| 释义 |
DictionarySeerepetitive strain injuryrepetitive motion injury
repetitive strain injury A work-related injury caused by overuse of a particular musculoskeletal group to perform a task that is repeated hundreds to thousands of times in day-to-day work; repetitive motion injury affects workers in the textile industry, meat-packers, keyboard operators and others.repetitive motion injury Cumulative trauma disorder Occupational medicine A work-related illness–eg, carpal tunnel syndrome caused by overuse of a particular musculoskeletal group to perform a task repeated hundreds to thousands of times/day; it is the fastest growing health problem in the US; it affects textile industry workers, meat-packers, keyboard operators, etc. See Alexander technique, Ortho-bionomy. injury (in'ju-re) [L. injuria, injustice] Blunt or penetrating trauma or damage to a part of the body. See: transportation of the injured; table SymptomsVarious symptoms may occur, depending on the nature, extent, and severity of the damage. Mild injury produces pain, tissue swelling, redness, and temporary disruption of tissue function. Severe injury may result in irretrievable loss of the function of an organ, massive hemorrhage, or shock. acceleration injury, impact-acceleration injuryAn injury that occurs when the head, cervical spine, or other body part is hit by a rapidly moving object. acceleration-deceleration injuryAn injury caused when a rapidly moving body abruptly comes to a stop, causing internal injuries, e.g., whiplash, traumatic brain injury, or damage to the liver or spleen.acquired brain injuryStructural damage to the brain occurring after childbirth. It includes traumatic brain injury and insults to the brain resulting from strokes, tumors, or neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis. acute kidney injury Abbreviation: AKI.
Acute renal failure.acute lung injury Abbreviation: ALI.
A clinically severe, sudden decline in lung function, marked by infiltrates in both lung fields and significantly diminished arterial oxygen saturation. There is no evidence that the condition is caused by left-sided heart failure. The disease is similar to adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Like ARDS, ALI may be life threatening. ALI is distinguished from ARDS by the severity of hypoxemia. ALI = PaO2/FIO2 ratio of < 300, ARDS = PaO2/FIO2 < 200. acute spinal cord injuryAcute traumatic injury of the spinal cord. Signs and symptoms depend upon the vertebral level injured and degree of injury. Damage may be due to the initial injury and to any inflammatory response or swelling that occurs in the next 48 to 72 hr. Therapy includes immobilization, high doses of corticosteroids, airway maintenance, cardiovascular resuscitation, and insertion of an indwelling catheter. The use of intravenous methylprednisolone given as a bolus dose of 30 mg/kg and then a maintenance dose of 5.4 mg/kg/hr for 24 to 48 hr during the acute phase improves neurological recovery and may reduce edema. Patient careCooling the patient or the spinal cord has theoretical advantages, but clinical benefit has been difficult to document. Immediately after a spinal cord injury, the spine must be stabilized, adequate ventilation and circulation maintained, and problems with thermoregulation and urinary retention assessed and treated. After initial stabilization, all general patient care concerns apply. The patient is assessed for evidence of paralysis, loss of sensation or reflexes, pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, decreased peristalsis, gastrointestinal bleeding, and problems associated with immobilization. Explanations of all procedures and support are provided to the patient and his or her supporters. Anxiolytics (if needed) should be administered as prescribed and their effects evaluated. The patient with serious trauma to the spinal cord may suddenly confront many challenges to body image and functional independence, including changes in mobility, urinary and fecal continence, erectile function, skin integrity, and mood. A sensitive and caring multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation is needed to help the client. birth injuryInjury sustained by the neonate during birth. blast injuryAn injury due to an explosion. The injury results from internal organ damage caused by a pressure wave in the atmosphere extending outward from the explosion. It can also produce secondary shrapnel injuries and burns. blunt cardiac injury Abbreviation: BCI.
Compression of the heart and/or great vessels, e.g., during motor vehicle crashes when the patient's thorax suddenly makes forceful contact with the steering wheel or instrument panel of a car or truck. BCI also encompasses myocardial contusion (bruising of the heart muscle), aortic dissection, and myocardial rupture. Synonym: blunt cardiac traumacrush injuryTrauma to body tissues resulting from an applied force that compresses or squeezes tissues, causing damage such as compartment syndrome, dislocation, fracture, laceration, or nerve damage. If there is no bleeding, cold should be applied; if the wound is bleeding, application of the dressing should be followed by cold packs until the patient can be given definitive surgical treatment. If the bone is fractured, a splint should be applied. Synonym: crushing wounddeceleration injuryAn injury in which a moving body hits a stationary object, as when a patient falls and hits the ground. defensive injuryAn injury to the fingers, hands, wrists or extensor surfaces of the arms in an attempt to ward off an assault by another person. Such injuries include abrasions, bruises and other forms of blunt trauma, cuts, fractures, gun shot wounds, and lacerations. drug-induced liver injury Abbreviation: DILI.
Hepatic inflammation, hepatocellular necrosis, or jaundice due to exposure to a medication or toxin. The most common cause of DILI is an overdose of acetaminophen, but many other medications can damage liver cells and produce signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings suggestive of cholestasis or hepatitis. glucopenic brain injuryNeuroglycopenia.immersion injuryDrowning or near drowning.inhalation injuryInjury to the oropharynx, nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs from exposure to smoke or heated gas. This injury is a potentially life-threatening complication of exposure to smoke and fire and is often present in those who have suffered facial burns; firefighters are esp. at risk. Early complications of inhalation injury include bronchospasm, airway edema, airway obstruction, and respiratory failure. Late complications include hospital-acquired pneumonias and other respiratory illnesses. Patients suspected of inhalation injury should be promptly and repeatedly assessed to make certain they have an open airway. Emergent tracheal intubation is used to prevent respiratory failure. See: carbon monoxideSymptomsPatients who have suffered smoke inhalation injury may complain of dyspnea, cough, and black sputum. Stridor may be present if the upper airway is narrowed as a result of inflammation. Confusion may occur if carbon monoxide poisoning is also present. Synonym: smoke inhalation injuryinternal injuryAny injury to the organs occupying the thoracic, abdominal, or cranial cavities. SymptomsSymptoms vary depending on the structures involved. Shock is often present, manifested by hypotension and tachycardia. The patient may be pale, cold, and perspiring freely and have an altered state of consciousness. In some internal injuries, pain may not be expressed. Patient careThe patient's vital signs should be monitored carefully and frequently. Changes in level of consciousness should be noted. If the patient is in shock, the shoulders should be lowered and the lower extremities elevated. Intravenous infusions, oxygen, airway management, cardiac monitoring, control of hemorrhage, and bony stabilization are quickly begun pending definitive surgical management. ionizing radiation injuryDamage to cells and intracellular molecules by x-rays, gamma rays, radionuclides, or other sources of radioactive energy. In sufficient doses, radioactive energy can damage the cytoplasm and the genetic material of the cell, leading to organ dysfunction (esp. in rapidly dividing tissues such as the skin and the lining of the gastrointestinal tract), mutations, inhibition of cell division, cell death, or carcinogenesis. When the developing fetus is exposed to radiation in the womb, developmental malformations may result. See: low-level radiation; radiation syndromelocal radiation injuryAcute radiation exposure involving a limited part of the body, esp. the hands, after picking up an unshielded radioactive element. The exposure usually results in delayed skin damage and frequently in underlying tissue injury. It may require local wound care, débridement, or, in some instances, amputation. needle-stick injury See: sharpsneedlestickopen head injuryA head injury in which the integrity of the cranium is breached.primary injuryCell death immediately associated with a traumatizing force and unrelated to subsequent hypoxic or enzymatic reactions. primary brain injuryDirect damage to the brain from blunt or penetrating force.reperfusion injuryCellular damage that occurs after blood flow is restored to ischemic tissues.repetitive motion injuryOveruse syndrome.repetitive strain injuryOveruse syndrome.risk for injuryA state in which a person has the potential for being physically harmed due to environmental hazards and/or impairments in his adaptive and defensive resources.secondary brain injuryBrain damage due to cellular disruption, electrolyte disarray, inflammation, insufficient oxygen, or vasospasm after head trauma.secondary enzymatic injuryCell death resulting from an enzymatic reaction occurring after trauma that decreases cell membrane potential and produces hydropic swelling. Secondary enzymatic injury does not include cells damaged by the primary trauma. secondary hypoxic injuryCell death caused by the lack of oxygen in tissues after trauma. It may sometimes be prevented by resting injured body parts and applying cold to them. Synonym: post-traumatic hypoxiasmoke inhalation injuryInhalation injury.spinal cord injury Abbreviation: SCI
Compression, contusion, or cutting of the spinal cord as a result of trauma. Depending on the type of lesion suffered, SCI may cause paralysis, loss of sensation, incontinence, or abnormal reflex activity. steering wheel injuryBlunt trauma to the chest sustained when an unrestrained driver hits the steering wheel or column. Typical injuries include rib fractures, inflamed cartilage, pneumothorax, hemothorax, or contusion of the heart. The trauma occasionally produces dissection of the thoracic aorta. straddle injuryBlunt trauma to the perineum, often with fractures of the pelvis and genital and internal injuries (e.g., to the vagina, penis, testes, bladder, or uterus).transfusion-related acute lung injury Abbreviation: TRALI
A systemic immunological reaction to the transfusion of blood products marked by breathlessness, fever, hypotension, inadequate oxygenation, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. It is caused by antibodies in the donor's plasma reacting against the white blood cells of the transfusion recipient. Ventilatory support is commonly needed. The reaction is life-threatening in about 10% of patients. traumatic brain injury Abbreviation: TBI
Any injury involving direct trauma to the head, accompanied by alterations in mental status or consciousness. TBI is one of the most common causes of neurological dysfunction in the U.S. Each year about 50,000 people die from brain trauma, and an additional 70,000 to 90,000 sustain persistent neurological impairment because of it. About 5.3 million Americans live with TBI disabilities. The most common causes of TBI are motor vehicle or bicycle collisions; falls; gunshot wounds; assaults and abuse; and sports-related injuries. Twice as many males as females suffer TBIs, with the incidence highest between ages 15 and 24. People over 75 are also frequently affected (because of falls). Patient careMany traumatic injuries to the head and brain are preventable if simple precautions are followed: motorists should never drive while intoxicated; cyclists and bicyclists should always wear helmets; frail, elderly people should wear supportive footwear and use sturdy devices to assist them while walking. Symptoms of TBI may include problems with concentration, depressed mood, dizziness, headaches, impulsivity, irritability, post-traumatic stress, or, in severe injuries, focal motor, sensory or verbal deficits. Late effects of severe or repeated injuries can include dementia, Parkinsonism, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease). CAUTION!If an injury to the brain has occurred or is suspected, the victim should not be moved until spinal precautions are carefully implemented. Serial neurologic assessments are carried out to identify the severity of injury and any subsequent deterioration, using the Glasgow Coma Scale. TBIs can produce intracranial hemorrhage (epidural hematoma [EDH]), subdural hematoma (SDH), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); cerebral contusions; concussion (with postconcussive syndrome); and diffuse axonal injury (DAI). Treatments vary depending upon the type of injury that occurred. Synonym: cerebral concussion See: table ventilator-induced lung injury Abbreviation: VILI
Injury to alveoli or alveolar capillaries caused by high airway pressures, excessive tidal volumes, or repeated expansion and collapse of the alveoli during mechanical ventilation. It can produce local inflammatory lung destruction and the release of inflammatory molecules throughout the systemic circulation. whiplash injuryAn imprecise term for injury to the cervical vertebrae and adjacent soft tissues. It is produced by a sudden jerking or relative backward or forward acceleration of the head with respect to the vertebral column. This type of injury may occur in a vehicle that is suddenly and forcibly struck from the rear. | Type of Injury | Parts of the Body Frequently Affected | Common Causes |
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| Amputation | Limbs | Explosions; motor vehicle accidents; falls | | Avulsion | Skin | Falls; scrapes | | Bite | Hands; face | Pets (dogs and cats); humans (interpersonal violence) | | Blast | Exposed body parts; hearing | Explosions | | Burn | Limbs | Cooking; accidental fires | | Contusion | Face; limbs; trunk | Falls; interpersonal violence; sports accidents | | Crush | Limbs | Building collapse; motor vehicle accidents; occupational accidents | | Dislocations | Limb joints | Falls; sports; vehicular accidents | | Fractures | Long bones; vertebrae | Falls; sports; vehicular accidents | | Inhalation | Airways; mouth, nasopharynx | Fires | | Laceration | Limbs, face | Knives, glass, other sharp objects; falls; sports | | Overuse | Tendons and muscles of the limbs | Repetitive use on the job or in sports | | Penetration | Any | Gunshots; sharp objects | | Traumatic brain injury | Head | Falls; sports; vehicular accidents |
| Type of Injury | Examples |
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| Penetrating injury | Gunshot wounds | | Contact injury | Injuries during boxing or helmet-to-helmet collisions in football | | Acceleration-deceleration injury | Automotive collisions | | Rotational acceleration-deceleration injury | Falls from a height |
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