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单词 sodium chloride
释义

sodium chloride


sodium chloride

n. A colorless or white crystalline compound, NaCl, used in the manufacture of chemicals and as a food preservative and seasoning.

sodium chloride

n (Elements & Compounds) common table salt; a soluble colourless crystalline compound occurring naturally as halite and in sea water: widely used as a seasoning and preservative for food and in the manufacture of chemicals, glass, and soap. Formula: NaCl. Also called: salt

salt

(sɔlt)

n. 1. a crystalline compound, sodium chloride, NaCl, occurring chiefly as a mineral or a constituent of seawater, and used for seasoning food and as a preservative. 2. any of a class of chemical compounds formed by neutralization of an acid by a base, a reaction in which hydrogen atoms of the acid are replaced by cations supplied by the base. 3. table salt mixed with an herb or seasoning as named: onion salt. 4. an element that gives liveliness or pungency. 5. sharp, biting wit. 6. a sailor, esp. an old or experienced one. v.t. 7. to season with salt. 8. to cure or preserve with salt. 9. to provide with salt: to salt cattle. 10. to treat with common salt or with any chemical salt. 11. to spread salt on so as to melt snow or ice. 12. to introduce rich ore fraudulently into (a mine, a mineral sample, etc.) to create a false impression of value. 13. salt away, a. Also, salt down. to preserve by adding salt to, as meat. b. to save (money) for future use. 14. salt out, to separate (a dissolved substance) from a solution by the addition of a salt, esp. common salt. adj. 15. containing salt, or tasting of salt: a salt drink. 16. cured or preserved with salt: salt cod. 17. inundated by salt water. 18. salty (def. 1). Idioms: 1. take with a grain or pinch of salt, to be somewhat skeptical about. 2. worth one's salt, deserving of one's wages or salary. [before 900; (n. and adj.) Middle English; Old English sealt, c. Old Frisian, Old Saxon, Old Norse Gothic salt, Old High German, German salz; akin to Latin sāl, Greek háls; (v.) Middle English salten, Old English s(e)altan] salt′like`, adj. syn: See sailor.

SALT

(sɔlt)

n. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (or Treaty).

sodium chloride

See salt.
Thesaurus
Noun1.sodium chloride - a white crystalline solid consisting mainly of sodium chloride (NaCl)common saltbinary compound - chemical compound composed of only two elementsatomic number 17, chlorine, Cl - a common nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; best known as a heavy yellow irritating toxic gas; used to purify water and as a bleaching agent and disinfectant; occurs naturally only as a salt (as in sea water)halite, rock salt - naturally occurring crystalline sodium chloridebrine, saltwater, seawater - water containing salts; "the water in the ocean is all saltwater"
Translations
chlorure de sodiumхлорид натрия

sodium chloride


sodium chloride,

NaCl, common salt.

Properties

Sodium chloride is readily soluble in water and insoluble or only slightly soluble in most other liquids. It forms small, transparent, colorless to white cubic crystals. Sodium chloride is odorless but has a characteristic taste. It is an ionic compound, being made up of equal numbers of positively charged sodium and negatively charged chloride ionsion,
atom or group of atoms having a net electric charge. Positive and Negative Electric Charges

A neutral atom or group of atoms becomes an ion by gaining or losing one or more electrons or protons.
..... Click the link for more information. . When it is melted or dissolved in water the ions can move about freely, so that dissolved or molten sodium chloride is a conductor of electricity; it can be decomposed into sodium and chlorine by passing an electrical current through it (see electrolysiselectrolysis
, passage of an electric current through a conducting solution or molten salt that is decomposed in the process. The Electrolytic Process

The electrolytic process requires that an electrolyte, an ionized solution or molten metallic salt, complete an
..... Click the link for more information. ).

Natural Occurrence and Commercial Preparation

Nearly all chemical compounds that contain either sodium or chlorine are ultimately derived from salt. Salt is widely and abundantly distributed in nature. It makes up nearly 80% of the dissolved material in seawater, and is the greater part of dissolved matter in the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, and in salt wells in various parts of the world. It is also widely distributed in solid form. The mineral halite is pure salt. Rock, or mineral, salt is usually less pure; it is found in large deposits in the United States, notably in New York, Michigan, Ohio, Kansas, Texas, and Louisiana, and also in Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China, and India.

The manufacture and use of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries. Salt is mined from deposits or is obtained as a brine by introducing water into the deposits to dissolve the salt and then pumping the solution to the surface. Salt is also obtained by evaporation of seawater, usually in shallow basins warmed by sunlight; salt so obtained was formerly called bay salt, and is now often called sea salt or solar salt. Most salt for table use is obtained from seawater. It is usually not pure sodium chloride—it may contain natural impurities that provide dietary minerals, or small amounts of other substances (e.g., magnesium carbonate, hydrated calcium silicate, or tricalcium phosphate) may be added to prevent lumping.

Biological Importance and Uses

Salt is important in many ways. It is an essential part of the diet of both humans and animals and is a part of most animal fluids, such as blood, sweat, and tears. It aids digestion by providing chlorine for hydrochloric acid, a small but essential part of human digestive fluid. Persons with hypertensive heart disease often must restrict the amount of salt in their diet.

Salt is widely used as a seasoning for foods and is used in curing meats and preserving fish and other foods. Iodized table salt usually contains small amounts of potassium iodide, sodium carbonate, and sodium thiosulfate. As a chemical salt is used in making glass, pottery, textile dyes, and soap. It is used in large amounts to melt ice and snow on streets and highways. The major use of salt is as a raw material for the production of chlorinechlorine
[Gr.,=green], gaseous chemical element; symbol Cl; at. no. 17; interval in which at. wt. ranges 35.446–35.457; m.p. −100.98&degC;; b.p. −34.6&degC;; density 3.2 grams per liter at STP; valence −1, +1, +3, +5, +7.
..... Click the link for more information. , sodiumsodium,
a metallic chemical element; symbol Na [Lat. natrium]; at. no. 11; at. wt. 22.98977; m.p. 97.81&degC;; b.p. 892.9&degC;; sp. gr. 0.971 at 20&degC;; valence +1. Sodium is a soft, silver-white metal.
..... Click the link for more information.  metal, and sodium hydroxidesodium hydroxide,
chemical compound, NaOH, a white crystalline substance that readily absorbs carbon dioxide and moisture from the air. It is very soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerin. It is a caustic and a strong base (see acids and bases).
..... Click the link for more information. ; it is also used in large amounts in the Solvay processSolvay process
[for Ernest Solvay], commercial process for the manufacture of sodium carbonate (washing soda). Ammonia and carbon dioxide are passed into a saturated sodium chloride solution to form soluble ammonium hydrogen carbonate, which reacts with the sodium chloride to
..... Click the link for more information.  for making sodium carbonatesodium carbonate,
chemical compound, Na2CO3, soluble in water and very slightly soluble in alcohol. Pure sodium carbonate is a white, odorless powder that absorbs moisture from the air, has an alkaline taste, and forms a strongly alkaline water solution.
..... Click the link for more information. . Historically, salt has been used as money; a high tax on salt was a contributing cause of the French Revolution.

Bibliography

See G. L. Eskew, Salt, the Fifth Element (1948); D. W. Kaufmann, ed., Sodium Chloride (1968); G. Mamantov and R. Marassi, ed., Molten Salt Chemistry (1987).

Sodium Chloride

 

(common salt), NaCl, colorless crystals. Density, 2.161 g/cm’; melting point, 801°C. Solubility in water, 26.28 percent at 0°C, 26.43 percent at 25°C, and 28.12 percent at 100°C. The solubility of NaCl is markedly reduced in the presence of other salts. Sodium chloride occurs naturally as rock salt, or halite.

Sodium chloride is an important food product, and it is also used in the preservation of meat and fish and as an additive in cattle feed. It is one of the main chemical raw materials and is used in the preparation of sodium hydroxide, chlorine, soda, and sodium sulfate. In cases of sodium chloride deficiency in the body, pachyemia is observed, and spasms of the smooth muscles, convulsive contraction of skeletal muscles, and various disorders of the circulatory and nervous systems may develop. In the case of certain disorders, such as kidney diseases and hypertension, intake of NaCl must be restricted.

An isotonic NaCl solution (0.9 percent) is used for subcutaneous (intravenous) administration, as a detoxicant enema, and as a solvent for pharmaceuticals. A hypertonic solution (3–5 to 10 percent) is applied externally as a compress or lotion in the treatment of purulent wounds.

sodium chloride

[′sōd·ē·əm ′klȯr‚īd] (inorganic chemistry) NaCl Colorless or white crystals; soluble in water and glycerol, slightly soluble in alcohol; melts at 804°C; used in foods and as a chemical intermediate and an analytical reagent. Also known as common salt; table salt.

sodium chloride

common table salt; a soluble colourless crystalline compound occurring naturally as halite and in sea water: widely used as a seasoning and preservative for food and in the manufacture of chemicals, glass, and soap. Formula: NaCl

sodium chloride


sodium

 [so´de-um] a chemical element, atomic number 11, atomic weight 22.990, symbol Na. (See Appendix 6.) Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid, constituting 90 to 95 per cent of all cations in the blood plasma and interstitial fluid; it thus determines the osmolality of the extracellular fluid. The serum sodium concentration is normally about 140 mEq/L. If the sodium level and osmolality fall, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are stimulated and cause the release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This hormone increases the absorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidneys so that water is conserved while sodium and other electrolytes are excreted in the urine. If the sodium level and osmolality rise, neurons in the thirst center of the hypothalamus are stimulated. The thirsty person then drinks enough water to restore the osmolality of the extracellular fluid to the normal level.

A decrease in the serum sodium concentration (hyponatremia) can occur in a variety of conditions. It is often associated with volume" >deficient fluid volume due to diarrhea or vomiting when water is replaced faster than sodium. It can also occur in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, in the late stages of heart failure" >congestive heart failure or cirrhosis of the liver, in acute or chronic renal failure, and in diuretic therapy. An increase in the serum sodium concentration (hypernatremia) occurs when insensible water loss is not replaced by drinking, as in a comatose patient with diabetes insipidus.sodium acetate a source of sodium ions for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, as well as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.sodium ascorbate an antiscorbutic vitamin and nutritional supplement for parenteral administration. It is also used as an aid to deferoxamine therapy in the treatment of chronic iron toxicity.sodium benzoate an antifungal agent also used in a test of liver function.sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3, a white powder commonly found in households. It has a wide variety of uses in chemistry, in pharmaceuticals, and in consumer products. It is sometimes taken in water as a remedy for acid indigestion but should not be used regularly since when taken in excess it tends to cause alkalosis. It can be mixed with water and applied as a paste for relief of pain in treatment of minor burns and insect bites and stings. A cupful in the bath water may help relieve itching caused by an allergic reaction. Called also baking soda and bicarbonate of soda.sodium biphosphate monobasic sodium phosphate.sodium carbonate a compound now used primarily as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals; it has been used as a lotion or bath in the treatment of scaly skin, and as a detergent.sodium chloride common table salt, a necessary constituent of the body and therefore of the diet, involved in maintaining osmotic tension of blood and tissues; uses include replenishment of electrolytes in the body, irrigation of wounds and body cavities, enema, inhaled mucolytic, topical osmotic ophthalmic agent, and preparation of pharmaceuticals. Called also salt.sodium citrate a sodium salt of citric acid, used as an anticoagulant for blood or plasma that is to be fractionated or for blood that is to be stored. It is also administered orally as a urinary alkalizer.dibasic sodium phosphate a salt of phosphoric acid; used alone or in combination with other phosphate compounds, it is given intravenously as an electrolyte replenisher, orally or rectally as a laxative, and orally as a urinary acidifier and for prevention of kidney stones.sodium ferric gluconate a hematinic used especially in treatment of hemodialysis patients with anemia" >iron deficiency anemia who are also receiving erythropoietin therapy. Administered by intravenous injection.sodium fluoride a dental caries preventative used in fluoridation of drinking water or applied topically to teeth. Topical preparations include gels (sodium fluoride and phosphoric acid gel, also called APF gel) and solutions (sodium fluoride and acidulated phosphate topical solution, also called APF solution).sodium glutamate monosodium glutamate.sodium hydroxide NaOH, a strongly alkaline and caustic compound; used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals.sodium hypochlorite a compound having germicidal, deodorizing, and bleaching properties; used in solution to disinfect utensils, and in diluted form (Dakin's solution) as a local antibacterial.sodium iodide a compound used as a source of iodine.sodium lactate a compound used in solution to replenish body fluids and electrolytes.monobasic sodium phosphate 1. a monosodium salt of phosphoric acid; used in buffer solutions, as a urinary acidifier, as a laxative, and as a source of phosphorus in hypophosphatemia, often in combination with potassium phosphate.2. a monosodium salt of phosphoric acid; used in buffer solutions. Used alone or in combination with other phosphate compounds, it is given intravenously as an electrolyte replenisher, orally or rectally as a laxative, and orally as a urinary acidifier and for prevention of kidney stones.sodium monofluorophosphate a dental caries preventative applied topically to the teeth.sodium nitrite an antidote for cyanide poisoning; also used as a preservative in cured meats and other foods.sodium nitroprusside an antihypertensive agent used in the treatment of acute congestive heart failure and of hypertensive crisis and to produce controlled hypotension during surgery; also used as a reagent.sodium phenylbutyrate an agent used as adjunctive treatment to control the hyperammonemia of pediatric urea cycle enzyme disorders.sodium phosphate any of various compounds of sodium and phosphoric acid; usually specifically dibasic sodium phosphate.sodium polystyrene sulfonate an resin" >ion-exchange resin used for removal of potassium ions in hyperkalemia, administered orally or rectally.sodium propionate a salt used as an antifungal preservative in foods and pharmaceuticals and as a topical antifungal agent.sodium salicylate see salicylate.sodium sulfate a cathartic and laxative.sodium thiosulfate a compound used intravenously as an antidote for cyanide poisoning" >cyanide poisoning, in foot baths for prophylaxis of ringworm" >ringworm, and as a topical antifungal agent for tinea versicolor" >tinea versicolor. Also used in measuring the volume of extracellular body fluid and the renal rate" >glomerular filtration rate.

sodium chloride

Minims Sodium Chloride (CA), Slo-Salt, Slow Sodium

Pharmacologic class: Electrolyte supplement

Therapeutic class: Sodium replacement

Pregnancy risk category C

Action

Replaces deficiencies of sodium and chloride and maintains these electrolytes at adequate levels

Availability

Injection: 0.45% sodium chloride-25 ml, 50 ml, 150 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1,000 ml; 0.9% sodium chloride-2 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml, 25 ml, 30 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 150 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1,000 ml; 3% sodium chloride-500 ml; 5% sodium chloride-500 ml; 14.6% sodium chloride-20 ml, 40 ml, 200 ml; 23.4% sodium chloride-30 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 200 ml

Tablets: 650 mg, 1 g, 2.25 g

Tablets (slow-release): 600 mg

Indications and dosages

➣ Water and sodium chloride replacement; metabolic alkalosis; to dilute or dissolve drugs for I.V., I.M., or subcutaneous use; to flush I.V. catheter; as a priming solution in hemodialysis; to initiate or end blood transfusions

Adults: 0.9% sodium chloride (isotonic solution) with dosage individualized

➣ Hydrating solution; hyperosmolar diabetes

Adults: 0.45% sodium chloride (hypotonic solution) with dosage individualized

➣ Rapid fluid and electrolyte replacement in hyponatremia and hypochloremia; severe sodium depletion; drastic body water dilution after excessive water intake

Adults: 3% or 5% sodium chloride (hypertonic solution) with dosage individualized, given by slow I.V. infusion with close monitoring of electrolyte levels

➣ Heat cramps caused by excessive perspiration

Adults: See product label.

Contraindications

• Normal or elevated electrolyte levels (with 3% and 5% solutions)

• Fluid retention

Precautions

Use cautiously in:

• renal impairment, heart failure, edema or sodium retention, hypoproteinemia

• surgical patients.

Administration

See Be aware that sodium chloride injection is a high-alert drug.

• Dilute I.V. dose per product label. Infuse slow I.V. to minimize risk of pulmonary edema.

See Don't confuse normal saline solution for injection with concentrates meant for use in total parenteral nutrition.

• Avoid salt tablets for heat cramps; they may pass through GI tract undigested, causing vomiting and potassium loss.

Adverse reactions

CV: edema (when given too rapidly or in excess), thrombophlebitis, heart failure exacerbation

Metabolic: fluid and electrolyte disturbances (such as hypernatremia and hyperphosphatemia), aggravation of existing metabolic acidosis (with excessive infusion)

Respiratory: pulmonary edema

Other: pain, swelling, local tenderness, abscess, or tissue necrosis at I.V. site

Interactions

Drug-diagnostic tests. Phosphate, potassium, sodium: increased levels

Patient monitoring

• Monitor electrolyte levels and blood chemistry results.

See Watch for signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema or worsening heart failure.

• Carefully monitor vital signs, fluid balance, weight, and cardiovascular status.

• Assess injection site closely to help prevent tissue necrosis and thrombophlebitis.

Patient teaching

See Teach patient to recognize and immediately report serious adverse reactions, such as breathing problems or swelling.

• Instruct patient to report pain, tenderness, or swelling at injection site.

• As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the tests mentioned above.

so·di·um chlo·ride

the chief ionic component of blood and other bodily fluids, and urine; used to make isotonic and physiologic saline solutions, in the treatment of salt depletion, and topically for inflammatory lesions. Synonym(s): common salt

so·di·um chlo·ride

(sōdē-ŭm klōrīd) Major ionic component of blood, urine, and other bodily fluids; used to make isotonic and physiologic saline solutions, to treat salt depletion, and topically for inflammatory lesions.
Synonym(s): common salt.

sodium chloride

Common salt. A compound ubiquitous in the body. Used in the preparation of SALINE. The drug is on the WHO official list.

saline, physiological 

A 0.9% sterile solution of sodium chloride in water. This concentration of sodium chloride is considered approximately isotonic with the tears. It is used to store and rinse soft contact lenses, to irrigate the eye, etc. Syn. normal saline; NaCl 0.9%. See eyewash; irrigation; isotonic solution.

so·di·um chlo·ride

(sōdē-ŭm klōrīd) Chief ionic component of blood, urine, and other body fluids; used to make isotonic and physiologic saline solutions, in the treatment of salt depletion, and topically for inflammatory lesions.
Synonym(s): common salt.
AcronymsSeeNaCl

sodium chloride


Related to sodium chloride: Sodium chlorite
  • noun

Synonyms for sodium chloride

noun a white crystalline solid consisting mainly of sodium chloride (NaCl)

Synonyms

  • common salt

Related Words

  • binary compound
  • atomic number 17
  • chlorine
  • Cl
  • halite
  • rock salt
  • brine
  • saltwater
  • seawater
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