| 释义 |
DictionarySeespasmvasomotor spasm
spasmS12-874960 (spazm) [Gr. spasmos, convulsion] A sudden, involuntary movement or muscular contraction due to an irritant or trauma. Spasms may be clonic or tonic and involve either visceral muscle or skeletal muscle. When contractions are strong and painful, they are called cramps. The effect of the spasm depends on the part affected: asthma is assumed to be associated with spasm of the muscular coats of smaller bronchi; renal colic to spasm of the muscular coat of the ureter. TreatmentGeneral measures to reduce tension, induce muscle relaxation, and improve circulation are necessary. Specific measures include analgesics, massage, relaxation exercises, heat, cold, or electrotherapy, and, in some cases, gentle therapeutic exercises. Special orthopedic supports or braces are sometimes effective. For vascular spasm, chemical sympathectomy may give relief. spasm of accommodationA spasm of the ciliary muscle, usually due to excessive strain from overuse and common in myopia.bronchial spasmBronchospasm.carpal spasmSpasm of the muscles of the hand. See: tetanycarpopedal spasmSpasm of the hands and feet, sometimes seen in hyperventilation syndrome. It is caused by hypocalcemia and commonly occurs during hyperventilation because the lowered carbon dioxide alters the level of ionized calcium. See: hyperventilation tetanychoreiform spasmSpasmodic movements resembling chorea.clonic spasmIntermittent contractions and relaxation of muscles. Synonym: clonospasmcoronary artery spasmIntermittent constriction of the large coronary arteries. This may lead to angina pectoris in various conditions and is not necessarily associated with exertion. See: variant anginacoronary spasmMuscular closure of the coronary arteries, causing angina, ischemia, or myocardial infarction. See: variant anginacynic spasmSpasm of the facial muscles causing a grin or snarl like a dog. Synonym: risus sardonicusdiffuse spasmAn esophageal motor disorder characterized by dysphagia, odynophagia, and chest pain.esophageal spasmIntermittent inability to swallow, often associated with intense chest pain, gagging, or breathing difficulty. It can occur after swallowing cold liquids drunk through a straw or in rabies, anxiety, depression, or achalasia. In most patients it is caused by excessive motor function of the esophageal muscles. TreatmentNitrates or tricyclic antidepressants are sometimes used to treat the symptoms. Diffuse esophageal spasms can also be treated by surgical division of the esophageal muscles. facial spasmSpasm of the muscles supplied by the facial nerve, affecting one side of the face or the region around the eye. See: cranial nerve; tichabit spasmTic.hemifacial spasmTwitching of facial muscles that usually begins in one eyelid but may spread after many years to half of the face or even to both sides of it. It is usually due to an aneurysm of the vertebral or basilar artery or a tumor of the cerebellopontine angle. In some patients the twitching can be treated with injections of botulinum toxin if the underlying cause is not treatable. infantile spasmSeizure marked by momentary flexion or extension of the neck, trunk, extremities, or any combination, with onset occurring in the first year of life. Although infantile spasms subside in late infancy, many affected children develop other types of seizures and may be severely retarded. mobile spasmAthetosis.nictitating spasmClonic spasm of the eyelid with continuous winking.nodding spasmA psychogenic condition in adults, causing nodding of the head from clonic spasms of the sternomastoid muscles. A similar nodding occurs in babies, with the head turning from side to side. Synonym: salaam convulsionpedal spasmSpasm of the feet.retrocollic spasmRetrocollis.saltatory spasmA tic of the muscles of the lower extremity, causing convulsive leaping upon attempting to stand. See: Jumping Frenchmen of Maine; miryachit; palmus (2); Tourette's syndrometetanic spasmA spasm in which contractions occur repeatedly and without interruption.tonic spasmContinued involuntary contractions.torsion spasmA spasm characterized by a turning of a part, esp. the turning of the body at the pelvis.toxic spasmConvulsions due to poison.vasomotor spasmSpasm of smaller arteries.winking spasmBlepharospasm. |