| 单词 | proletariat | |||
| 释义 | proletariatpro·le·tar·i·atP0590400 (prō′lĭ-târ′ē-ĭt)proletariat(ˌprəʊlɪˈtɛərɪət) orproletariatepro•le•tar•i•at(ˌproʊ lɪˈtɛər i ət)n. proletariat
proletariatupper class, aristocracy, nobility, gentry, peerage, ruling class, upper crust (informal), aristos (informal) proletariatproletariat(prōlətâr`ēət), in Marxian theory, the class of exploited workers and wage earners who depend on the sale of their labor for their means of existence. In ancient Rome, the proletariat was the lowest class of citizens; its members had no property or assured income and were a source of discontent and political instability. According to Karl MarxMarx, Karl,1818–83, German social philosopher, the chief theorist of modern socialism and communism. Early Life Marx's father, a lawyer, converted from Judaism to Lutheranism in 1824. ..... Click the link for more information. , the breakup of feudalism and the development of capitalism created a new, propertyless class from the dispossessed peasants and retainers who were forced to sell their labor for wages in the new industrial centers. Marx believed that the seizure of power by the proletariat from the capitalist class was a necessary step to a classless society. Under Lenin and the Bolsheviks, this revolution was to be directed by the Communist party, as the vanguard of the dictatorship of the proletariat. BibliographySee L. P. Adams and R. L. Aronson, The History of Workers and Industrial Change (1957); J. Kuczynski, The Rise of the Working Classes (tr. 1967); S. Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (1968). proletariat
Proletariatone of the two main classes of bourgeois society; the class of wage earners. Proletarians are denied ownership of the implements and means of production, and thus their only source of livelihood is the sale of their labor to the capitalists, the other main class of bourgeois society. Proletariatthe name of several Polish political parties that existed in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The First, or Great, Proletariat was the first political party of the Polish proletariat. Its official name was Międzynarodowa Socjalno-Rewolucyjna Partia Proletariat (International Social Revolutionary Party Proletariat). The party was founded in 1882 by L. Waryński, who united several socialist groups in Warsaw and organized the Workers’ Committee. The Proletariat’s program, included in an appeal issued by the Workers’ Committee on Sept. 1, 1882, raised the question of a socialist state and public ownership of the means of production, called on the proletariat to begin the struggle for socialism, and proclaimed proletarian internationalism. The program also contained several anarchist demands. At a congress held in Vilnius in January 1883, the Polish and Lithuanian Social Revolutionary Party, founded in St. Petersburg in 1881, joined the Proletariat, as did the Polish socialist circles of Warsaw, Vilnius, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, and Odessa. From April 1883 the Proletariat was headed by the Central Committee, which included Waryński, S. Kunicki, and T. Rechniewski. The Central Committee published the newspaper Proletariat in 1883–84 in Warsaw, the newspaper Robotnik in 1883 in Kraków, and the works of K. Marx and F. Engels in Geneva. Members of the Proletariat maintained close ties with G. V. Plekhanov, V. I. Zasulich, and other Russian revolutionaries. In March 1884 the Proletariat formed an alliance with the People’s Will, recognizing that economic and political terror was the highest form of struggle against autocracy. In 1884, after Kunicki’s arrest, the Central Committee was headed by M. Bohuszewicz, and from September 1885, it was directed by M. S. Ulrych, W. Wisłocki, W. Buksznis, and B. Waligurska. The Proletariat organizations were destroyed in July 1886. Several trials of Proletariat members were held between 1883 and 1888, the largest of them, the Trial of the Twenty-nine, lasting from Nov. 23 to Dec. 20, 1885. Kunicki, P. Bardovskii (Bardowski), J. Pietrusiński, and M. Ossowski were sentenced to death by a military tribunal and executed in the Warsaw citadel on Jan. 28, 1886. W. Kowalewski was executed on Sept. 4, 1886. The Second Proletariat (official name, Socjalno-Rewolucyjna Partiia Proletariat, Social Revolutionary Party Proletariat) was founded in February and March 1888 through a merger of the Warsaw Workers’ Committee (founded in 1887 by M. Kasprzak) and a group of student propagandists (organized in 1887 by L. Kulczycki). The Proletariat called for an alliance with the Russian revolutionaries, political struggle, an all-Russian constitution, and autonomy for the Kingdom of Poland. It considered terror to be one of the means of fighting autocracy. Members of the Proletariat organized the 1890 May Day celebration in Warsaw and published leaflets and Polish translations of Russian revolutionary pamphlets. A group that opposed terror tactics left the Proletariat in July 1891 and formed the Workers’ Association in August. Representatives of the Proletariat attended the founding congress of the Second International in Paris in 1889. In February and March 1893 the few remaining Proletariat groups joined the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland. The Third Proletariat (official name, Polska Partia Socjalistyczna Proletariat, Polish Socialist Party Proletariat) was founded in the summer of 1900 by the L’vov section of the Polish Socialist Party (headed by L. Kulczycki), which had left the Socialist Party. The L’vov section advocated a stronger political struggle against tsarism through individual defensive terror. The Proletariat’s maximum program called for a socialist revolution, and its minimum program specified an all-Russian constitution and autonomy for the Kingdom of Poland, separation of church and state, and the introduction of an eight-hour workday. The party was headed by the Central Committee, based first in L’vov and later in Kraków. Numbering about 1,000 persons, the Proletariat had organizations in Warsaw and its environs, Łódź, Białystok, and Tomaszów-Rawski. The party advocated a stronger alliance and closer cooperation with the Russian revolutionary movement. It published the magazine Proletariat in L’vov and Geneva from 1900 to 1904 and the newspaper Proletaryusz in Warsaw from 1905 to 1909. The Proletariat was dissolved in the spring of 1909. REFERENCESOrekhov, A. M. Sotsial-demokraticheskoe dvizhenie v Rossii ipol’skie revoliutsionery, 1887–1893 gg. Moscow, 1973.Baumgarten, L. Dzieje Wielkiego Proletariatu. Warsaw, 1966. (Bibliography pp. 761–71.) Targalski, J. “Geneza Polskiej Partii Socjalistycznej Proletariat.” Z pola walki, 1973, nos. 2–3. E. K. ZHIGUNOV proletariatproletariat
Synonyms for proletariat
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proletariat - a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages; "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field"