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DictionarySeeventricular fibrillationVexillum
Vexillum (1) An obsolete name for a military banner. (2) A small unit in an army of knights in medieval Poland and Lithuania; from the 16th to 18th centuries, a small unit in the Polish-Lithuanian Army, corresponding to a company. (3) A rectangular or triangular piece of cloth bearing the image of Christ or a saint, attached to a long staff by means of a crosspiece ; a religious banner carried during processions. | Table 1. Planted area, grain production, and state grain purchases in the primary regions of development of virgin and barren lands |
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| | Planted area (million hectares) | Grain yield (million tons) | State grain purchases (million tons) |
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| | 1950 | 1960 | 1976 | 1950 | 1960 | 1976 | 1950 | 1960 | 1976 |
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| USSR ............... | 32.4 | 60.3 | 64.3 | 25.6 | 58.7 | 82.6 | 11.3 | 29.0 | 43.9 | | RSFSR ............... | 26.4 | 38.4 | 38.8 | 20.9 | 40.0 | 52.8 | 9.2 | 18.5 | 24.3 | | Siberia and the Far East ............... | 12.1 | 19.1 | 18.0 | 9.9 | 19.4 | 18.5 | 4.7 | 8.8 | 5.2 | | Urals ............... | 6.1 | 8.6 | 9.3 | 6.0 | 10.5 | 14.5 | 2.4 | 5.0 | 7.6 | | Volga region ............... | 8.2 | 10.7 | 11.5 | 5.0 | 10.1 | 19.8 | 2.1 | 4.7 | 11.5 | | Kazakh SSR ............... | 6.0 | 21.0 | 25.5 | 4.7 | 18.7 | 29.8 | 2.1 | 10.5 | 19.6 |
VFIB
fibrillation (fib?ri-la'shon, fib?) [ fibrilla] 1. Formation of fibrils. 2. Quivering or spontaneous contraction of individual muscle fibers.3. An abnormal bioelectric potential occurring in neuropathies and myopathies.atrial fibrillation Abbreviation: AF
The most common cardiac dysrhythmia, affecting as many as 5 – 10% of people age 70 and over. It is marked by rapid, irregular electrical activity in the atria, resulting in ineffective ejection of blood into the ventricles and an irregular ventricular response (apical pulse rate). Blood that eddies in the atria may occasionally form clots that may embolize, esp. to the brain, but also to other organs. As a result, AF is an important risk factor for stroke. In the U.S., about 75,000 strokes occur each year in patients with AF. AF may also contribute to other diseases and conditions, including congestive heart failure, dyspnea on exertion, and syncope. EtiologyAF may occur in otherwise healthy persons with no structural heart disease (lone AF), e.g., during stress or exercise. It may also develop secondary to alcohol withdrawal; in patients with underlying arrhythmias (such as tachybrady syndrome or Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome); after cardiac surgery; during cocaine intoxication; in hypertensive urgencies, hypoxia, or hypercarbia (carbon dioxide retention); during myocardial infarction; in pericarditis and pulmonary embolism; or as a consequence of congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sepsis, or thyrotoxicosis or other metabolic disorders. Chronic AF, also known as persistent, permanent, or sustained AF, usually occurs in patients with structural abnormalities of the heart, such as cardiomyopathies; enlargement of the left atrium; mitral valve disease; or rheumatic heart disease. Paroxysmal AF is AF that occurs intermittently and resolves spontaneously. Recurrent AF is a term used to describe two or more episodes of AF occurring in the same person. SymptomsSome patients may not notice rapid or irregular beating of their heart even though the ventricular rate rises to 200 bpm. Most patients, however, report some of the following symptoms at slower heart rates (100 bpm or greater): dizziness, dyspnea, palpitations, presyncope, or syncope. DiagnosisPatients who present with their first episode of atrial fibrillation are typically evaluated with thyroid function tests, cardiac enzymes, a complete blood count, and blood chemistries. In patients with a cardiac murmur or evidence of congestive heart failure, echocardiography is typically performed. TreatmentThe acutely ill (unstable) patient with a rapid ventricular response (> 150/m) and signs or symptoms of angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, hypotension, or hypoxia should be prepared for immediate cardioversion. Patients who are stable and tolerate the rhythm disturbance without these signs or symptoms are typically treated first with drugs to slow the heart rhythm, e.g., calcium-channel blockers, beta blockers, or digoxin. For most patients with atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response, controlling the rapid heart rate alleviates symptoms. Electrical or chemical cardioversion of initial episodes of atrial fibrillation may successfully restore sinus rhythm, often for a period of several months to as long as a year but does not affect morbidity or mortality. Anticoagulation (as with warfarin, which requires frequent dosage adjustments and close monitoring, or with factor Xa inhibitors, which do not) markedly reduces the risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation. Warfarin or related vitamin K antagonists should be given for several weeks before, and about a week after, elective cardioversion, and to patients in chronic AF who do not return to sinus rhythm with treatment. Patients who elect not to use anticoagulants or factor Xa inhibitors for chronic AF, or for whom these agents pose too great a risk of bleeding, are usually given 325 mg of aspirin daily. AF can also be treated with radiofrequency catheter ablation, or with surgical techniques to isolate the source of the rhythm disturbance in the atria or pulmonary veins. See: ablation Patient careThe acutely ill patient is placed on bedrest and monitored closely, with frequent assessments of vital signs, oxygen saturation, heart rate and rhythm, and 12-lead electrocardiography. Supplemental oxygen is supplied and intravenous access established. Preparations for cardioversion (if necessary) and the medications prescribed for the patient are explained. Patients should be carefully introduced to the risks, benefits, and alternatives to stroke prevention with anticoagulation. Stroke is one of the most serious complications for patients with atrial fibrillation. The risk of embolic stroke in AF is about 5% annually without anticoagulation but lower with it. However, the use of anticoagulants increases the risk of bleeding. Patients treated with anticoagulants should maintain an International Normalized Ratio (INR) in the 2.0 to 3.0 range. Regular assessment of the INR reduces the hazard of serious bleeding. lone atrial fibrillationAtrial fibrillation that is not caused by or associated with underlying disease of the heart muscle, heart valves, coronary arteries, pulmonary circulation, or thyroid gland. Prognosis seems better for this type of atrial fibrillation than for that which results from anatomical or metabolic abnormalities. paroxysmal atrial fibrillationIntermittent episodes of atrial fibrillation. ventricular fibrillation Abbreviation: VFIB
A treatable but lethal dysrhythmia present in nearly half of all cases of cardiac arrest. It is marked on the electrocardiogram by rapid, chaotic nonrepetitive waveforms; and clinically by the absence of effective circulation of blood (pulselessness). Rapid defibrillation (applying unsynchronized electrical shocks to the heart) is the key to treatment. Basic measures, such as opening the airway and providing rescue breaths and chest compressions, should be undertaken until the defibrillator is available. See: defibrillation; advanced cardiac life support
ventricular fibrillation Abbreviation: VFIB
A treatable but lethal dysrhythmia present in nearly half of all cases of cardiac arrest. It is marked on the electrocardiogram by rapid, chaotic nonrepetitive waveforms; and clinically by the absence of effective circulation of blood (pulselessness). Rapid defibrillation (applying unsynchronized electrical shocks to the heart) is the key to treatment. Basic measures, such as opening the airway and providing rescue breaths and chest compressions, should be undertaken until the defibrillator is available. See: defibrillation; advanced cardiac life supportSee also: fibrillationVFIB
| Acronym | Definition |
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| VFIB➣Ventricular Fibrillation | | VFIB➣Vanuatu Foreign Investment Board |
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