| 单词 | sexually transmitted disease | |||
| 释义 | sexually transmitted diseasesexually transmitted diseasesex′ually transmit′ted disease′n. sex·u·al·ly transmitted disease(sĕk′sho͞o-ə-lē)sexually transmitted disease
sexually transmitted diseasesexually transmitted disease(STD) orvenereal disease,term for infections acquired mainly through sexual contact. Five diseases were traditionally known as venereal diseases: gonorrheagonorrhea, common infectious disease caused by a bacterium (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), involving chiefly the mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract. It may occasionally spread to membranes in other parts of the body, especially those of the joints and the eyes. ..... Click the link for more information. , syphilissyphilis , contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum (described by Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann in 1905). Syphilis was not widely recognized until an epidemic in Europe at the end of the 15th cent. ..... Click the link for more information. , and the less common granuloma inguinale, lymphogranuloma venereum, and chancroid. In the 1960s up to 20 other diseases were recognized as being transmitted by sexual contact, and the term "sexually transmitted disease" came into use. Some of the more common of these are AIDSAIDS or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, fatal disease caused by a rapidly mutating retrovirus that attacks the immune system and leaves the victim vulnerable to infections, malignancies, and neurological disorders. It was first recognized as a disease in 1981. ..... Click the link for more information. , genital herpes (see herpes simplexherpes simplex , an acute viral infection of the skin characterized by one or more painful, itching blisters filled with clear fluid. It is caused by either of two herpes simplex viruses: Type 1, herpes labialis, ..... Click the link for more information. ), chlamydiachlamydia , genus of microorganisms that cause a variety of diseases in humans and other animals. Psittacosis, or parrot fever, caused by the species Chlamydia psittaci, is transmitted to people by birds, particularly parrots, parakeets, and lovebirds. ..... Click the link for more information. , and human papillomavirushuman papillomavirus (HPV), any of a family of more than 100 viruses that cause various growths, including plantar warts and genital warts, a sexually transmitted disease. Genital warts, sometimes called condylomata acuminata, are soft and often occur in clusters. ..... Click the link for more information. . Other diseases or infestations that can be transmitted sexually include giardiasisgiardiasis , infection of the small intestine by a protozoan, Giardia lamblia. Giardia, which was named after Alfred M. Giard, a French biologist, is spread via the fecal-oral route, most commonly by eating food contaminated by the unwashed hands of an infected ..... Click the link for more information. , amebiasis, scabiesscabies , highly contagious parasitic skin disease caused by the itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei). The disease is also known as itch. It is acquired through close contact with an infested individual or contaminated clothing and is most prevalent among those living in crowded ..... Click the link for more information. , pubic "crab" lice (see louselouse, common name for members of either of two distinct orders of wingless, parasitic, disease-carrying insects. Lice of both groups are small and flattened with short legs adapted for clinging to the host. ..... Click the link for more information. ), hepatitishepatitis , inflammation of the liver. There are many types of hepatitis. Causes include viruses, toxic chemicals, alcohol consumption, parasites and bacteria, and certain drugs. ..... Click the link for more information. (A, B, and C), group B streptococcal infections (see streptococcusstreptococcus , any of a group of gram-positive bacteria, genus Streptococcus, some of which cause disease. Streptococci are spherical and divide by fission, but they remain attached and so grow in beadlike chains. ..... Click the link for more information. ), cytomegalovirus infection, and the protozoan infection trichomoniasistrichomoniasis , sexually transmitted disease caused by the parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. In women, it can cause urinary tract infection and a painful, malodorous vaginitis marked by a thin, foamy, irritating discharge. ..... Click the link for more information. . STDs are generally graver in women, in whom diagnosis is often more difficult and treatment less available than for men; untreated they can lead to infertility or cause miscarriage, premature birth, or infection of the newborn. In some instances two or more infections may be present concurrently. The spread of sexually transmitted AIDS increased dramatically during the 1980s and continued through the 1990s. Other STDs are often seen in tandem with AIDS, partly because open sores that they produce can provide an easy route for the AIDS virus to enter the body. In the 2007 it was estimated that 19 million new cases of STDs were contracted in the United States each year. Granuloma inguinale is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis and is common in tropical and subtropical regions. Early lesions appear as painless, red, open sores on the skin of the genital and pelvic regions, succeeded by a spreading ulceration of the tissues. If not treated, the condition becomes chronic and may lead to death through anemia and general debility. Antibiotics such as tetracycline can eliminate the infection. Lymphogranuloma venereum, also common in tropical and subtropical regions, is caused by a strain of Chlamydia trachomatis, an organism classified as a bacterium but having some viral characteristics. The primary genital lesion is often overlooked. The lymphatic structures about the pelvic and rectal region then become involved; blockage of such structures may cause disfigurement and scarring of external genitals. Fever and headache are other constitutional symptoms. Severe involvement of the rectal mucosa may cause intestinal obstruction or stricture. Tetracycline is the drug of choice, although other antibiotics are effective. Chancroid is an acute localized infection caused by a bacterium called Hemophilus ducreyi. It can result in painful ulcerations of the skin, usually in the groin. In women symptoms may be absent or limited to painful urination, defecation, or intercourse. Involvement of the lymph nodes occurs in more than half the cases. Usually the disease is self-limited, but it may cause severe destruction of tissue. Antibiotics have been effective in treatment, but resistant strains are an increasing problem. In order to reduce ignorance and thereby decrease the risk of venereal infection, the U.S. government just before and after World War II encouraged publicity on the matter, for the taboo long associated with public discussion of these contagious diseases had given rise to serious public-health problems. A nationwide campaign was initiated in 1937 by Thomas Parran, then serving as U.S. surgeon general, to educate the public about the incidence, cause, and cure of venereal diseases. As a result, the number of new cases in the United States steadily declined each year until the 1950s, when a rise was noted, especially among teenagers and young adults. In 1998, concerned by high U.S. rates of such common STDs as human papillomavirus, genital herpes, and chlamydia, as well as local outbreaks of syphilis and gonorrhea, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began a new far-reaching campaign to combat STDs. Public authorities and private agencies coordinate their efforts to identify and isolate promptly all sources of infection. Worldwide, despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, the incidence of STDs has continued to rise and has reached epidemic proportions in many countries. Among the factors believed responsible for increases are changes in sexual behavior (e.g., the use of oral contraceptives), the emergence of drug-resistant strains, symptomless carriers, a highly mobile population, lack of public education, and the reluctance of patients to seek treatment. BibliographySee T. Rosebury, Microbes and Morals (1971); K. L. Jones et al., VD (1974); J. Jacobson, Women's Reproductive Health (1991). sexually transmitted disease[′sek·shə·lē trans′mid·əd di′zēz]sexually transmitted diseasesexually transmitted disease(STD)sex·u·al·ly trans·mit·ted dis·ease (STD),sexually transmitted diseaseRisk factors Multiple sexual partners, history of STD or sexual partner with STD; male sexual partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), cervical condylomas, condyloma acuminatum or variants of IN sexually transmitted diseaseVenereal disease Any infection or tumor acquired by direct genital and orogenital contact; most common STD agents in US: Chlamydia trachomatis 3-5 million; HSV-2, 2-3 million; N gonorrhoeae, 720,000/25,300 penicillin-resistant; T pallidum/2º syphilis, 40,117 STD agents-bacterial C trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, N gonorrhoeae, streptococcal spp, Ureaplasma urealyticum STD agents-Viral EBV, HBV, HIV-1, HIV-2, HPV, HSV Others Trichomonas vaginalis, pubic lice, scabies Sexually-transmitted neoplasms Intraepithelial neoplasia–IN, SCC of cervix, penis, and anus often arise in HPV infection; HPV 16 and 33 are implicated in penile IN; HPV 16 and 18 in CIN; HPV 6, 11 and 42 in condyloma acuminatasex·u·al·ly trans·mit·ted dis·ease(STD) (sek'shū-ă-lē tranz-mit'ĕd di-zēz')Synonym(s): sexually transmitted infection, venereal disease. Sexually transmitted disease (STD)sex·u·al·ly trans·mit·ted dis·ease(STD) (sek'shū-ă-lē tranz-mit'ĕd di-zēz')Synonym(s): venereal disease, sexually transmitted infection. Patient discussion about sexually transmitted diseaseQ. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES how many types are there? Q. Is hepatitis a sexually transmitted disease? I mean hepatitis B and C mainly… Q. Are cold sores contagious? My boyfriend has cold sores on his mouth. Can I catch it from him? If so, how can I prevent catching it? sexually transmitted disease
Synonyms for sexually transmitted disease
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