Soka Gakkai

(sō`kä gäk`kī) [Jap.,=Value Creation Society], Japan-based independent lay Buddhist movement. A theological offshoot of NichirenNichiren
[Jap.,=sun lotus], 1222–82, Japanese Buddhist priest, founder of Nichiren Buddhism. Of humble birth, Nichiren (whose given name was Zennichimaro) early became a monk, and traveled to many temples in search of true Buddhism.
..... Click the link for more information. Buddhism, it was founded (1930) as the Soka Kyoiku Gakkai [Value Creation Educational Society] by Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, educator and follower of the Nichiren Sho sect, to promote his ideas for educational reform, but by 1940 the group concentrated on the propagation of Nichiren Buddhism. The government disbanded the group and arrested its leaders during World War II for its criticism of the Japanese involvement in the war.

In 1945 the group was reorganized and renamed the Soka Gakkai by Makiguchi's disciple, Josei Toda. The society's promises to help adherents achieve happiness and success appealed to millions of Japanese in the difficult years of the postwar era; the movement also stresses the need for world peace. Under its third leader, Daisaku Ikeda, Soka Gakkai experienced significant growth; it has now spread worldwide and has 1.69 million members outside Japan, including 330,000 in the United States; within Japan there are more than 10 million members. In 1975, Soka Gakkai International was established as the worldwide association for the movement; Ikeda became its president. Soka Gakkai has been criticized for its evangelism and exclusiveness, but by the early 1990s it had developed ties with many outside organizations and had become (1981) a nongovernmental organization member of the United Nations.

In 1964 the Soka Gakkai organized Komeito, an independent political party that became the second largest opposition party in the Diet. In 1993–94, Komeito was part of the multiparty government led by Morihiro HosokawaHosokawa, Morihiro
, 1938–, Japanese politician, a member of a noble family and grandson of Fumimaro Konoye. A journalist and member of the Liberal Democratic party (LDP), he entered politics in 1971 when he was elected to the upper house of the Japanese parliament.
..... Click the link for more information. . Komeito was dissolved in 1994 as part of a realignment among Japanese opposition parties, but the parties that arose from it reunited in 1998 to form New Komeito. New Komeito has been a junior partner in Liberal Democratic–led governments (1999–2009, 2012–).

Bibliography

See J. White, The Soka Gakkai and Mass Society (1970); D. A. Metraux, The History and Theology of Soka Gakkai (1988); P. E. Hammond, Soka Gakkai in America (1999).

Soka Gakkai

(Value Creation Society), a Buddhist sect in Japan, which originated with the small Value Creation Academic Society (1937–13), founded by the schoolteachers T. Makiguchi and J. Toda.

The Soka Gakkai was reestablished by Toda in 1946. It has propagated Buddhist doctrines, to which it has added a “theory of value,” according to which the meaning of life consists of beauty, gain, and good. It has also proselytized actively. As a result, it has won a rapidly growing influence among the nonorganized semiproletarian and proletarian strata of the urban population and among small businessmen. The Soka Gakkai is distinguished from other religious sects by its well-defined organization—from families at the lowest level to units, groups, districts, chapters, general chapters, and headquarters at higher levels—by its rigid discipline, and by its active participation in political life. By 1974, Soka Gakkai membership in Japan had grown to more than 7 million families, and chapters are being founded abroad. Soka Gakkai lays particular stress on youth work.

The Soka Gakkai’s political activity derives from Toda’s notion of establishing a “just and pacifist state” and from the conception of its president—from 1960, D. Ikeda—of a “third civilization” or “neosocialism,” a conception that represents a kind of petit bourgeois “third road” theory. Politically, the Soka Gakkai’s interests are represented by the Komeito (Clean Government) Party.

REFERENCE

Derzhavin, I. K. Soka-gakkai-Komeito. Moscow, 1972.

A. I. SENATOROV

单词	soka gakkai
释义	Soka Gakkai Soka Gakkai (sō`kä gäk`kī) [Jap.,=Value Creation Society], Japan-based independent lay Buddhist movement. A theological offshoot of NichirenNichiren [Jap.,=sun lotus], 1222–82, Japanese Buddhist priest, founder of Nichiren Buddhism. Of humble birth, Nichiren (whose given name was Zennichimaro) early became a monk, and traveled to many temples in search of true Buddhism. ..... Click the link for more information. Buddhism, it was founded (1930) as the Soka Kyoiku Gakkai [Value Creation Educational Society] by Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, educator and follower of the Nichiren Sho sect, to promote his ideas for educational reform, but by 1940 the group concentrated on the propagation of Nichiren Buddhism. The government disbanded the group and arrested its leaders during World War II for its criticism of the Japanese involvement in the war. In 1945 the group was reorganized and renamed the Soka Gakkai by Makiguchi's disciple, Josei Toda. The society's promises to help adherents achieve happiness and success appealed to millions of Japanese in the difficult years of the postwar era; the movement also stresses the need for world peace. Under its third leader, Daisaku Ikeda, Soka Gakkai experienced significant growth; it has now spread worldwide and has 1.69 million members outside Japan, including 330,000 in the United States; within Japan there are more than 10 million members. In 1975, Soka Gakkai International was established as the worldwide association for the movement; Ikeda became its president. Soka Gakkai has been criticized for its evangelism and exclusiveness, but by the early 1990s it had developed ties with many outside organizations and had become (1981) a nongovernmental organization member of the United Nations. In 1964 the Soka Gakkai organized Komeito, an independent political party that became the second largest opposition party in the Diet. In 1993–94, Komeito was part of the multiparty government led by Morihiro HosokawaHosokawa, Morihiro , 1938–, Japanese politician, a member of a noble family and grandson of Fumimaro Konoye. A journalist and member of the Liberal Democratic party (LDP), he entered politics in 1971 when he was elected to the upper house of the Japanese parliament. ..... Click the link for more information. . Komeito was dissolved in 1994 as part of a realignment among Japanese opposition parties, but the parties that arose from it reunited in 1998 to form New Komeito. New Komeito has been a junior partner in Liberal Democratic–led governments (1999–2009, 2012–). Bibliography See J. White, The Soka Gakkai and Mass Society (1970); D. A. Metraux, The History and Theology of Soka Gakkai (1988); P. E. Hammond, Soka Gakkai in America (1999). Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society), a Buddhist sect in Japan, which originated with the small Value Creation Academic Society (1937–13), founded by the schoolteachers T. Makiguchi and J. Toda. The Soka Gakkai was reestablished by Toda in 1946. It has propagated Buddhist doctrines, to which it has added a “theory of value,” according to which the meaning of life consists of beauty, gain, and good. It has also proselytized actively. As a result, it has won a rapidly growing influence among the nonorganized semiproletarian and proletarian strata of the urban population and among small businessmen. The Soka Gakkai is distinguished from other religious sects by its well-defined organization—from families at the lowest level to units, groups, districts, chapters, general chapters, and headquarters at higher levels—by its rigid discipline, and by its active participation in political life. By 1974, Soka Gakkai membership in Japan had grown to more than 7 million families, and chapters are being founded abroad. Soka Gakkai lays particular stress on youth work. The Soka Gakkai’s political activity derives from Toda’s notion of establishing a “just and pacifist state” and from the conception of its president—from 1960, D. Ikeda—of a “third civilization” or “neosocialism,” a conception that represents a kind of petit bourgeois “third road” theory. Politically, the Soka Gakkai’s interests are represented by the Komeito (Clean Government) Party. REFERENCE Derzhavin, I. K. Soka-gakkai-Komeito. Moscow, 1972. A. I. SENATOROV
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