urine

urine,

clear, amber-colored fluid formed by the kidneys that carries metabolic wastes out of the body (see urinary systemurinary system,
group of organs of the body concerned with excretion of urine, that is, water and the waste products of metabolism. In humans, the kidneys are two small organs situated near the vertebral column at the small of the back, the left lying somewhat higher than the
..... Click the link for more information. ). As the blood circulates it collects excretory products from the tissues and these substances are separated from the blood by the kidneys and eliminated chiefly in the urine. The urine is then stored in the bladderbladder, urinary,
muscular sac located in the pelvis that stores urine and contracts to expel it from the body. Urine enters the bladder from the kidneys through the ureters and is discharged from the body via the urethra. The bladder of the adult human can hold over a pint (0.
..... Click the link for more information. and passes out of the body via the urethraurethra
, canal in most mammals that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body; in the male it also serves as a genital duct. The urethra is about 1 1-2 in. long (3.8 cm) in women, terminating above the vaginal opening. In men the urethra is about 8 in.
..... Click the link for more information. . The amount passed depends on fluid intake and other factors. Urine is 95% water, in which are dissolved urea, uric acid, creatinine, and other waste products. Normal urine also contains small amounts of substances ordinarily utilized by the body, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium; these substances are excreted by the kidneys when excessive amounts are present in the bloodstream. Analysis of the urine is important in detecting diseases of the urogenital organs, as well as disorders of other body systems.

Urine

An aqueous solution of organic and inorganic substances, mostly waste products of metabolism. The kidneys maintain the internal milieu of the body by excreting these waste products and adjusting the loss of water and electrolytes to keep the body fluids relatively constant in amount and composition. The urine normally is clear and has a specific gravity of 1.017–1.020, depending upon the amount of fluid ingested, perspiration, and diet. The increase in specific gravity above that of water is due to the presence of dissolved solids, about 60% of which are organic substances such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, and ammonia; and 40% of which are inorganic substances such as sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium, phosphates, and sulfates. Its reaction is usually acid (pH 6) but this too varies with the diet. It usually has a faint yellow color due to a urochrome pigment, but the color varies depending upon the degree of concentration, and the ingestion of certain foods (for example, rhubarb) or cathartics. It usually has a characteristic aromatic odor, the cause of which is not known. See Kidney, Urea, Uric acid, Urinary system

Urine

a human and animal excretion that is produced by the kidneys. Water, salts, end products of metabolism, and foreign substances are excreted with the urine. Human urine is normally a transparent, yellow fluid; the color is dependent on the presence of several pigments, chiefly the products of the decomposition of hemoglobin. The specific gravity of urine is 1.010–1.025 g/cm³, and the pH ranges from 4.8 to 8.0. Intake of protein-rich foods results in acidic urine, while consumption of vegetables causes the urine to be weakly alkaline. About 96 percent of urine consists of water; 1.5 percent, of salts; and 2.5 percent, of such organic metabolic products as urea and uric acid. Urine and blood plasma contain the same salts—mainly NaCl, and also sulfates, phosphates, and carbonates of potassium, magnesium, and ammonium.

An adult excretes 1,200–1,600 ml of urine daily. The volume and composition of the urine are dependent on several factors, including the nature of an individual’s liquid intake, the type of food eaten, the temperature of the external environment, and stress factors. Urinalysis is a diagnostic method that reflects the condition of the kidneys, of the metabolism in other organs and tissues, and of the body as a whole.

REFERENCE

Gulevich, V. S. Analiz mochi. Leningrad, 1945.

M. IA. RATNER

urine

[′yu̇r·ən] (physiology) The fluid excreted by the kidneys.

urine

the pale yellow slightly acid fluid excreted by the kidneys, containing waste products removed from the blood. It is stored in the urinary bladder and discharged through the urethra

urine

[u´rin] the fluid containing water and waste products that is secreted by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and discharged by way of the urethra.Contents of the Urine. Several different types of waste products are eliminated in urine (for example, urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine); none are useful in the blood. The largest component of urine by weight (apart from water) is urea, which is derived from the breakdown of dietary proteins and amino acids in the diet and those of the body itself. Its amount varies greatly from person to person, however, depending on the amount of protein in the diet. Besides waste materials, urine also contains surpluses of products necessary for bodily functioning, such as water, sodium chloride, and other substances. Thus in a typical specimen of urine there will be sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, and sulfate.

The color of urine is due to the presence of the yellow pigment urochrome. Individual ingredients of urine are not usually visible, but when the urine is alkaline some of the ingredients may form sediments of phosphates and urates. The urine may also become cloudy from the presence of mucus. Persistent cloudiness may indicate the presence of pus or blood. Common causes of variations in the color of urine are summarized in the accompanying table.fractional urine examination of a urine specimen with separate examination for different solutes, generally meaning that the specimen is tested for the presence of glucose and acetone.midstream urine clean-catch specimen.residual urine urine remaining in the bladder after urination; seen in bladder outlet obstruction and disorders of deficient detrusor contractility.

u·rine

(yūr'in), The fluid and dissolved substances excreted by the kidney. [L. urina; G. ouron]

urine

(yo͝or′ĭn)n. The waste product secreted by the kidneys that in mammals is a yellow to amber-colored, slightly acidic fluid discharged from the body through the urethra.

u·rine

(yūr'in) The fluid and dissolved substances excreted by the kidney. [L. urina; G. ouron]

urine

(ur'in) [Fr. urine, fr L. urina, urine]

URINE: red blood cells and one white blood cell (×400)

URINE: Commercial testing kits contain a reagent for a specific substance. A chemical reaction with the urine causes a color change that you interpret using a color chartThe fluid and dissolved solutes (including salts and nitrogen-containing waste products) that are eliminated from the body by the kidneys. See: tables

Composition

Urine consists of approx. 95% water and 5% solids. Solids amount to 30 to 70 g/L and include the following (values are in grams per 24 hr unless otherwise noted): Organic substances: urea (10 to 30), uric acid (0.8 to 1.0), creatine (10 to 40 mg/24 hr in men and 10 to 270 mg/24 hr in women), creatinine (15 to 25 mg/kg of body weight per day), ammonia (0.5 to 1.3). Inorganic substances: chlorides (110 to 250 nmol/L depending on chloride intake), calcium (0.1 to 0.2), magnesium (3 to 5 nmol/24 hr), phosphorus (0.4 to 1.3). Osmolarity: 0.1 to 2.5 mOsm/L.

In addition to the foregoing, many other substances may be present depending on the diet and state of health of the individual. Among component substances indicating pathological states are abnormal amounts of albumin, glucose, ketone bodies, blood, pus, casts, and bacteria. See: illustration

block urine

Fractional urine.

double-voided urine

A urine sample voided within 30 min after the patient has emptied the bladder.

fractional urine

A collection of urine taken during a few specified hours or from a specified quantity rather than from the entire amount voided during a day. Synonym: block urine

residual urine

Urine left in the bladder after urination, an abnormal occurrence that may accompany enlargement of the prostate or the use of drugs, e.g., antihistamines or anticholinergics, that prevent complete voiding of urine. Synonym: postvoid residual

QUANTITY
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
1000–3000 ml/day		Varies with fluid intake, food consumed, exercise, temperature, kidney function
	High (polyuria > 3000 ml/day)	Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, water intoxication, chronic nephritis, diuretic use
	Low (oliguria)	Dehydration, hemorrhage, diarrhea, vomiting, urinary obstruction, or many intrinsic kidney diseases
	None (anuria)	Same as oliguria
COLOR
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
Yellow to amber		Depends on concentration of urochrome pigment
	Pale	Dilute urine, diuretic effect
	Milky	Fat globules, pus, crystals
	Red	Drugs, blood or muscle pigments
	Green	Bile pigment (jaundiced patient)
	Brown-black	Toxins, hemorrhage, drugs, metabolites
HEMATURIA (blood in urine)
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
0–2 RBC/high-powered field (hpf)		Normal (physiological) filtration
	3 or more RBCs/hpf	Extrarenal: urinary tract infections, cancers, or stones. Renal: infections, trauma, malignancies, glomerulopathies, polycystic kidneys
PYURIA (leukocytes in urine)
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
0–9 leukocytes per hpf
	10 or more leukocytes/hpf	Urinary tract infection, urethritis, vaginitis, urethral syndrome, pyelonephritis, and others
PROTEINURIA
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
10–150 mg/day
	30–300 mg/day of albumin	Indicative of initial glomerular leakage in diabetes mellitus or hypertension (microalbuminuria)
	> 300 mg/day	Macroalbuminuria. Indicative of progressive kidney failure. Injury to glomeruli or tubulointerstitium of kidney.
	> 3500 mg/day	Nephrotic range proteinuria. Evaluation may include kidney biopsy.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
1.010–1.025		Varies with hydration
	1.010 (Low)	Excessive fluid intake, impaired kidney concentrating ability
	> 1.025 (High)	Dehydration, hemorrhage, salt-wasting, diabetes mellitus, and others
ACIDITY
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
Acid (slight)		Diet of acid-forming foods (meats, eggs, prunes, wheat) overbalances the base-forming foods (vegetables and fruits)
	High acidity	Acidosis, diabetes mellitus, many pathological disorders (fevers, starvation)
	Alkaline	Vegetarian diet changes urea into ammonium carbonate; infection or ingestion of alkaline compounds

Anuria	Complete (or nearly complete) absence of urination
Diversion	Drainage of urine through a surgically constructed passage (e.g., a ureterostomy or ileal conduit)
Dysuria	Painful or difficult urination (e.g., in urethritis, urethral stricture, urinary tract infection, prostatic hyperplasia, or bladder atony)
Enuresis	Involuntary discharge of urine, esp. by children at night (bedwetting)
Incontinence	Loss of control over urination from any cause (e.g., from involuntary relaxation of urinary sphincter muscles or overflow from a full or paralyzed bladder)
Nocturia	Excessive urination at night
Oliguria	Decreased urinary output (usually less than 500 ml/day), often associated with dehydration, shock, hemorrhage, acute renal failure, or other conditions in which renal perfusion or renal output are impaired
Polyuria	Increased urinary output (usually more than 3000 ml/day), such as occurs in diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and diuresis

urine

The fluid excretion of the kidneys, a solution in water of organic and inorganic substances, most of which are waste products of METABOLISM. Normal urine is clear, of varying colour, of specific gravity between 1.017 and 1.020 and slightly acid. It contains UREA, URIC ACID, creatinine, ammonia, sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium, phosphates and sulphates.

urine

an aqueous solution of organic and inorganic substances, that is the waste product of METABOLISM. In mammals, elasmobranch fishes, amphibia, tortoises and turtles, nitrogen is excreted in the form of UREA which in humans forms 2% of the urine on average.

Urine

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, then discharged from the body through the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (urethra).Mentioned in: Bed-Wetting

u·rine

(yūr'in) The fluid and dissolved substances excreted by the kidney. [L. urina; G. ouron]

Patient discussion about urine

Q. protien in urine what are the causes and preventionsA.

Q. How you stop urinating frequently? I don't have any conditions that make me urinate often. I simply drink lots of water... Is there some trick I can employ so that I can still drink lots of water but not have to go to the bathroom so frequently?A. I only drink water and green tea, Thanks.

Q. Today doctor removed my stunt of kidney. It inflamate while urination.. till How long i will feel like this? A. You should consult your doctor, since instruments in the kidney and urinary tracts can cause infections (even after removing them), that may cause symptoms like you describe.

More discussions about urine

urine

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urine

extract the urine (out of someone or something)

urine test

urine

urine,

Urine

Urine

REFERENCE

urine

urine

urine

urine

u·rine

urine

u·rine

urine

Composition

block urine

double-voided urine

fractional urine

residual urine

urine

urine

Urine

u·rine

Patient discussion about urine

urine

Synonyms for urine

noun liquid excretory product

Synonyms

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