phosphorylation

phosphorylation,

chemical process in which a phosphate group is added to an organic molecule. In living cells phosphorylation is associated with respirationrespiration,
process by which an organism exchanges gases with its environment. The term now refers to the overall process by which oxygen is abstracted from air and is transported to the cells for the oxidation of organic molecules while carbon dioxide (CO₂
..... Click the link for more information. , which takes place in the cell's mitochondria, and photosynthesis, which takes place in the chloroplasts. The energy released during metabolic or photosynthetic processes is captured in the energy-rich phosphate bonds of certain molecules, most commonly in the high-energy bonds of adenosine triphosphateadenosine triphosphate
(ATP) , organic compound composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP serves as the major energy source within the cell to drive a number of biological processes such as photosynthesis, muscle contraction, and the synthesis of
..... Click the link for more information. (ATP). In the process of oxidative phosphorylation ATP formation is associated with respiratory uptake of oxygen. In this process a cell substance known as NADH (one of a variety of coenzymescoenzyme
, any one of a group of relatively small organic molecules required for the catalytic function of certain enzymes. A coenzyme may either be attached by covalent bonds to a particular enzyme or exist freely in solution, but in either case it participates intimately in
..... Click the link for more information. ) donates hydride ions (one proton and two electrons) to the first of a series of enzymes in the so-called electron transport chain. As the hydride ion is passed from one enzyme to another in the chain, energy is made available to power the formation of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. At the end, or lowest energy level, of the electron transport chain, the hydride ion combines with oxygen and a proton (hydrogen ion) to form a water molecule. The phosphorylation process is linked to cell metabolism in that metabolic degradation of food, e.g., glucose, allows formation of the coenzyme NADH. The electron transport enzymes are complex aggregates of cytochromes, i.e., proteins with iron-containing heme groups, and various coenzymes. The precise mechanisms by which chemical energy is coupled to ATP synthesis are not yet understood. In photosynthetic phosphorylation, or photophosphorylation, substances such as the reduced coenzyme NADPH also donate hydride ions to an electron transport system so that ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate; in photophosphorylation, however, the coenzyme is produced from chemical reactions initiated by illuminated photosynthetic pigments instead of from metabolism of food molecules. The net result in phosphorylation of ADP is the formation of the high-energy molecule ATP, which the cell can use as a kind of universal energy currency to power many important cell processes, such as protein synthesis. Other phosphorylation reactions occur in cells, some without mediation by the electron transport chain, e.g., ATP is formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate in a reaction coupled to the oxidation of glyceraldehyde phosphate to phosphoglyceric acid.

Phosphorylation

the replacement of a hydrogen atom in a molecule of a chemical compound by an acid residue of phosphorus, usually a residue of phosphoric acid. Primary and secondary amines, alcohols, mercaptans, and other nucleophilic compounds are the most readily phosphorylated. Hydrocarbons (radical mechanism) and alkyl halides (ion mechanism) can also be subjected to phosphorylation. The phosphorylating agents used are acids of phosphorus and the derivatives of these acids, usually acid halides and anhydrides and, less often, esters and amides. For example:

ROH + CIP(O)(OR’)₂

→ ROP(O)(OR’)₂ + HCI

3R₂NH + PCI₃ → P(NR₂)₃ + 3HCI

During phosphorylation, the acids of phosphorus usually act together with condensing agents, such as carbodiimides and sulfochlorides. The capacity for phosphorylation depends on the valence of phosphorus in the phosphorylating agent, with derivatives of phosphorus (III) having the highest reactivity. Phosphorylation is widely used in the synthesis of noncombustible materials and of plasticizers, extractants, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals.

Phosphorylation has an important metabolic role in animals, plants, and microorganisms. It is catalyzed by enzymes and occurs as a result of either phosphorolysis or phosphokinase-catalyzed reactions:

A—B + C—H₂PO₃→A—H₂PO₃ + B—C

where A—B is the molecule that accepts the phosphoryl group (acceptor), and C—H₂PO₃ is the molecule that gives up the phosphoryl group (donor). Donors of the phosphoryl group include molecules of adenosine triphosphate and other nucleoside triphosphates. During metabolism, various low-molecular-weight compounds, as well as proteins, are subjected to phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate by inorganic phosphoric acid serves as a basic mechanism for the formation of adenosine triphosphate and the accumulation of energy necessary for biosynthesis, as well as for the mechanical, electrical, and osmotic activity of the cell; it is carried out by polyenzymatic systems as a result of oxidation reactions of low-molecular-weight organic compounds either in the absence of oxygen (glycolytic phosphorylation) or through the effect of oxygen (oxidative phosphorylation). The phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate during photosynthesis is called photophosphorylation.

E. E. NIFANTEV and A. D. VINOGRADOV

phosphorylation

[‚fäs‚fȯr·ə′lā·shən] (organic chemistry) The esterification of compounds with phosphoric acid.

phosphorylation

[fos″for-ĭ-la´shun] the process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule.oxidative phosphorylation the final common pathway of aerobic energy metabolism in which high-energy phosphate bonds are formed by phosphorylation of ADP to ATP coupled with the transfer of electrons along a chain of carrier proteins with molecular oxygen as the final acceptor. It occurs in mitochondria.

phos·phor·y·la·tion

(fos'fōr-i-lā'shŭn), Addition of phosphate to an organic compound, such as glucose to produce glucose monophosphate, through the action of a phosphotransferase (phosphorylase) or kinase.

phos·phor·y·la·tion

(fos'fŏr-i-lā'shŭn) Addition of phosphate to an organic compound, such as glucose to produce glucose monophosphate, through the action of a phosphotransferase (phosphorylase) or kinase.

phosphorylation

The addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule.

phosphorylation

the process in which one of more phosphate groups is added to a molecule. Such reactions occur regularly in biological systems. For example, in AEROBIC RESPIRATION glucose is phosphorylated in GLYCOLYSIS; ADP is phosphorylated to ATP at the substrate level and via the ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM; in plants ATP is produced by PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION.

phos·phor·y·la·tion

(fos'fŏr-i-lā'shŭn) Addition of phosphate to an organic compound, such as glucose to produce glucose monophosphate, through the action of a phosphotransferase (phosphorylase) or kinase.

单词	phosphorylation
释义	phosphorylation phos·pho·ryl·ate P0259600 (fŏs′fər-ə-lāt′)tr.v. phos·pho·ryl·at·ed, phos·pho·ryl·at·ing, phos·pho·ryl·ates To add a phosphate group to (an organic molecule). phos′pho·ryl·a′tion n.phos′pho·ryl·a′tive adj. phosphorylation (ˌfɒsfərɪˈleɪʃən) n (Chemistry) the chemical or enzymic introduction into a compound of a phosphoryl group (a trivalent radical of phosphorus and oxygen) phosphorylation phosphorylation, chemical process in which a phosphate group is added to an organic molecule. In living cells phosphorylation is associated with respirationrespiration, process by which an organism exchanges gases with its environment. The term now refers to the overall process by which oxygen is abstracted from air and is transported to the cells for the oxidation of organic molecules while carbon dioxide (CO₂ ..... Click the link for more information. , which takes place in the cell's mitochondria, and photosynthesis, which takes place in the chloroplasts. The energy released during metabolic or photosynthetic processes is captured in the energy-rich phosphate bonds of certain molecules, most commonly in the high-energy bonds of adenosine triphosphateadenosine triphosphate (ATP) , organic compound composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP serves as the major energy source within the cell to drive a number of biological processes such as photosynthesis, muscle contraction, and the synthesis of ..... Click the link for more information. (ATP). In the process of oxidative phosphorylation ATP formation is associated with respiratory uptake of oxygen. In this process a cell substance known as NADH (one of a variety of coenzymescoenzyme , any one of a group of relatively small organic molecules required for the catalytic function of certain enzymes. A coenzyme may either be attached by covalent bonds to a particular enzyme or exist freely in solution, but in either case it participates intimately in ..... Click the link for more information. ) donates hydride ions (one proton and two electrons) to the first of a series of enzymes in the so-called electron transport chain. As the hydride ion is passed from one enzyme to another in the chain, energy is made available to power the formation of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. At the end, or lowest energy level, of the electron transport chain, the hydride ion combines with oxygen and a proton (hydrogen ion) to form a water molecule. The phosphorylation process is linked to cell metabolism in that metabolic degradation of food, e.g., glucose, allows formation of the coenzyme NADH. The electron transport enzymes are complex aggregates of cytochromes, i.e., proteins with iron-containing heme groups, and various coenzymes. The precise mechanisms by which chemical energy is coupled to ATP synthesis are not yet understood. In photosynthetic phosphorylation, or photophosphorylation, substances such as the reduced coenzyme NADPH also donate hydride ions to an electron transport system so that ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate; in photophosphorylation, however, the coenzyme is produced from chemical reactions initiated by illuminated photosynthetic pigments instead of from metabolism of food molecules. The net result in phosphorylation of ADP is the formation of the high-energy molecule ATP, which the cell can use as a kind of universal energy currency to power many important cell processes, such as protein synthesis. Other phosphorylation reactions occur in cells, some without mediation by the electron transport chain, e.g., ATP is formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate in a reaction coupled to the oxidation of glyceraldehyde phosphate to phosphoglyceric acid. Phosphorylation the replacement of a hydrogen atom in a molecule of a chemical compound by an acid residue of phosphorus, usually a residue of phosphoric acid. Primary and secondary amines, alcohols, mercaptans, and other nucleophilic compounds are the most readily phosphorylated. Hydrocarbons (radical mechanism) and alkyl halides (ion mechanism) can also be subjected to phosphorylation. The phosphorylating agents used are acids of phosphorus and the derivatives of these acids, usually acid halides and anhydrides and, less often, esters and amides. For example: ROH + CIP(O)(OR’)₂ → ROP(O)(OR’)₂ + HCI 3R₂NH + PCI₃ → P(NR₂)₃ + 3HCI During phosphorylation, the acids of phosphorus usually act together with condensing agents, such as carbodiimides and sulfochlorides. The capacity for phosphorylation depends on the valence of phosphorus in the phosphorylating agent, with derivatives of phosphorus (III) having the highest reactivity. Phosphorylation is widely used in the synthesis of noncombustible materials and of plasticizers, extractants, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. Phosphorylation has an important metabolic role in animals, plants, and microorganisms. It is catalyzed by enzymes and occurs as a result of either phosphorolysis or phosphokinase-catalyzed reactions: A—B + C—H₂PO₃→A—H₂PO₃ + B—C where A—B is the molecule that accepts the phosphoryl group (acceptor), and C—H₂PO₃ is the molecule that gives up the phosphoryl group (donor). Donors of the phosphoryl group include molecules of adenosine triphosphate and other nucleoside triphosphates. During metabolism, various low-molecular-weight compounds, as well as proteins, are subjected to phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate by inorganic phosphoric acid serves as a basic mechanism for the formation of adenosine triphosphate and the accumulation of energy necessary for biosynthesis, as well as for the mechanical, electrical, and osmotic activity of the cell; it is carried out by polyenzymatic systems as a result of oxidation reactions of low-molecular-weight organic compounds either in the absence of oxygen (glycolytic phosphorylation) or through the effect of oxygen (oxidative phosphorylation). The phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate during photosynthesis is called photophosphorylation. E. E. NIFANTEV and A. D. VINOGRADOV phosphorylation [‚fäs‚fȯr·ə′lā·shən] (organic chemistry) The esterification of compounds with phosphoric acid. phosphorylation phosphorylation [fos″for-ĭ-la´shun] the process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule.oxidative phosphorylation the final common pathway of aerobic energy metabolism in which high-energy phosphate bonds are formed by phosphorylation of ADP to ATP coupled with the transfer of electrons along a chain of carrier proteins with molecular oxygen as the final acceptor. It occurs in mitochondria. phos·phor·y·la·tion (fos'fōr-i-lā'shŭn), Addition of phosphate to an organic compound, such as glucose to produce glucose monophosphate, through the action of a phosphotransferase (phosphorylase) or kinase. phos·phor·y·la·tion (fos'fŏr-i-lā'shŭn) Addition of phosphate to an organic compound, such as glucose to produce glucose monophosphate, through the action of a phosphotransferase (phosphorylase) or kinase. phosphorylation The addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule. phosphorylation the process in which one of more phosphate groups is added to a molecule. Such reactions occur regularly in biological systems. For example, in AEROBIC RESPIRATION glucose is phosphorylated in GLYCOLYSIS; ADP is phosphorylated to ATP at the substrate level and via the ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM; in plants ATP is produced by PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION. phos·phor·y·la·tion (fos'fŏr-i-lā'shŭn) Addition of phosphate to an organic compound, such as glucose to produce glucose monophosphate, through the action of a phosphotransferase (phosphorylase) or kinase. ThesaurusSeeoxidative phosphorylation
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phosphorylation

phos·pho·ryl·ate

phosphorylation

phosphorylation

phosphorylation,

Phosphorylation

phosphorylation

phosphorylation

phosphorylation

phos·phor·y·la·tion

phos·phor·y·la·tion

phosphorylation

phosphorylation

phos·phor·y·la·tion