soul

spirit, heart, essence, core
Not to be confused with:sol – music: the fifth tone of a diatonic scale; a Peruvian coinSol – ancient Roman god personifying the sunsole – only, unique; the undersurface of a foot or shoe; a flatfish

soul

S0542300 (sōl)n.1. a. A part of humans regarded as immaterial, immortal, separable from the body at death, capable of moral judgment, and susceptible to happiness or misery in a future state.b. This part of a human when disembodied after death.2. In Aristotelian philosophy, an animating or vital principle inherent in living things and endowing them in various degrees with the potential to grow and reproduce, to move and respond to stimuli (as in the case of animals), and to think rationally (as in the case of humans).3. a. A human: "the homes of some nine hundred souls" (Garrison Keillor).b. A person considered as the embodiment of an intangible quality; a personification: I am the very soul of discretion.c. A person's emotional or moral nature: "An actor is ... often a soul which wishes to reveal itself to the world but dare not" (Alec Guinness).4. The central or integral part; the vital core: "It saddens me that this network ... may lose its soul, which is after all the quest for news" (Marvin Kalb).5. A sense of emotional strength or spiritual vitality held to derive from black and especially African-American cultural experience, expressed in areas such as language, social customs, religion, and music.6. Strong, deeply felt emotion conveyed by a speaker, performer, or artist: a performance that had a lot of soul.7. Soul music.

[Middle English, from Old English sāwol.]

soul

(səʊl) n1. (Theology) the spirit or immaterial part of man, the seat of human personality, intellect, will, and emotions, regarded as an entity that survives the body after death. 2. (Theology) Christianity the spiritual part of a person, capable of redemption from the power of sin through divine grace3. the essential part or fundamental nature of anything4. a person's feelings or moral nature as distinct from other faculties5. (Jazz) a. Also called: soul music a type of Black music resulting from the addition of jazz, gospel, and pop elements to the urban blues styleb. (as modifier): a soul singer. 6. (Peoples) (modifier) of or relating to Black Americans and their culture: soul brother; soul food. 7. nobility of spirit or temperament: a man of great soul and courage. 8. an inspiring spirit or leading figure, as of a cause or movement9. a person regarded as typifying some characteristic or quality: the soul of discretion. 10. a person; individual: an honest soul. 11. the life and soul See life²⁸12. upon my soul! an exclamation of surprise[Old English sāwol; related to Old Frisian sēle, Old Saxon sēola, Old High German sēula soul] ˈsoul-ˌlike adj

Soul

(səʊl) n (Theology) Christian Science another word for God

soul

(soʊl)

n. 1. the principle of life, feeling, thought, and action in humans, regarded as a distinct entity separate from the body; the spiritual part of humans as distinct from the physical. 2. the spiritual part of humans regarded in its moral aspect, or as believed to survive death and be subject to happiness or misery in a life to come. 3. the disembodied spirit of a deceased person. 4. the seat of human feelings or sentiments. 5. a person: brave souls. 6. spirit or courage. 7. the essential element or part of something. 8. the embodiment of some quality: He was the very soul of tact. 9. (cap.) (in Christian Science) God. 10. (among black Americans) shared ethnic awareness and pride. 11. deeply felt emotion, as conveyed by a performer or artist. 12. soul music. adj. 13. of or pertaining to black Americans or their culture. [before 900; Old English sāwl, sāwol, c. Old High German sē(u)la]

Soul

See also ghosts; religion;spirits and spiritualism; theology.
creationism Theology.a doctrine that God creates a new soul for every human being bon. Cf. metempsychosis. — creationist, n. — creationistic, adj.infusionismthe doctrine or belief that the soul enters the body by divine infu-sion at conception or birth.metempsychosis1. the passage of a soul from one body to another.
2. the rebirth of the soul at death in another body, either human or animal. Cf. creationism. — metempsychic, metempsychosic, metempsychosical, adj.monopsychismthe theory that all souls are actually a single unity. — mono-psychic, monopsychical, adj.nullibismthe denial that the soul exists. — nullibist, n.panpsychismPhilosophy. the doctrine that each object in the universe has either a mind or an unconscious soul. — panpsychist, n. — panpsychistic, adj.polypsychismthe belief that one person may have many souls or modes of intelligence. — polypsychic, polypsychical, adj.psychagogythe guiding of a soul, especially that of a person recently dead into the lower world. — psychagogue, n. — psychagogic, adj.psychomachyObsolete, a conflict or battle between the soul and the body.psychorrhagythe manifestation of a person’s soul to another, usually at some distance from the body. — psychorrhagic, adj.theopsychismthe belief that the soul has a divine nature.traducianismTheology. the doctrine that a new human soul is generated from the souls of the parents at the moment of conception. — traducianist, n. — traducianistic, adj.transmigrationismany of various theories of metempsychosis or reincarna-tion, as the Hindu doctrines of Karma.

Soul

Feel my soul rolling as if it were inside an empty barrel —Yehuda Amichai
The human soul is like a bird that is born in a cage. Nothing can deprive it of its natural longings or obliterate the mysterious remembrance of its heritage —Epes Sargent
The inner chambers of the soul are like the photographer’s darkroom. Like a laboratory. One cannot stay there all the time or it becomes the solitary cell of the neurotic —Anaïs Nin
I thought that the soul went round like a Gladstone bag, never caring a damn for any particular station-rack or hotel cloakroom —Dylan Thomas
My soul is like a desert and the wind blows in its silent barren spaces —W. Somerset Maugham
My soul is like the oar that momentarily dies in a desperate stress beneath the wave, then glitters out again and sweeps the sea —Sidney Lanier
Some souls are like sponges. You cannot squeeze anything out of them except what they have sucked from you —Kahlil Gibran
Soul … as disheveled as your apartment —Jay Mclnerney
A soul as white as heaven —Beaumont and Fletcher
The soul dwells in the body like a spider in its web —Anon Greek philosopher
A variation from the same source: “The soul resides in the body like a sailor in a ship.”
Soulless as apes. Spineless as mosquitoes or dandelions —Rick Borsten
The soul, like fire, abhors what it consumes —Derek Walcott
The soul of man is larger than the sky —Hartley Coleridge
A soul that, like an ample shield, can take in all, and verge enough for more —John Dryden
A soul through which the morning shines as through a leaf —Rainer Maria Rilke
Strong souls live like fire-hearted suns, to spend their strength in further striving action —George Eliot
The sweetest souls, like the sweetest flowers, soon canker in cities —Walter Savage Landor
Your soul was like a star, and dwelt apart —William Wordsworth
In Wordsworth’s sonnet the first word was ‘Thy.’
(Even if you’re racked by troubles, and sick and poor and ugly,) you’ve got your soul to carry through life like a treasure on a platter —Alice Munro

soul

A commercialized form of R&B that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s. A large range of musical styles are categorized under soul.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	soul - the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual lifepsycheghost - the visible disembodied soul of a dead personspirit - the vital principle or animating force within living things
	2.	soul - a human being; "there was too much for one person to do"individual, mortal, person, somebody, someoneorganism, being - a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independentlycausal agency, causal agent, cause - any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or resultspersonality - the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual; "their different reactions reflected their very different personalities"; "it is his nature to help others"chassis, bod, human body, material body, physical body, physique, build, anatomy, figure, flesh, frame, shape, soma, form - alternative names for the body of a human being; "Leonardo studied the human body"; "he has a strong physique"; "the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak"people - (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively; "old people"; "there were at least 200 people in the audience"self - a person considered as a unique individual; "one's own self"adult, grownup - a fully developed person from maturity onwardadventurer, venturer - a person who enjoys taking risksunusual person, anomaly - a person who is unusualapplicant, applier - a person who requests or seeks something such as assistance or employment or admissionappointee, appointment - a person who is appointed to a job or positioncapitalist - a person who invests capital in a business (especially a large business)captor, capturer - a person who captures and holds people or animalschanger, modifier - a person who changes something; "an inveterate changer of the menu"color-blind person - a person unable to distinguish differences in huecommon man, common person, commoner - a person who holds no titlecommunicator - a person who communicates with otherscontestant - a person who participates in competitionscoward - a person who shows fear or timiditycreator - a person who grows or makes or invents thingscontroversialist, disputant, eristic - a person who disputes; who is good at or enjoys controversyapplied scientist, engineer, technologist - a person who uses scientific knowledge to solve practical problemsentertainer - a person who tries to please or amuseexperimenter - a person who enjoys testing innovative ideas; "she was an experimenter in new forms of poetry"expert - a person with special knowledge or ability who performs skillfullyface - a part of a person that is used to refer to a person; "he looked out at a roomful of faces"; "when he returned to work he met many new faces"female person, female - a person who belongs to the sex that can have babiesindividualist - a person who pursues independent thought or actiondenizen, dweller, habitant, inhabitant, indweller - a person who inhabits a particular placeaborigine, indigen, indigene, native, aboriginal - an indigenous person who was born in a particular place; "the art of the natives of the northwest coast"; "the Canadian government scrapped plans to tax the grants to aboriginal college students"native - a person born in a particular place or country; "he is a native of Brazil"inexperienced person, innocent - a person who lacks knowledge of evilintellectual, intellect - a person who uses the mind creativelyjuvenile, juvenile person - a young person, not fully developedlover - a person who loves someone or is loved by someoneloved one - a person who you love, usually a member of your familyleader - a person who rules or guides or inspires othersmale person, male - a person who belongs to the sex that cannot have babiesmoney dealer, money handler - a person who receives or invests or pays out moneynational, subject - a person who owes allegiance to that nation; "a monarch has a duty to his subjects"nonreligious person - a person who does not manifest devotion to a deitynonworker - a person who does nothingcompeer, equal, peer, match - a person who is of equal standing with another in a groupbeholder, observer, perceiver, percipient - a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses
	3.	soul - deep feeling or emotionsoulfulnessfeeling - the experiencing of affective and emotional states; "she had a feeling of euphoria"; "he had terrible feelings of guilt"; "I disliked him and the feeling was mutual"
	4.	soul - the human embodiment of something; "the soul of honor"embodiment - giving concrete form to an abstract concept
	5.	soul - a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s; "soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement"African-American music, black music - music created by African-American musicians; early forms were songs that had a melodic line and a strong rhythmic beat with repeated chorusesgospel singing, gospel - folk music consisting of a genre of a cappella music originating with Black slaves in the United States and featuring call and response; influential on the development of other genres of popular music (especially soul)

soul

noun1. spirit, essence, psyche, life, mind, reason, intellect, vital force, animating principle Such memories stirred in his soul.2. embodiment, essence, incarnation, epitome, personification, quintessence, type With such celebrated clients, she necessarily remains the soul of discretion.3. person, being, human, individual, body, creature, mortal, man or woman a tiny village of only 100 souls4. feeling, force, energy, vitality, animation, fervour, ardour, vivacity an ice goddess without soulRelated words
adjective pneumatic

soul

noun1. The vital principle or animating force within living beings:breath, divine spark, élan vital, life force, psyche, spirit, vital force, vitality.2. The essential being of a person, regarded as immaterial and immortal:spirit.3. A member of the human race:being, body, creature, homo, human, human being, individual, life, man, mortal, party, person, personage.4. The most central and material part:core, essence, gist, heart, kernel, marrow, meat, nub, pith, quintessence, root, spirit, stuff, substance.Law: gravamen.5. The seat of a person's innermost emotions and feelings:bosom, breast, heart.Idioms: bottom of one's heart, cockles of one's heart, one's heart of hearts.

Translations

灵魂领导人人灵乐

soul

(səul) noun1. the spirit; the non-physical part of a person, which is often thought to continue in existence after he or she dies. People often discuss whether animals and plants have souls.灵魂2. a person. She's a wonderful old soul.人3. (of an enterprise etc) the organizer or leader. He is the soul of the whole movement. （企业等）领导人 4. soul music. 灵乐ˈsoulful adjective full of (usually sad, wistful etc) feeling. a soulful expression.深情的ˈsoulfully adverb深情地ˈsoulless adjective1. (of a person) without fine feeling or nobleness. 无情的，卑鄙的 2. (of life, a task etc) dull or very unimportant. 无精打采的，无足轻重的 ˈsoul-destroying adjective (of a task etc) very dull, boring, repetitive etc. 令人厌烦的soul music (also soul) a type of music, descended from American Negro gospel songs, which has great emotion. 灵魂音乐

soul

→ 灵魂zhCN

soul

soul,

the vital, immaterial, life principle, generally conceived as existing within humans and sometimes within all living things, inanimate objects, and the universe as a whole. Religion and philosophy have long been concerned with the nature of the soul in their attempts to understand existence and the meaning of life.

Differing Views of the Soul

In more primitive religions (forms of animism and spiritism), the soul is often conceived as controlling both motor and mental processes; death, the cessation of these processes, is thus viewed as caused by the departure of the soul. Pantheism denies the individuation of human souls, and materialism declares the soul nonexistent. One of the widespread concepts in religion is that of immortalityimmortality,
attribute of deathlessness ascribed to the soul in many religions and philosophies. Forthright belief in immortality of the body is rare. Immortality of the soul is a cardinal tenet of Islam and is held generally in Judaism, although it is not an essentially Jewish
..... Click the link for more information. , which almost always postulates the existence of a soul that lives apart from the body after death.

In early Hebrew thought, soul connoted the life principle, but in later times the concept of a soul independent of the body arose. The soul of the righteous was seen as achieving immortality, rejoining the resurrected body at the end of days. Similarly, in Islam, a person's soul is, according to the Qur'an, the original spirit that God breathed into Adam. Its seat is the heart and it is endowed with two basic impulses—good and evil. After death the souls of the pious stay near Allah and will be reunited with their risen bodies on the Day of Judgment.

In Eastern religions, which do not stress individual salvation, the emphasis is placed on transcendent principles embodied in a multiplicity of gods (see world soulworld soul,
Lat. anima mundi, in philosophy, term denoting a universal spirit or soul that functions as an organizing principle. While many early Greek philosophers saw the world as of one principle, Plato was the first to state that this concept held the same relation to
..... Click the link for more information. ). The Hindu and Buddhist doctrines of reincarnation do not posit the existence of an individual soul, but rather stress the closeness of the human person, in successive transformations, to an overriding principle of virtue, piety, and peace.

No distinction between the rational soul (i.e., the soul of a person in scholastic Christianity) and others is made in many systems; such a distinction is quite impossible in most forms of reincarnationreincarnation
[Lat.,=taking on flesh again], occupation by the soul of a new body after the death of the former body. Beliefs vary as to whether the soul assumes the new body immediately or only after an interval of disembodiment.
..... Click the link for more information. and of transmigration of soulstransmigration of souls
or metempsychosis
[Gr.,=change of soul], a belief common to many cultures, in which the soul passes from one body to another, either human, animal, or inanimate.
..... Click the link for more information. . The soul of humanity when such is conceived as existing is called the world soul, or anima mundi. For many Western philosophers the term soul is synonymous with mind (e.g., René Descartes). Others, although asserting its undefinability, have seen it as a useful element in a system of ethics (e.g., Immanuel Kant). This undefinability has led yet others to reject the idea of a soul and to postulate ethical systems based upon a different conception of human nature (e.g., William James).

The Soul in Christianity

In Christianity the soul is all important. However, because the Bible does not give a formal definition of the concept, Christian interpretations vary greatly. Under the influence of the Neoplatonists, the soul often came to be set over against the body in a dualistic concept that posited a God-given soul distinct from an inferior, earth-bound body. Scholasticism (specifically that of St. Thomas Aquinas) studied the soul in great elaboration, and the scholastic definition of the soul as "substantial form of the body" obviates many philosophical difficulties. The nature of humanity is involved in the whole consideration of the soul; hence the term "rational soul" for the distinctive soul of humans. The soul of beasts is called the "animal soul" and that of plants the "vegetative soul." The scholastics considered the rational soul alone as immortal and capable of union with God.

The origin of the soul has been a controversial question in Christian history. Two points of view may be distinguished: creationism, which posits that God creates each individual soul in a special act of creation (at the time of conception according to some or that of birth according to others), and traducianism, which suggests that the parents in begetting the child beget the soul too. The creationist principle has been generally held sway in Christianity.

Soul

a concept, whose expression historically altered views of man’s inner world. In religion, idealist philosophy, and psychology, “soul” is the concept of a special nonmaterial substance that is independent of the body. The concept of the soul can be traced to animistic ideas concerning a special force dwelling in the bodies of man and animals (sometimes, in plants) and departing from the body during sleep or at death. The concept reflects the development of mythological, religious, philosophical, and scientific thinking about the nature of man and marks the formation of the subject of psychology. In the history of philosophy the soul was comprehended by contrasting it with the body as an object (the soul as the dynamic force); with the organic body (the soul as the active life source); with the spirit (the soul as the individual manifestation of the universal spiritual substance or as the unique personal principle created by god); and with the external social forms of human behavior (the soul as the inner world of man—his self-consciousness).

In its early stages, ancient Greek natural philosophy was imbued with ideas about the universal animation of the cosmos (hylozoism). According to Democritus and Epicurus, the soul is corporeal and made of spherical, moving atoms. The idea of the soul as a special non-corporeal and immortal essence was voiced by the Pythagoreans, who also viewed it as the basis of harmony for the parts of the body. This idea was further developed by Plato and the Neoplatonists (Plotinus and Proclus). Plato considered the “universal soul” one of the universal principles of being—an eternal dynamic source, the source of self-movement, which unites the world of immutable ideas and the world of mutable corporeal objects. The individual human soul was the image and outflow of the universal soul.

Aristotle was the father of the scientific approach to the study of the soul as the “form” (eidos) of the living body (from the point of view of the Aristotelian division of form and matter). He examined the soul in the context of his teachings about purposefulness in the development of organic nature, and he understood the soul to be the entelechy (realization) of the body—the principle of its purposeful activity. Three types of souls were distinguished by him: the nutritive soul (vegetative), sensitive soul (animal soul, capable of sensory perception, desire, and movement), and rational soul (specifically human). Aristotle outlined the main problem of psychology as a study of relationships between the mental capacities and organic processes. Elements of Platonic and Aristotelian teachings about the soul were absorbed by Scholasticism and reworked in conformity with Christian ideas of the immortality, individual uniqueness, and personal character of the soul.

In modern European philosophy the term “soul” began to be used to signify man’s inner world. The dualistic metaphysics of Descartes distinguishes the soul and the body as two independent substances. The soul is spirit and is manifested in various states and acts of consciousness; the body is material and extensional. Animals were viewed by Descartes as live automatons, devoid of souls. From Descartes to the German psychologists E. H. Weber and G. Fechner, the question of the interaction of the soul and the body has been discussed primarily as a psychophysical problem. Descartes’ dualistic ideas formed the basis of both the empirical sensory (J. Locke) and rationalistic (G. Leibniz) traditions in interpreting the soul. Thus, Leibniz sees the soul as a closed substance (monad) with two basic capacities—feelings (senses) and desires. Locke, refusing to discuss the nature of the soul as a metaphysical issue, called for limitation of the study to mental phenomena—the sensations and ideas as their combinations. Thus, he provided a basis for associationism in psychology. In describing the human ego as a simple bundle of representations, D. Hume subjected to doubt the idea of the soul’s substantive nature, the demonstration that this idea cannot be derived from empirical description of mental life. Kant’s criticism of rationalistic psychology extended the concept of the soul beyond human experience into the realm of transcendental ideas that make human cognition possible. He adopted a schema proposed by the German psychologist I. Tetens that divided mental capacities into mind, will, and feeling. Post-Kantian German classical idealism has endeavored to overcome the Cartesian dichotomy of the soul and the body through an understanding of their common origin in the spirit (Schelling and Hegel).

In experimental psychology, which has developed since the mid-19th century, the concept of the soul has been displaced to a considerable degree by the concept of psychics. At the end of the 19th century the need for an integral approach to man and his psychic life reanimated the interest in the problem of the soul as the inner life of man, which gives motivation and purposefulness to his behavior and activity. In their analysis of the psyche, a number of schools of thought distinguish its components (sensations, feelings, acts, and conditions) and try to reveal the mechanisms of their interrelationship (for example, association, intuition, capacity, and gestalt). Other schools have also emerged that consider primarily the content of consciousness of the acting and reflective ego (philosophy of life, “understanding psychology,” and phenomenology). In this sense, the soul may be understood as the inner (as opposed to outer behavior), the integral (as opposed to separate elementary psychic features and functions), the spiritual (ideal substance as opposed to the material physiological substratum), and the active (active realization of the personality as opposed to reactive accommodation or adaptation of the organism).

In Soviet psychology the term “soul” is sometimes used as a synonym of “psychics,” which is regarded by Marxist philosophy as a subjective image of the objective world, this world being a product of sociohistorical development.

REFERENCES

Aristotle. O dushe. Moscow, 1937.
Vladislavlev, M. I. Sovremennye napravleniia v nauke o dushe. St. Petersburg, 1866.
Kapterev, P. F. Iz istorii dushi. St. Petersburg, 1890.
Remke, I. Dusha cheloveka. St. Petersburg, 1906.
Baldwin, J. Vvedenie v psikhologiiu, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1912. (Translated from English.)
Frank, S. L. Dusha cheloveka. Moscow, 1917.
Iaroshevskii, M. G. Istoria psikhologii. Moscow, 1966.
Beneke, F. E. Pragmatische Psychologie, vols. 1-2. Berlin, 1850.
Révész, B. Geschichte des Seelenbegriffes und der Seelenlokalisation. Stuttgart, 1917.
Jung, K. G. Welt der Psyche. Zurich, 1954.
Klages, L. Der Geist als Widersacher der Seele, 3rd ed., vols. 1-2. Munich-Bonn, 1954.

I. N. SEMENOV

soul

1. the spirit or immaterial part of man, the seat of human personality, intellect, will, and emotions, regarded as an entity that survives the body after death 2. Christianity the spiritual part of a person, capable of redemption from the power of sin through divine grace 3. a. a type of Black music resulting from the addition of jazz, gospel, and pop elements to the urban blues style b. (as modifier): a soul singer 4. of or relating to Black Americans and their culture
www.jazzinamerica.org
www.bluesandsoul.co.uk

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Differing Views of the Soul

The Soul in Christianity

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SOUL

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Synonyms for soul

noun spirit

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noun embodiment

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noun person

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noun feeling

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Synonyms for soul

noun the vital principle or animating force within living beings

Synonyms

noun the essential being of a person, regarded as immaterial and immortal

Synonyms

noun a member of the human race

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noun the most central and material part

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noun the seat of a person's innermost emotions and feelings

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Synonyms for soul

noun the immaterial part of a person

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Related Words

noun a human being

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noun deep feeling or emotion

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noun the human embodiment of something

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noun a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s

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