reflex sympathetic dystrophy

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

Definition

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is the feeling of pain associated with evidence of minor nerve injury.

Description

Historically, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) was noticed during the civil war in patients who suffered pain following gunshot wounds that affected the median nerve (a major nerve in the arm). In 1867 the condition was called causalgia form the Greek term meaning "burning pain." Causalgia refers to pain associated with major nerve injury. The exact causes of RSD are still unclear. Patients usually develop a triad of phases. In the first phase, pain and sympathetic activity is increased. Patients will typically present with swelling (edema), stiffness, pain, increased vascularity (increasing warmth), hyperhydrosis, and x-ray changes demonstrating loss of minerals in bone (demineralization). The second phase develops three to nine months later, It is characterized by increased stiffness and changes in the extremity that include a decrease in warmth and atrophy of the skin and muscles. The late phase commencing several months to years later presents with a pale, cold, painful, and atrophic extremity. Patients at this stage will also have osteoporosis.It has been thought that each phase relates to a specific nerve defect that involves nerve tracts from the periphery spinal cord to the brain. Both sexes are affected, but the number of new cases is higher in women, adolescents, and young adults. RDS has been associated with other terms such as Sudeck's atrophy, post-traumatic osteoporosis, causalgia, shoulder-hand syndrome, and reflex neuromuscular dystrophy.

Causes and symptoms

The exact causes of RSD at present is not clearly understood. There are several theories such as sympathetic overflow (over activity), abnormal circuitry in nerve impulses through the sympathetic system, and as a post-operative complication for both elective and traumatic surgical procedures. Patients typically develop pain, swelling, temperature, color changes, and skin and muscle wasting.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is simple and confirmed by a local anesthetic block along sympathetic nerve paths in the hand or foot, depending on whether an arm or leg is affected. A test called the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) can be performed to rule out diseases with similar presentation and arising from other causes.

Treatment

The preferred method to treat RSD includes sympathetic block and physical therapy. Pain is improved as motion of the affected limb improves. Patients may also require tranquilizers and mild analgesics. Patients who received repeated blocks should consider surgical symathectomy (removal of the nerves causing pain).

Prognosis

The prognosis for treatment during phase one is favorable. As the disease progresses undetected into phase two or three the prognosis for recovery is poor.

Key terms

Atrophy — Abnormal changes in a cell that lead to loss of cell structure and function.Osteoporosis — Reduction in the quantity of bone.

Prevention

There is no known prevention since the cause is not clearly understood.

Resources

Books

Goetz, Christopher G., et al, editors. Textbook of Clinical Neurology. 1st ed. W. B. Saunders Company, 1999.Ruddy, Shaun, et al, editors. Kelly's Textbook of Rheumatology. 6th ed. W. B. Saunders Company, 2001.

Other

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America. 〈http://www.rsds.org/fact.html〉.

dystrophy

[dis´trah-fe] any disorder due to defective or faulty nutrition, especially muscular dystrophy. adj., adj dystroph´ic.adiposogenital dystrophy adiposity of the feminine type, genital hypoplasia, changes in secondary sex characters, and metabolic disturbances; seen with lesions of the hypothalamus; see also adiposogenital dystrophy.Becker's muscular dystrophy (Becker type muscular dystrophy) a form closely resembling Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, but having a later onset and milder course; transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait.distal muscular dystrophy distal myopathy.Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (Duchenne type muscular dystrophy) The childhood type of muscular dystrophy.facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy muscular dystrophy affecting the face, shoulder, and upper arm muscles; called also Landouzy-Dejerine muscular dystrophy.Landouzy-Dejerine dystrophy (Landouzy-Dejerine muscular dystrophy) facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.muscular dystrophy see muscular dystrophy.myotonic dystrophy a rare, slowly progressive, hereditary disease, marked by myotonia followed by muscular atrophy (especially of the face and neck), cataracts, hypogonadism, frontal balding, and cardiac disorders. Called also dystrophia myotonica, myotonia atrophica, and myotonia dystrophica.progressive muscular dystrophy muscular dystrophy.pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy muscular dystrophy affecting the shoulder and pelvic girdles, beginning in childhood and marked by increasing weakness, pseudohypertrophy of the muscles, followed by atrophy, and a peculiar swaying gait with the legs kept wide apart. Called also pseudohypertrophic muscular paralysis.reflex sympathetic dystrophy a syndrome of chronic pain that usually develops after a trauma or noxious stimulus, although the nerve injury cannot be immediately identified. The pain is not limited to the distribution of a single nerve and is often out of proportion to the precipitating event. It is most often described as a burning pain, and is accompanied by swelling, sweating, sensitivity to touch, and sometimes changes in tissue growth. Called also chronic or complex regional pain syndrome. Clinical practice guidelines have been published by the Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America and are available on their web site at http://www.rsds.org or by writing to Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America, P.O. Box 502, Milford CT 06460.

complex regional pain syndrome type I

diffuse persistent pain usually in an extremity often associated with vasomotor disturbances, trophic changes, and limitation or immobility of joints; frequently follows some local injury. Synonym(s): causalgia, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, shoulder-hand syndrome, sympathetic reflex dystrophy

reflex sympathetic dystrophy

Neurology
Persistent pain of an extremity after prolonged autonomic nervous system stimulation.

Clinical findings
Dysaesthesia, pain, swelling of an extremity with trophic skin changes, hypertrichosis, osteoporosis.

Aetiology
Acute MI, cervical osteoporosis, CVAs, nerve injury, neurologic events, surgery, trauma.
Management
Sympathetic block with local anaesthetics.

Sports medicine
An exaggerated response of the sympathetic nervous system to minor trauma, especially if superimposed on healing injuries.

Clinical findings
Severe, recurrent, chronic pain, affecting an entire extremity; swelling, stiffness and discolouration.
Pathogenesis
Uncertain, possibly mental stress.

Prognosis
Inactivity and inadequate therapy result in muscle atrophy, demineralisation and contractures.

reflex sympathetic dystrophy

Causalgia, complex regional pain syndrome, post-traumatic pain syndrome, reflex neurovascular dystrophy, shoulder-hand syndrome, Sudeck's bone atrophy Neurology Persistent pain of an extremity after prolonged autonomic nervous system stimulation Etiology AMI, cervical osteoporosis, CVAs, nerve injury, neurologic events, surgery, trauma Clinical Dysesthesia, pain, swelling of an extremity with trophic skin changes, hypertrichosis, osteoporosis Management Sympathetic block with local anesthetics Sports medicine An exaggerated response of the sympathetic nervous system to minor trauma, especially if superimposed on healing injuries Pathogenesis Uncertain, possibly mental stress Clinical Severe, recurrent, chronic pain, affecting an entire extremity Prognosis Inactivity and inadequate therapy result in muscle atrophy, demineralization, contractures. See Elite athlete, Female athlete triad.

cau·sal·gi·a

(kaw-zal'jē-ă) Persistent severe burning sensation, usually following partial injury of a peripheral nerve, accompanied by trophic changes (thinning of skin, loss of sweat glands and hair follicles). [G. kausis, burning, + algos, pain]

com·plex re·gion·al pain syn·drome

(CRPS) (kom'pleks rēj'ŭ-năl pān sin'drōm) Diffuse persistent pain, usually in a limb, often associated with vasomotor disturbances, trophic changes, and limitation or immobility of joints; may follow local injury.

reflex sympathetic dystrophy

A condition commonly following injury to a limb, that features pain, tenderness, swelling, abnormal blood flow, disorders of sweating, involuntary movements and atrophic structural changes in tissue known a trophic changes. Also known as Sudeck's atrophy, complex regional pain syndrome and algodystrophy. (Paul Hermann Martin Sudeck, 1866–1919, German professor of surgery).

Patient discussion about reflex sympathetic dystrophy

Q. Anyone have/hear of RSD (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) CRPS etc ,I have Fibro too Reflex Synmpathetic Dystrophy or CRPS and I have Fibromyalgia any others with CNS problemsA. Ok I would like to ask if any others with RSD would like to get to know each other it looks like they have groups ,no one without RSD can appreciate the pain and the way those who you love the most ,think you are a faker because some RSDers ,you can't see anything readily ,not being believed with Nerve pain thayt is worse than anything I have felt like being shot ,blown up ,Third Degree Burns well kinda like when the nerves stgart to grow back from Third degree burns but 24/7 and the same degree of p[ain since 1968 .IF RSD IS CAUGHT IN THE FIIRST YEAR IT CAN BE Reversed so yes I want knowledge (oops didnt mean caps(to yell)Thank You rsdno

More discussions about reflex sympathetic dystrophy

单词	reflex sympathetic dystrophy
释义	DictionarySeecausalgiaEncyclopediaSeedystrophy reflex sympathetic dystrophy Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Definition Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is the feeling of pain associated with evidence of minor nerve injury. Description Historically, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) was noticed during the civil war in patients who suffered pain following gunshot wounds that affected the median nerve (a major nerve in the arm). In 1867 the condition was called causalgia form the Greek term meaning "burning pain." Causalgia refers to pain associated with major nerve injury. The exact causes of RSD are still unclear. Patients usually develop a triad of phases. In the first phase, pain and sympathetic activity is increased. Patients will typically present with swelling (edema), stiffness, pain, increased vascularity (increasing warmth), hyperhydrosis, and x-ray changes demonstrating loss of minerals in bone (demineralization). The second phase develops three to nine months later, It is characterized by increased stiffness and changes in the extremity that include a decrease in warmth and atrophy of the skin and muscles. The late phase commencing several months to years later presents with a pale, cold, painful, and atrophic extremity. Patients at this stage will also have osteoporosis.It has been thought that each phase relates to a specific nerve defect that involves nerve tracts from the periphery spinal cord to the brain. Both sexes are affected, but the number of new cases is higher in women, adolescents, and young adults. RDS has been associated with other terms such as Sudeck's atrophy, post-traumatic osteoporosis, causalgia, shoulder-hand syndrome, and reflex neuromuscular dystrophy. Causes and symptoms The exact causes of RSD at present is not clearly understood. There are several theories such as sympathetic overflow (over activity), abnormal circuitry in nerve impulses through the sympathetic system, and as a post-operative complication for both elective and traumatic surgical procedures. Patients typically develop pain, swelling, temperature, color changes, and skin and muscle wasting. Diagnosis The diagnosis is simple and confirmed by a local anesthetic block along sympathetic nerve paths in the hand or foot, depending on whether an arm or leg is affected. A test called the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) can be performed to rule out diseases with similar presentation and arising from other causes. Treatment The preferred method to treat RSD includes sympathetic block and physical therapy. Pain is improved as motion of the affected limb improves. Patients may also require tranquilizers and mild analgesics. Patients who received repeated blocks should consider surgical symathectomy (removal of the nerves causing pain). Prognosis The prognosis for treatment during phase one is favorable. As the disease progresses undetected into phase two or three the prognosis for recovery is poor. Key terms Atrophy — Abnormal changes in a cell that lead to loss of cell structure and function.Osteoporosis — Reduction in the quantity of bone. Prevention There is no known prevention since the cause is not clearly understood. Resources Books Goetz, Christopher G., et al, editors. Textbook of Clinical Neurology. 1st ed. W. B. Saunders Company, 1999.Ruddy, Shaun, et al, editors. Kelly's Textbook of Rheumatology. 6th ed. W. B. Saunders Company, 2001. Other Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America. 〈http://www.rsds.org/fact.html〉. dystrophy [dis´trah-fe] any disorder due to defective or faulty nutrition, especially muscular dystrophy. adj., adj dystroph´ic.adiposogenital dystrophy adiposity of the feminine type, genital hypoplasia, changes in secondary sex characters, and metabolic disturbances; seen with lesions of the hypothalamus; see also adiposogenital dystrophy.Becker's muscular dystrophy (Becker type muscular dystrophy) a form closely resembling Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, but having a later onset and milder course; transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait.distal muscular dystrophy distal myopathy.Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (Duchenne type muscular dystrophy) The childhood type of muscular dystrophy.facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy muscular dystrophy affecting the face, shoulder, and upper arm muscles; called also Landouzy-Dejerine muscular dystrophy.Landouzy-Dejerine dystrophy (Landouzy-Dejerine muscular dystrophy) facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.muscular dystrophy see muscular dystrophy.myotonic dystrophy a rare, slowly progressive, hereditary disease, marked by myotonia followed by muscular atrophy (especially of the face and neck), cataracts, hypogonadism, frontal balding, and cardiac disorders. Called also dystrophia myotonica, myotonia atrophica, and myotonia dystrophica.progressive muscular dystrophy muscular dystrophy.pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy muscular dystrophy affecting the shoulder and pelvic girdles, beginning in childhood and marked by increasing weakness, pseudohypertrophy of the muscles, followed by atrophy, and a peculiar swaying gait with the legs kept wide apart. Called also pseudohypertrophic muscular paralysis.reflex sympathetic dystrophy a syndrome of chronic pain that usually develops after a trauma or noxious stimulus, although the nerve injury cannot be immediately identified. The pain is not limited to the distribution of a single nerve and is often out of proportion to the precipitating event. It is most often described as a burning pain, and is accompanied by swelling, sweating, sensitivity to touch, and sometimes changes in tissue growth. Called also chronic or complex regional pain syndrome. Clinical practice guidelines have been published by the Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America and are available on their web site at http://www.rsds.org or by writing to Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America, P.O. Box 502, Milford CT 06460. complex regional pain syndrome type I diffuse persistent pain usually in an extremity often associated with vasomotor disturbances, trophic changes, and limitation or immobility of joints; frequently follows some local injury. Synonym(s): causalgia, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, shoulder-hand syndrome, sympathetic reflex dystrophy reflex sympathetic dystrophy Neurology Persistent pain of an extremity after prolonged autonomic nervous system stimulation. Clinical findings Dysaesthesia, pain, swelling of an extremity with trophic skin changes, hypertrichosis, osteoporosis. Aetiology Acute MI, cervical osteoporosis, CVAs, nerve injury, neurologic events, surgery, trauma. Management Sympathetic block with local anaesthetics. Sports medicine An exaggerated response of the sympathetic nervous system to minor trauma, especially if superimposed on healing injuries. Clinical findings Severe, recurrent, chronic pain, affecting an entire extremity; swelling, stiffness and discolouration. Pathogenesis Uncertain, possibly mental stress. Prognosis Inactivity and inadequate therapy result in muscle atrophy, demineralisation and contractures. reflex sympathetic dystrophy Causalgia, complex regional pain syndrome, post-traumatic pain syndrome, reflex neurovascular dystrophy, shoulder-hand syndrome, Sudeck's bone atrophy Neurology Persistent pain of an extremity after prolonged autonomic nervous system stimulation Etiology AMI, cervical osteoporosis, CVAs, nerve injury, neurologic events, surgery, trauma Clinical Dysesthesia, pain, swelling of an extremity with trophic skin changes, hypertrichosis, osteoporosis Management Sympathetic block with local anesthetics Sports medicine An exaggerated response of the sympathetic nervous system to minor trauma, especially if superimposed on healing injuries Pathogenesis Uncertain, possibly mental stress Clinical Severe, recurrent, chronic pain, affecting an entire extremity Prognosis Inactivity and inadequate therapy result in muscle atrophy, demineralization, contractures. See Elite athlete, Female athlete triad. cau·sal·gi·a (kaw-zal'jē-ă) Persistent severe burning sensation, usually following partial injury of a peripheral nerve, accompanied by trophic changes (thinning of skin, loss of sweat glands and hair follicles). [G. kausis, burning, + algos, pain] com·plex re·gion·al pain syn·drome (CRPS) (kom'pleks rēj'ŭ-năl pān sin'drōm) Diffuse persistent pain, usually in a limb, often associated with vasomotor disturbances, trophic changes, and limitation or immobility of joints; may follow local injury. reflex sympathetic dystrophy A condition commonly following injury to a limb, that features pain, tenderness, swelling, abnormal blood flow, disorders of sweating, involuntary movements and atrophic structural changes in tissue known a trophic changes. Also known as Sudeck's atrophy, complex regional pain syndrome and algodystrophy. (Paul Hermann Martin Sudeck, 1866–1919, German professor of surgery). Patient discussion about reflex sympathetic dystrophy Q. Anyone have/hear of RSD (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) CRPS etc ,I have Fibro too Reflex Synmpathetic Dystrophy or CRPS and I have Fibromyalgia any others with CNS problemsA. Ok I would like to ask if any others with RSD would like to get to know each other it looks like they have groups ,no one without RSD can appreciate the pain and the way those who you love the most ,think you are a faker because some RSDers ,you can't see anything readily ,not being believed with Nerve pain thayt is worse than anything I have felt like being shot ,blown up ,Third Degree Burns well kinda like when the nerves stgart to grow back from Third degree burns but 24/7 and the same degree of p[ain since 1968 .IF RSD IS CAUGHT IN THE FIIRST YEAR IT CAN BE Reversed so yes I want knowledge (oops didnt mean caps(to yell)Thank You rsdno More discussions about reflex sympathetic dystrophy AcronymsSeeRSD
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