Pugachev, Emelian Ivanovich

(yĭmĭlyän` ēvä`nəvĭch po͞ogəchôf`), c.1742–75, Russian peasant leader, head of the peasant rebellion of 1773–74. A Don CossackDon Cossacks,
Cossack settlers (see Cossacks) who in the 16th cent. founded the virtually independent republic of the Don Cossacks on the fertile steppes along the lower course of the Don River. Novocherkassk was their chief town.
..... Click the link for more information. , he exploited a widespread peasant belief that Peter IIIPeter III,
1728–62, czar of Russia (1762), son of Charles Frederick, dispossessed duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and of Anna Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his aunt, Czarina Elizabeth.
..... Click the link for more information. had not actually been murdered. Claiming (1773) to be Peter III, he soon found himself at the head of an army and of a revolutionary movement. His followers—Cossacks, peasants, runaway serfs, Tatar bands, and serfs from the mines and factories—all belonged to the lower classes, whose rights and liberties had been increasingly curtailed in the past two centuries. Pugachev announced the abolition of serfdom. His army overran the middle and lower Volga districts and the Ural region and took Kazan and several fortresses, committing barbarous excesses and threatening the throne of Catherine IICatherine II
or Catherine the Great,
1729–96, czarina of Russia (1762–96). Rise to Power

A German princess, the daughter of Christian Augustus, prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, she emerged from the obscurity of her relatively modest background in 1744
..... Click the link for more information. , who was waging war on the Ottoman Empire. However, the rebels lacked experienced leadership and were ultimately defeated. Pugachev was betrayed, taken to Moscow, and beheaded. As a result of the rebellion Catherine introduced the administrative reform (1775) that increased the central government's control over outlying areas and more firmly entrenched the institution of serfdom.

Bibliography

See A. Pushkin, The History of Pugachev (1983).

Pugachev, Emel’ian Ivanovich

Born circa 1742 in Zimoveiskaia-na-Donu stanitsa (large cossack village); died Jan. 10 (21), 1775, in Moscow. Leader of the Peasant War (1773–75) in Russia.

The son of a cossack, Pugachev fought in the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) and, from 1768 to 1770, the Russo-Turkish War. In 1770 he was promoted to the rank of cornet (khorunzhii). Late in 1771 he evaded military service and escaped to the region of the Terek River. Arrested in February 1772 in Mozdok, he soon escaped, spending that spring and summer in Old Believer settlements near Chernigov and Gomel’. In the fall of 1772 he settled among the Trans-Volga Old Believers on the Irgiz River, where he learned of the rout of the Iaik Cossack uprising.

Pugachev began inciting the cossacks to flee to the free lands beyond the Kuban’ River. Soon, however, a denunciation led to his arrest, and in January 1773 he was brought to Kazan and sentenced to exile and hard labor in Siberia. In May 1773 he escaped from the Kazan prison, and in August of that year again stayed in settlements of the Iaik Cossack army. He made an agreement with a group of Iaik Cossacks, veterans of the 1772 uprising, to assume the name of the deceased emperor Peter III and to incite the cossacks to revolt again, hoping they would be supported by the peasantry. Pugachev’s views on the uprising’s ultimate aims went no further than the popular masses’ naive hopes of establishing a peasant-cossack state headed by a just “peasant tsar.”

The Peasant War revealed Pugachev’s extraordinary energy, courage, native intelligence, and outstanding gifts for military leadership and organization. On Sept. 8, 1774, he was arrested in the Trans-Volga steppes by conspirators, who betrayed him to the authorities. The investigation was conducted in Iaitskii Gorodok (now Ural’sk), Simbirsk (now Ul’ianovsk), and Moscow. The trial was held from Dec. 29 to 31,1774, in Moscow. In accordance with the Senate’s verdict, which was confirmed by Catherine II, Pugachev and four of his comrades—A. P. Perfil’-ev, M. G. Shigaev, T. I. Podurov, and V. I. Tornov—were executed in Moscow on Jan. 10,1775. His family, including his first wife, Sof’ia, and his children Trofim, Agrafena, and Khristina, as well as his second wife, the “empress” Ustin’ia Kuznetsova, were exiled for life to Keksgol’m (now Priozersk).

REFERENCES

Krest’ianskaia voina v Rossii v 1773–1775 godakh: Vosstanie Pugacheva, vols. 1–3. Leningrad, 1961–70. (Bibliography, vol. 1, pp. 571–85.)
Limonov, Iu. A., V. V. Mavrodin, and V. M. Paneiakh. Pugachev i pugachevtsy. Leningrad, 1974.

R. V. OVCHINNIKOV

单词	pugachev, emelian ivanovich
释义	Pugachev, Emelian Ivanovich Pugachev, Emelian Ivanovich (yĭmĭlyän` ēvä`nəvĭch po͞ogəchôf`), c.1742–75, Russian peasant leader, head of the peasant rebellion of 1773–74. A Don CossackDon Cossacks, Cossack settlers (see Cossacks) who in the 16th cent. founded the virtually independent republic of the Don Cossacks on the fertile steppes along the lower course of the Don River. Novocherkassk was their chief town. ..... Click the link for more information. , he exploited a widespread peasant belief that Peter IIIPeter III, 1728–62, czar of Russia (1762), son of Charles Frederick, dispossessed duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and of Anna Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his aunt, Czarina Elizabeth. ..... Click the link for more information. had not actually been murdered. Claiming (1773) to be Peter III, he soon found himself at the head of an army and of a revolutionary movement. His followers—Cossacks, peasants, runaway serfs, Tatar bands, and serfs from the mines and factories—all belonged to the lower classes, whose rights and liberties had been increasingly curtailed in the past two centuries. Pugachev announced the abolition of serfdom. His army overran the middle and lower Volga districts and the Ural region and took Kazan and several fortresses, committing barbarous excesses and threatening the throne of Catherine IICatherine II or Catherine the Great, 1729–96, czarina of Russia (1762–96). Rise to Power A German princess, the daughter of Christian Augustus, prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, she emerged from the obscurity of her relatively modest background in 1744 ..... Click the link for more information. , who was waging war on the Ottoman Empire. However, the rebels lacked experienced leadership and were ultimately defeated. Pugachev was betrayed, taken to Moscow, and beheaded. As a result of the rebellion Catherine introduced the administrative reform (1775) that increased the central government's control over outlying areas and more firmly entrenched the institution of serfdom. Bibliography See A. Pushkin, The History of Pugachev (1983). Pugachev, Emel’ian Ivanovich Born circa 1742 in Zimoveiskaia-na-Donu stanitsa (large cossack village); died Jan. 10 (21), 1775, in Moscow. Leader of the Peasant War (1773–75) in Russia. The son of a cossack, Pugachev fought in the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) and, from 1768 to 1770, the Russo-Turkish War. In 1770 he was promoted to the rank of cornet (khorunzhii). Late in 1771 he evaded military service and escaped to the region of the Terek River. Arrested in February 1772 in Mozdok, he soon escaped, spending that spring and summer in Old Believer settlements near Chernigov and Gomel’. In the fall of 1772 he settled among the Trans-Volga Old Believers on the Irgiz River, where he learned of the rout of the Iaik Cossack uprising. Pugachev began inciting the cossacks to flee to the free lands beyond the Kuban’ River. Soon, however, a denunciation led to his arrest, and in January 1773 he was brought to Kazan and sentenced to exile and hard labor in Siberia. In May 1773 he escaped from the Kazan prison, and in August of that year again stayed in settlements of the Iaik Cossack army. He made an agreement with a group of Iaik Cossacks, veterans of the 1772 uprising, to assume the name of the deceased emperor Peter III and to incite the cossacks to revolt again, hoping they would be supported by the peasantry. Pugachev’s views on the uprising’s ultimate aims went no further than the popular masses’ naive hopes of establishing a peasant-cossack state headed by a just “peasant tsar.” The Peasant War revealed Pugachev’s extraordinary energy, courage, native intelligence, and outstanding gifts for military leadership and organization. On Sept. 8, 1774, he was arrested in the Trans-Volga steppes by conspirators, who betrayed him to the authorities. The investigation was conducted in Iaitskii Gorodok (now Ural’sk), Simbirsk (now Ul’ianovsk), and Moscow. The trial was held from Dec. 29 to 31,1774, in Moscow. In accordance with the Senate’s verdict, which was confirmed by Catherine II, Pugachev and four of his comrades—A. P. Perfil’-ev, M. G. Shigaev, T. I. Podurov, and V. I. Tornov—were executed in Moscow on Jan. 10,1775. His family, including his first wife, Sof’ia, and his children Trofim, Agrafena, and Khristina, as well as his second wife, the “empress” Ustin’ia Kuznetsova, were exiled for life to Keksgol’m (now Priozersk). REFERENCES Krest’ianskaia voina v Rossii v 1773–1775 godakh: Vosstanie Pugacheva, vols. 1–3. Leningrad, 1961–70. (Bibliography, vol. 1, pp. 571–85.) Limonov, Iu. A., V. V. Mavrodin, and V. M. Paneiakh. Pugachev i pugachevtsy. Leningrad, 1974. R. V. OVCHINNIKOV
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