Progressive Party
Progressive Party
Progressive Party
| Noun | 1. | Progressive Party - a former political party in the United States; founded by Theodore Roosevelt during the presidential campaign of 1912; its emblem was a picture of a bull moose |
| 单词 | progressive party | |||
| 释义 | Progressive PartyProgressive PartyProgressive Party
Progressive PartyProgressive party,in U.S. history, the name of three political organizations, active, respectively, in the presidential elections of 1912, 1924, and 1948.Election of 1912Republican insurgents dissatisfied with the conservative administration of President William Howard TaftTaft, William Howard, BibliographySee B. P. De Witt, The Progressive Movement (1915, repr. 1968); G. E. Mowry, Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (1946, repr. 1960); A. R. E. Pinchot, History of the Progressive Party, 1912–1916, ed. by H. M. Hooker (1958); J. A. Gable, The Bullmoose Years: Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Party (1978). Election of 1924The success of the Conference for Progressive Political Action, sponsored by the railroad brotherhoods, in the congressional elections of 1922 led to the nomination at Cleveland in 1924 of another Progressive party ticket, with La Follette for President and Burton K. WheelerWheeler, Burton Kendall, BibliographySee K. C. MacKay, The Progressive Movement of 1924 (1947, repr. 1966). Election of 1948At Philadelphia in July, 1948, a new third party, organized as a challenge to the Democratic party, adopted the name Progressive and nominated Henry A. WallaceWallace, Henry Agard, BibliographySee K. M. Schmidt, Henry A. Wallace: Quixotic Crusade, 1948 (1961); C. D. MacDougall, Gideon's Army (3 vol., 1965). See also bibliography under progressivismprogressivism, Progressive Partyin Bohemia, a name encountered in the literature for the liberal, bourgeois Czech Progressive Party, which existed from 1900 to 1918. Progressive Partya liberal bourgeois party in Prussia (1861–71) and united Germany (1871–1918). The Progressive Party represented the interests both of the bourgeoisie who had connections with foreign markets and of the petite and middle bourgeoisie. It supported the unification of the country under Prussia but demanded the establishment of a parliamentary regime. In 1866 the Progressives’ adherents among the upper bourgeoisie left the party to found the National Liberal Party. The Progressive Party opposed O. Bismarck’s efforts to deprive parliament of control over military appropriations and also opposed the introduction of protective tariffs. In 1884 the Progressives and some of the National Liberals formed the German Radical Party, but a new schism in 1893 resulted in two groups, the Radical Union and the Radical National Party. Both regarded the Social Democrats as their chief adversary, and during the period of intensified reaction (1906–07) entered into a coalition with the Junkers and the parties of the upper bourgeoisie, forming the Hottentot bloc. In 1910, the Radical Union and the Radical National Party merged into the Progressive National Party, which had a more flexible approach to major political issues. During World War I, the Progressive Party supported German imperialism; however, since the party feared revolution, it supported an imperialistic peace by mutual agreement, as well as a certain democratization of the political regime. REFERENCESSeeber, G. Zwischen Bebel und Bismarck: Zur Geschichte des Linksliberalismus in Deutschland 1871–1893. Berlin, 1965.Elm, L. Zwischen Fortschritt und Reaktion: Geschichte der Parteien der liberalen Bourgeoisie in Deutschland 1893–1918. Berlin, 1968. L. I. GINTSBERG Progressive Partya national liberal party of the powerful Russian bourgeoisie and capitalist landowners that occupied a position between the Octobrists and the Constitutional Democrats. The nucleus of the party was the group of Progressives in the Third State Duma that had emerged from the Mirnoobnovlentsy (Party of Peaceful Renovation) and had grown chiefly at the expense of the Octobrists from 28 deputies in 1907 to 37 in 1912. Prior to the Fourth Duma elections, nonparty committees of allegedly progressive electors were formed at gatherings of public figures in Moscow and St. Petersburg. These committees were later designated as the Central Committee of the party at a congress held Nov. 11–13, 1912. During the first session of the Fourth Duma, the Progressive faction numbered 48 deputies. The founders of the party were the textile factory owners A. I. Konovalov, V. P. Riabushinskii, and P. P. Riabushinskii; S. N. Tret’iakov; S. I. Chetverikov; and the zemstvo leaders I. N. Efremov (chairman of the bureau of the Progressives’ Duma faction), Prince G. E. L’vov, N. N. L’vov, Prince E. N. Trubetskoi, D. N. Shipov, and M. M. Kovalevskii. The party’s newspapers were Russkaia molva and Utro Rossii. Early in World War I, the Progressives urged the nation to rally around the tsar and to abandon internal discord and party dissension. At the initiative of the Progressives, war industry committees were formed, with working groups within them. During the summer of 1915, a period of military defeats and the growth of the labor movement, the Progressives joined other bourgeois and landowner parties to form the Progressive Bloc. However, in the autumn of 1916 the party left the bloc out of dissatisfaction with the other factions’ refusal to include in the bloc’s declaration a demand for governmental accountability before the State Duma. After the February Revolution of 1917, several leaders of the Progressive Party became members of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, and later of the Provisional Government. However, the party itself collapsed. The former party leaders were later active in the bourgeois counterrevolutionary camp. REFERENCESLenin, V. I. “Natsional-liberaly.” Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 22.S”ezd progressistov 11, 12 i 13 noiabria 1912 g. St. Petersburg, 1913. Fraktsiia progressistov v 4-i Gosudarstvennoi dume: Sessiia I, 1912–1913 gg., fasc. 1. St. Petersburg, 1913. Buryshkin, P. A. Moskva kupecheskaia. New York, 1954. Laverychev, V. la. Po tu storonu barrikad. Moscow, 1967. Diakin, V. S. Russkaia burzhuaziia i tsarizm v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914–1917). Leningrad, 1967. E. D. CHERMENSKII Progressive Partya political party in the USA from 1948 to the mid-1950’s. It was an alliance of progressive elements that were dissatisfied with the two-party system and the foreign and domestic policy of the US government. Led by H. Wallace from 1948 to 1950, the party demanded the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, which was passed in 1947; liberal and democratic reforms; and a policy of peace and cooperation with other nations, including the USSR. In the 1948 presidential elections, Wallace, the Progressive Party candidate, received 1,156,000 votes. However, the Progressive Party did not become a major party. Persecuted by reactionary forces and divided by internal disagreements, it gradually lost its influence and disappeared from the political scene. Progressive PartyProgressive PartyBeginning in the 1900s, the political history of the United States has been the story of the two mainstream political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans, and the third party movements that have grown and receded in their wake. Between 1912 and 1948, progressivism, a broadly based reform movement, had three national incarnations as the Progressive Party. Progressivism began as a response to the transformation of American society from an agricultural-based economy to an industrial one. Many American workers, both native-born and immigrant, found themselves hindered by long hours of work in dangerous conditions, low pay, and unsafe and unsanitary housing. Reformers in the largest cities began to lobby for safer working environments, improved tenement housing, and public ownership of utilities. Others fought political corruption and the cronyism that was part of the established political machines of both parties. In 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt, who had sought to find a balance between capitalists and working people and had gained fame as the nation's chief "trustbuster," declined to run for another term. With Roosevelt's support, his friend and colleague William Howard Taft was elected president, a move that at first was hailed by a number of Progressives. The conservative Taft turned out to be a huge disappointment to the Progressives and to Roosevelt, who challenged him for the Republican presidential nomination in 1912. After losing the nomination to Taft, Roosevelt left the Republican Party and gained the nomination of the Progressive Party that had been launched in 1911 as the National Progressive Republican League by Wisconsin Senator robert m. la follette. Although La Follette had hoped to be the new party's candidate, he was outpolled by Roosevelt for the nomination. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously on a platform that called for multiple social, economic, and political reforms, including woman suffrage, the institution of a Minimum Wage and Child Labor Laws, environmental conservation, direct election of U.S. senators, and procedures permitting initiative, Referendum, and recall. Although Roosevelt's Progressive Party, popularly known as the "Bull Moose Party," polled 600,000 more votes than Taft, he lost to Democratic candidate woodrow wilson.In 1924, a group of Progressives, including former members of the Bull Moose Party, united with railroad union workers, an organization called the Conference for Progressive Political Action (CPPA), the american federation of labor, and the American Socialist Party to support the presidential candidacy of Robert M. La Follette. A liberal Republican, "Fighting Bob" La Follette was a three-term Wisconsin governor who broke with the Republican establishment to lead the fight for tax reform, control of railroad rates, the establishment of the direct primary, and other reform measures that were collectively labeled the "Wisconsin Idea." In 1906, La Follette, whose wife Belle Case La Follette was an attorney and champion of women's suffrage, began the first of three terms in the U.S. Senate, where he championed reform along the lines of the Wisconsin Idea and also displayed an isolationist streak, opposing U.S. entry into World War I and also into the League of Nations. Running against Republican Calvin Coolidge and conservative Democrat john w. davis in 1924, La Follette and his running mate, Montana senator Burton K. Wheeler, crusaded for the dismantling of monopolistic corporations, equitable taxation of businesses, the right to Collective Bargaining, state ownership of Public Utilities, public control and protection of the country's natural resources, and an end to Fraud and corruption in public offices. Coolidge, who had become president in August 1923 after the death of President warren g. harding, was reelected in a landslide victory. La Follette and the Progressive Party polled close to 5 million popular votes and 13 electoral votes. The only state the Progressive Party carried was La Follette's home state of Wisconsin. Worn out by his extensive efforts at campaigning, La Follette died in June 1925. With La Follette's death, many members of his followers rejoined the Republican Party and the second materialization of the Progressive Party movement passed from the national political arena. In 1948, the Cold War policies of President harry truman caused a group of disaffected Democrats and others to reconstitute the Progressive Party. The new Progressives nominated former U.S. vice president and commerce secretary Henry Wallace for president and Senator Glen H. Taylor from Idaho for vice president. They campaigned on a number of issues including opposition to the Marshall Plan, support for Civil Rights and Welfare legislation, and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act that had placed a number of restrictions on labor unions. Support from the U.S. Communist Party caused a political backlash, and the Progressive Party's third presidential bid garnered only 2.4 percent of the national vote. In the early 2000s, the Progressive Party existed not as a national entity but as a collection of local and state organizations still championing liberal causes and reform issues. Further readingsMorris, Edmund. 2001. Theodore Rex. New York: Random House. Progressive Party. Available online at <progressiveparty.org> (accessed August 1, 2003). Thelen, David. 1986. Robert M. La Follette and the Insurgent Spirit. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press. Cross-referencesLibertarianism; Third Party. Progressive Party
Synonyms for Progressive Party
|
|||
| 随便看 |
|
英语词典包含2567994条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。