradoxical respiration see paradoxical respiration.tissue respiration internal respiration.respiration (omaha) in the omaha system, a client problem in the physiologic domain, defined as the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

ar·ti·fi·cial ven·ti·la·tion

any means of producing gas exchange mechanically or manually between the lungs and the surrounding air, which is not performed entirely by the person's own respiratory system. Synonym(s): artificial respiration

artificial respiration

n. A procedure used to restore or maintain respiration in a person or animal that has stopped breathing. The method uses mechanical or manual means to force air into and out of the lungs in a rhythmic fashion.

ar·ti·fi·cial ven·ti·la·tion

(ahr'ti-fish'ăl ven'ti-lā'shŭn) The process of supporting breathing by application of mechanical or manual means, when normal breathing is inefficient or not present.
Synonym(s): artificial respiration.

artificial respiration

An emergency procedure calculated to save life when normal breathing is absent or insufficient, as in partial drowning, poisoning or head injury. The most effective form of artificial respiration is the mouth-to-mouth method in which the lungs of the victim are repeatedly inflated by blowing into the mouth while pinching the nose.

artificial respiration

the maintenance of breathing by artificial means. Examples include mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, physical compression and distention of the thorax, the use of a respirator.

artificial respiration

artificial respiration

artificial respiration

artifi′cial respira′tion

artificial

artificial respiration

artificial respiration,

artificial respiration

artificial respiration

artificial respiration

artificial

respiration

ar·ti·fi·cial ven·ti·la·tion

artificial respiration

ar·ti·fi·cial ven·ti·la·tion

artificial respiration

artificial respiration

artificial respiration

Words related to artificial respiration

noun an emergency procedure whereby breathing is maintained artificially

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