| 单词 | pima | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | PimaenUKPi·maP0307000 (pē′mə)pima(ˈpiːmə)Pi•ma(ˈpi mə)n., pl. -mas, (esp. collectively) -ma.
PimaenUKPima(pē`mə), Native North American tribe of S Arizona. They speak the Pima language of the Uto-Aztecan branch of the Aztec-Tanoan linguistic family (see Native American languagesNative American languages,languages of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere and their descendants. A number of the Native American languages that were spoken at the time of the European arrival in the New World in the late 15th cent. ..... Click the link for more information. ). There are two divisions, the Lower Pima and the Upper Pima. Before the mission period, the Pima and the Tohono O'OdhamTohono O'Odham or Papago , Native North Americans speaking a language that belongs to the Uto-Aztecan branch of the Aztec-Tanoan linguistic stock (see Native American languages) and that is closely related to that of their neighbors, the Pima. ..... Click the link for more information. , who spoke variations of the same language, called themselves the People—River People (Akimel O'Odham, the Pima) and Desert People (Tohono O'Odham). Archaeological evidence shows their probable ancestors to have been the HohokamHohokam , term denoting the culture of the ancient agricultural populations inhabiting the Salt and Gila river valleys of S Arizona (A.D. 300–1200). They are noted for their extensive irrigation systems, with canals over 10 mi (16 km) long that channeled water to ..... Click the link for more information. , who built a network of irrigation canals for farming. Many of the ruined pueblos in the Pima territory have been attributed to an ancient Pueblo tribe. Tradition further states that increased population caused the Pima to spread over a larger territory, but invading hostile tribes (probably Apache) forced them to consolidate. Thus in 1697, when visited by Father Eusebio KinoKino, Eusebio Francisco , c.1644–1711, missionary explorer in the American Southwest, b. Segno, in the Tyrol. He was in 1669 admitted to the Jesuit order. A distinguished mathematician, he observed the comet of 1680–81 at Cádiz, publishing his results in his ..... Click the link for more information. , the Pima were living on the Gila River in S central Arizona. Although the Pima were warlike toward the Apache, they were friendly to the Spanish and later to the pioneers from the E United States; the Pima villages were a stopping place for pioneers who took the southern route to California. The Pima were sedentary farmers of the Southwest area; they farmed corn, squash, beans, cotton, and wheat (introduced by the Spanish). They lived in dome-shaped huts built of poles and covered with mud and brush. Women performed much of the labor, including basket making; their baskets are noted for their beauty. The Pima were expert with the bow and arrow and had war clubs and rawhide shields. The Pima numbered some 2,500 in 1775, but their population was increased when the Maricopa joined them in the early 19th cent. The Pima now live, together with the Maricopa, on the Gila River and Salt River reservations and, with the Tohono O'Odham, on the Ak-Chin reservation, all in Arizona. They earn their income from agriculture, crafts, and leasing land for mineral development. In 1990 there were over 15,000 Pima in the United States. BibliographySee P. H. Ezell, The Hispanic Acculturation of the Gila River Pimas (1961). Pimaan American Indian tribe that in the 16th century lived along the Gila River and in the foothills of the Sierra Madre, in what is now the state of Arizona. The Pima language is related to the Sonoran group of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The basis of the Pima economy from ancient times was land cultivation; the Pima practiced irrigation and grew maize, beans, squash, and cotton. From the Europeans they adopted stock raising and the plow, which they used to cultivate. In social relations, the Pima stood on the threshold of a class society; the basic social units were the large patriarchal family and the community of neighbors. Irrigation work was directed by a community council headed by an elder and a chief. In the late 16th century, Pima lands were declared Spanish possessions, and in 1848 the Pima became wards of the US government. They were deprived of their best lands and irrigation canals, and their thriving economy came to an end. The modern Pima (approximately 7,000 persons in the 1960’s) live on the Gila River and Salt River Indian reservations in Arizona. They work as hired hands. PimaenUKpotassium iodidePharmacologic class: Iodine, iodide Therapeutic class: Antithyroid agent, expectorant Pregnancy risk category D ActionRapidly inhibits thyroid hormone release, reduces thyroid vascularity, and decreases thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine after radiation emergencies or administration of radioactive iodine isotopes. As expectorant, thought to increase respiratory tract secretions, thereby decreasing mucus viscosity. AvailabilitySaturated solution (SSKI): 1 g potassium iodide/ml in 30- and 240-ml bottles Solution (strong iodine solution, Lugol's solution): 5% iodine and 10% potassium iodide in 120-ml bottle Syrup: 325 mg potassium iodide/5 ml Tablets: 130 mg (available only through state and federal agencies) Indications and dosages➣ Preparation for thyroidectomy Adults and children: One to five drops SSKI P.O. t.i.d. or three to six drops strong iodine solution P.O. t.i.d. for 10 days before surgery ➣ Thyrotoxic crisis Adults and children: 500 mg P.O. (approximately 10 drops SSKI) q 4 hours or 1 ml P.O. (strong iodine solution) t.i.d., at least 1 hour after initial propylthiouracil or methimazole dose ➣ Radiation protectant in emergencies Adults older than age 40 with predicted thyroid exposure of 500 centigrays (cGy), adults ages 18 to 40 with predicted exposure of 10 cGy, pregnant or breastfeeding women with predicted exposure of 5 cGy, and adolescents weighing 70 kg (154 lb) or more with predicted exposure of 5 cGy: 130 mg P.O. (tablet) Children ages 3 to 18 (except adolescents weighing 70 kg [154 lb] or more) with predicted thyroid exposure of 5 cGy: 65 mg P.O. (tablet) Children ages 1 month to 3 years with predicted thyroid exposure of 5 cGy: 32 mg P.O. (tablet) Infants from birth to age 1 month with predicted thyroid exposure of 5 cGy: 16 mg P.O. (tablet) ➣ Expectorant Adults: 300 to 650 mg P.O. (SSKI) three or four times daily, given with at least 6 oz of fluid Children: 60 to 250 mg P.O. (SSKI) q.i.d., given with at least 6 oz of fluid Off-label uses• Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis Contraindications• Hypersensitivity to iodine, shellfish, or bisulfites (with some products) • Hypothyroidism • Renal impairment • Acute bronchitis • Addison's disease • Acute dehydration • Heat cramps • Hyperkalemia • Tuberculosis • Iodism • Concurrent use of potassium-containing drugs, potassium-sparing diuretics, or salt substitutes containing potassium PrecautionsUse cautiously in: • cystic fibrosis, adolescent acne, hypocomplementemic vasculitis, goiter, autoimmune thyroid disease • pregnant or breastfeeding patients • children. Administration• Dilute saturated solution with at least 6 oz of water. See Don't give concurrently with other potassium-containing drugs or potassium-sparing diuretics, because of increased risk of hyperkalemia, arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest. • Know that U.S. government stockpiles potassium iodide 130-mg tablets for emergency use. • When giving to very young children or patients who can't swallow tablets, crush tablet, dissolve in 20 ml of water, and add 20 ml of selected beverage (such as orange juice). • Be aware that potassium iodide use as expectorant has been largely replaced by safer and more effective drugs.  Adverse reactionsCNS: confusion; unusual fatigue; paresthesia, pain, or weakness in hands or feet Metabolic: thyroid hyperplasia, goiter (with prolonged use), thyroid adenoma, severe hypothyroidism, hyperkalemia, iodism (with large doses or prolonged use) Musculoskeletal: weakness and heaviness of legs Other: tooth discoloration (with strong iodide solution), hypersensitivity reactions including angioedema, fever, cutaneous and mucosal hemorrhage, serum sickness-like reaction InteractionsDrug-drug. Lithium, other thyroid drugs: additive hypothyroidism Potassium-sparing diuretics, other potassium preparations: increased risk of hyperkalemia, arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest Drug-diagnostic tests. Radionuclide thyroid imaging: altered test results Thyroid uptake of131I, 123I, sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m: decreased uptake Drug-food. Salt substitutes containing potassium: increased risk of hyperkalemia Patient monitoringSee In long-term use, check for signs and symptoms of iodism (metallic taste, sore teeth and gums, sore throat, burning of mouth and throat, coldlike symptoms, severe headache, productive cough, GI irritation, diarrhea, angioedema, rash, fever, and cutaneous or mucosal hemorrhage). Discontinue drug immediately if these occur. • Monitor potassium level; watch for signs and symptoms of potassium toxicity. • Assess ECG, renal function, fluid intake and output, and creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. • Monitor thyroid function tests. Watch for evidence of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Patient teaching• Tell patient to dilute in at least 6 oz of water or juice and to take with meals. • Advise patient to sip strong iodine solution through a straw to help prevent tooth discoloration. See Teach patient to recognize and immediately report signs and symptoms of iodism and potassium toxicity. • Instruct patient to minimize GI upset by eating small, frequent servings of food and drinking plenty of fluids. • Inform patient that many salt substitutes are high in potassium. Advise him not to use these without prescriber's approval. • Caution patient not to take drug if she is pregnant or breastfeeding (except in emergency use). • As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, and foods mentioned above. PIMA
PimaenUK
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Pima - a member of the North American Indian people living in southern Arizona and northern Mexico