| 单词 | theophylline | |||
| 释义 | theophyllineenUKthe·oph·yl·lineT0151100 (thē-ŏf′ə-lĭn)theophylline(ˌθɪəˈfɪliːn; -ɪn; θɪˈɒfɪlɪn)the•o•phyl•line(ˌθi əˈfɪl in, -ɪn)n.
TheophyllineenUKtheophylline[‚thē·ə′fī‚lēn]Theophylline(1,3-dimethylxanthine), an alkaloid of the group of urines; small quantities are found in tea leaves. In pharmacological activity, theophylline is similar to theobromine, from which it differs in its more pronounced diuretic action. Theophylline dilates the blood vessels of the heart and the bronchial musculature and excites the central nervous system. It is prescribed internally, in powder form, and rectally, as suppositories. It is a constituent of Teofedrin and other compound preparations. It is obtained by chemical synthesis from dimethylurea and ethyl cyanoacetate. theophyllineenUKtheophylline[the-of€´ĭ-lin]theophyllinePharmacologic class: Xanthine derivative Therapeutic class: Bronchodilator, spasmolytic Pregnancy risk category C ActionRelaxes bronchial smooth muscles, suppressing airway response to stimuli. Also inhibits phosphodiesterase and release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis and histamine. AvailabilityCapsules (immediate-release): 100 mg, 200 mg Capsules (extended-release, 8 to 12 hours): 50 mg, 60 mg, 65 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 125 mg, 130 mg Capsules (extended-release, 12 hours): 50 mg, 125 mg, 130 mg, 250 mg, 260 mg Capsules (extended-release, 24 hours): 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg Elixir: 80 mg/15 ml Injection (with dextrose): 0.4 mg/ml, 0.8 mg/ml, 1.6 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 3.2 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml Syrup (cherry): 80 mg/15 mg, 150 mg/15 ml Tablets (immediate-release): 100 mg, 125 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, 300 mg Tablets (extended-release, 12 to 24 hours): 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 450 mg, 600 mg Tablets (extended-release, 24 hours): 400 mg, 600 mg Indications and dosages➣ Acute bronchospasm in patients not receiving theophylline Adults (otherwise healthy nonsmokers): Initially, 6 mg/kg P.O., followed in next 12 to 16 hours by 3 mg/kg P.O. q 6 hours for two doses, then a maintenance dosage of 3 mg/kg P.O. q 8 hours Children ages 9 to 16; young adult smokers: Initially, 6 mg/kg P.O., followed in next 12 to 16 hours by 3 mg/kg P.O. q 4 hours for three doses, then a maintenance dosage of 3 mg/kg P.O. q 6 hours Children ages 1 to 9: Initially, 6 mg/kg P.O., followed in next 12 to 16 hours by 4 mg/kg P.O. q 4 hours for three doses, then a maintenance dosage of 4 mg/kg P.O. q 6 hours ➣ Acute bronchospasm in patients receiving theophylline Adults and children: Loading dose based partly on time, amount, and administration route of last dose and on expectation that each 0.5 mg/kg will produce 1 mcg/ml rise in theophylline blood level. In significant respiratory distress, loading dose may be 2.5 mg/kg P.O. or I.V. to increase theophylline level by approximately 5 mcg/ml. ➣ Chronic bronchospasm Adults and children: Immediate-release forms-16 mg/kg or 400 mg P.O. daily (whichever is lower) in three to four divided doses q 6 to 8 hours. Timed-release forms-12 mg/kg or 400 mg P.O. daily (whichever is lower) in three to four divided doses q 8 to 12 hours. May increase dosage of either immediate- or timed-release form at 2- to 3-day intervals, to a maximum of 13 mg/kg or 900 mg daily (whichever is lower) in patients older than age 16, 18 mg/kg daily in children ages 12 to 16, 20 mg/kg daily in children ages 9 to 12, or 24 mg/kg daily in children up to age 9. Dosage adjustment• Cor pulmonale or heart failure • Elderly patients • Young adults Off-label uses• Essential tremor • Apnea and bradycardia in premature infants Contraindications• Hypersensitivity to drug or other xanthines (such as coffee, theobromine) • Active peptic ulcer • Seizure disorder PrecautionsUse cautiously in: • alcoholism; heart failure or other cardiac or circulatory impairment; hypertension; renal or hepatic disease; COPD; hypoxemia; hyperthyroidism; diabetes mellitus; glaucoma; peptic ulcer disease • elderly patients • children younger than age 1. Administration• For I.V. delivery, use infusion solution designed for drug, or mix with dextrose 5% in water. Administer by controlled infusion pump. • Know that for acute bronchospasm, theophylline preferably is given I.V. as 20 mg/ml of theophylline (or 25 mg/ml of aminophylline). • Don't give timed-release form to patient with acute bronchospasm.  Adverse reactionsCNS: irritability, dizziness, nervousness, restlessness, headache, insomnia, reflex hyperexcitability, seizures CV: palpitations, marked hypotension, sinus tachycardia, extrasystole, circulatory failure, ventricular arrhythmias GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hematemesis, gastroesophageal reflux GU: increased diuresis, proteinuria Metabolic: hyperglycemia, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion Musculoskeletal: muscle twitching Respiratory: tachypnea, respiratory arrest Skin: urticaria, rash, alopecia, flushing Other: fever, hypersensitivity reaction InteractionsDrug-drug. Allopurinol, calcium channel blockers, cimetidine, corticosteroids, disulfiram, ephedrine, hormonal contraceptives, influenza virus vaccine, interferon, macrolides, mexiletine, nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers, quinolones, thiabendazole: increased theophylline blood level, greater risk of toxicity Aminoglutethimide, barbiturates, ketoconazole, rifampin, sulfinpyrazone, sympathomimetics: decreased theophylline blood level and effects Carbamazepine, isoniazid, loop diuretics: increased or decreased theophylline blood level Halothane: increased risk of arrhythmias Hydantoins: decreased hydantoin blood level Lithium: decreased therapeutic effect of lithium Nondepolarizing muscle relaxants: reversal of neuromuscular blockade Propofol: antagonism of propofol's sedative effects Tetracyclines: increased risk of adverse reactions to theophylline Drug-diagnostic tests. Glucose: increased level Drug-food. Any food: altered bioavailability and absorption of some timed-release theophylline forms, causing rapid release and possible toxicity Caffeine- or xanthine-containing foods and beverages: increased theophylline blood level and greater risk of adverse CNS and cardiovascular reactions Diet high in protein and charcoal-broiled beef and low in carbohydrates: increased theophylline elimination, decreased efficacy High-carbohydrate, low-protein diet: decreased theophylline elimination, increased risk of adverse reactions Drug-herbs. Caffeine-containing herbs (such as cola nut, guarana, maté): increased theophylline blood level, greater risk of adverse CNS and cardiovascular reactions Ephedra (ma huang): increased stimulant effect St. John's wort: decreased theophylline blood level and efficacy Drug-behaviors. Nicotine (in cigarettes, gum, transdermal patches): increased theophylline metabolism, decreased efficacy Patient monitoring• Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity reaction, including rash and fever. • Assess respiratory status. Monitor pulmonary function tests to gauge drug efficacy and identify adverse effects. • Monitor cardiovascular and neurologic status carefully. • Assess glucose level in diabetic patient. Patient teaching• Advise patient to take oral form with 8 oz of water 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals. • Tell patient not to crush or chew timed-release form. • Caution patient not to use different drug brands interchangeably. Instruct patient to immediately report worsening dyspnea and other respiratory problems. • Teach patient to recognize and report adverse neurologic reactions. • Tell patient that all nicotine forms (including cigarettes, patches, and gum) decrease drug efficacy. Discourage nicotine use. • Advise patient that a diet high in protein and charcoal-broiled beef and low in carbohydrates makes drug less effective. • Tell patient that a high-carbohydrate, low-protein diet increases risk of adverse reactions, as do products containing caffeine. • Caution patient to avoid herbs, especially ephedra and St. John's wort. • Advise patient not to take over-the-counter drugs without prescriber's approval. Tell him to inform all prescribers he's taking drug, because it interacts with many other drugs. • As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, foods, herbs, and behaviors mentioned above. the·oph·yl·line(thē-of'i-lin),theophylline(thē-ŏf′ə-lĭn)theophyllineTherapeutics A xanthine derivative used in asthmatics, which relaxes smooth muscle; its effect is ↓ in smokers and in barbiturates and phenytoin therapy Action Relaxes smooth muscle of bronchial airways and pulmonary blood vessels, resulting in broncho- and vasodilation; it is also a diuretic, coronary vasodilator, cardiac and cerebral stimulant Adverse effects GI irritation-anorexia, N&V, epigastric pain, restlessness, insominia, headache Contraindications Acute peptic ulcer disease, untreated seizure disorder; theophylline accumulates in organ failure–eg, heart–CHF, liver, lungs, and kidney, by interfering with drug metabolism–eg, allopurinol, cimetidine, erythromycin, propranolol; theophylline may cause seizures and arrhythmias. See Aminophylline.the·oph·yl·line(thē-of'i-lin)theophyllineA bronchodilator drug used to treat asthma and to assist in the treatment of HEART FAILURE by increasing the heart rate and reducing OEDEMA by promoting excretion of urine. The drug is on the WHO official list. Brand names are Nuelin SA, Slo-Phyllin and Uniphyllin Continus. Franol is a theophylline preparation with EPHEDRINE.the·oph·yl·line(thē-of'i-lin)theophyllineenUK
Synonyms for theophylline
|
|||
| 随便看 |
|
英语词典包含2567994条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。