Permenorm

a low-nickel Permalloy that consists of approximately 50 percent nickel and 50 percent iron. The saturation magnetization and magnetic permeability μ of Permenorms, which are soft-magnetic materials, are characteristically high. Permenorms were developed in Germany during World War II. Typically, they have a saturation magnetization of 1.5–1.6 tesla, an initial magnetic permeability μ_α ≥ 3,500, a maximum magnetic permeability μ_max ≥ 35,000, and a Curie point of 500°C. The value for μ_a can be raised to 10,000 by imparting a certain grain orientation to the alloy, a procedure that is sometimes performed in combination with additional thermal treatment under an applied magnetic field; these techniques can also be used to produce a Permenorm with a rectangular hysteresis loop and with a μ_max > 100,000.

Permenorms are used for producing transformer cores, choke coils, and electrical relays. The equivalent of Permenorms in the USSR are alloys that are manufactured under the names 50N, which contains 50 percent Ni, and 50 NP, which contains 50 percent Ni and is characterized by a rectangular hysteresis loop.