| 释义 |
bending
bend 1 B0184000 (bĕnd) v. bent (bĕnt), bend·ing, bends v. tr. 1. a. To cause to assume a curved or angular shape: bend a piece of iron into a horseshoe. b. To bring (a bow, for example) into a state of tension by drawing on a string or line. c. To force to assume a different direction or shape, according to one's own purpose: "Few will have the greatness to bend history itself, but each of us can work to change a small portion of events" (Robert F. Kennedy). d. To misrepresent; distort: bend the truth. e. To relax or make an exception to: bend a rule to allow more members into the club. 2. To cause to swerve from a straight line; deflect: Light is bent as it passes through water. 3. To render submissive; subdue: "[His] words so often bewitched crowds and bent them to his will" (W. Bruce Lincoln). 4. To apply (the mind) closely: "The weary naval officer goes to bed at night having bent his brain all day to a scheme of victory" (Jack Beatty). 5. Nautical To fasten: bend a mainsail onto the boom. v. intr. 1. a. To deviate from a straight line or position: The lane bends to the right at the bridge. b. To assume a curved, crooked, or angular form or direction: The saplings bent in the wind. 2. To incline the body; stoop. 3. To make a concession; yield. 4. To apply oneself closely; concentrate: She bent to her task. n. 1. a. The act or fact of bending. b. The state of being bent. 2. Something bent: a bend in the road. 3. Nautical a. A knot that joins a rope to a rope or another object. b. bends The thick planks in a ship's side; wales. 4. bends (used with a sing. or pl. verb) Decompression sickness. Used with the. Idioms: around the bend Slang Mentally deranged; crazy. bend (one's) elbow Slang To drink alcoholic beverages. bend out of shape Slang To annoy or anger. bend (or lean) over backwardTo make an effort greater than is required. bend (someone's) ear Slang To talk to at length, usually excessively.
[Middle English benden, from Old English bendan; see bhendh- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
 bend2bend 2 B0184000 (bĕnd) n. Heraldry A band passing from the upper dexter corner of an escutcheon to the lower sinister corner.
[Middle English, from Old English bend, band, and from Old French bende, bande, band (of Germanic origin; see bhendh- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots).]
Bend B0184000 (bĕnd) A city of central Oregon on the Deschutes River in the eastern foothills of the Cascade Range.Bending/Bent - As crooked as a corkscrew —George Kaufman and Moss Hart
- As crooked as a dog’s elbow —F. T. Elworthy
- As crooked as a ram’s horn —Charles Caleb Colton
- Bending from the waist as if he was going to close up like a jackknife —John Dos Passos
- Bend like a finger joint —Charles Wright
- Bend like sheets of tin —Palmer Cox
- Bends with her laugh … like a rubber stick being shaken —Alice McDermott
- Bent as a country lane —John Wainwright
- Bent double like a tree in a high wind —Caryl Phillips
- Bent down like violets after rain —Thomas Bailey Aldrich
- Bent like a birch ice-laden —James Agee
- Bent like a bow —Aharon Megged
A variation on the bent bow image from William Mcllvanney’s novel, Laidlow: “Arching his body like a bow.” - Bent like a broken flower —Algernon Charles Swinburne
- Bent like a rainbow —Robert Southey
Another way to express this image is to be “Bent like a rainbow arch.” - Bent … like a soldier at the approach of an assault —Victor Hugo
- Bent like a wishbone —William Kennedy
- Bent slightly like a man who has been shot but continues to stand —Flannery O’Connor
- (The headwaiter) bowed like a poppy in the breeze —Ogden Nash
- Bows down like a willow tree in a storm —Erich Maria Remarque
- Coiled like a fetus —William H. Gass
A variation by Derek Lambert:“Curled up like a bulky fetus.” - Coiled up like the letter ‘S’ —Damon Runyon
- Crooked like a comma —Sharon Sheehe Stark
- Curled himself like a comma into the waiting cab —William H. Hallhan
- Curled like a ball —Sterling Hayden
- Curled up in a ball like a wet puppy —Amos Oz
- Curled up [in sleeping position] like a fist around an egg —Leonard Michaels
- Curled up like a gun-dog —Colette
- (Bent over your books) curled up like a porcupine with a bellyache —Marge Piercy
- Curled up like fried bacon —Anon
- Curling up like a small animal —Nina Bawden
- Curling up like burning cardboard —Lawrence Durrell
- [A cat] curls up like a dormer mouse —Jayne Anne Phillips
- Drooped like a flower in the frost —John Greenleaf Whittier
- Folded over like a ruler from the waist —William H. Gass
- Folded up, like a marionette with cheap wooden hinges, and sat down —Graham Masterton
- (Never will I be) gibbous like the moon —Diane Ackerman
- Lean forward like firemen pulling a hose —Miller Williams
- Tilting like a paper cutout —Susan Minot
- Twisted as an old paint tube —Fannie Hurst
- A very old lady, her back curved over like a snail’s —Daphne Merkin
Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  bending - movement that causes the formation of a curvebendmotion, movement - a natural event that involves a change in the position or location of somethingdeflexion, refraction, deflection - the amount by which a propagating wave is bent | | 2. | bending - the property of being bent or deflecteddeflexion, deflectionphysical property - any property used to characterize matter and energy and their interactionswind deflection, windage - the deflection of a projectile resulting from the effects of windrefractiveness, refractivity - the physical property of a medium as determined by its index of refraction | | 3. |  bending - the act of bending something change of shape - an action that changes the shape of somethingflexion, flexure - act of bending a joint; especially a joint between the bones of a limb so that the angle between them is decreasedcrouch - the act of bending low with the limbs close to the bodyhunch - the act of bending yourself into a humped positionincurvation - the action of creating a curved shape |
bendingadjectiveHaving bends, curves, or angles:crooked, curved, curving.TranslationsIdiomsSeebendBending
bending[′ben·diŋ] (engineering) The forming of a metal part, by pressure, into a curved or angular shape, or the stretching or flanging of it along a curved path. The forming of a wooden member to a desired shape by pressure after it has been softened or plasticized by heat and moisture. (hydrology) Movement of sea ice up or down resulting from lateral pressure exerted by wind or tide. (cell and molecular biology) A conformational change characterized by a localized bend or kink in deoxyribonucleic acid due to heterogeneities in local structural composition. (oceanography) The first stage in the formation of pressure ice caused by the action of current, wind, tide, or air temperature changes. Bending an operation in forging, hot stamping, and cold stamping in which all or part of a workpiece is bent into a curved shape. Bending also refers to the mechanical operation of curving blanks from shaped materials. The bending moment produced by the process deforms the workpiece, stretching its outer layers and compressing its inner layers. Bending is done on bulldozers, roller and rotary bending machines (sheet-bending and section-bending machines), machines for bending with tension, and so on. Bending and tension machines are widely used because springing and crimping of the workpiece are eliminated. Machine parts, instruments, and a variety of metal goods are produced by bending. REFERENCEStorozhev, M. V., and E. A. Popov. Teoriia obrabotki metallov davleniem, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1963.D. I. BRASLAVSKII
Bending (in strength of materials) a type of deformation characterized by twisting (a change in curvature) of the axis or middle surface of the object being deformed (such as a beam, girder, plate, or shell) under the action of external forces or of temperature. A distinction is made between simple, or plane, bending, in which the external forces lie in a principal plane of the beam (that is, a plane passing through its axis and the main axes of inertia of the cross section); complex bending, which is caused by forces lying in different planes; and unsymmetrical bending, which is a particular case of complex bending. Depending on the force factors acting in the cross section of the beam (Figure 1, a and b), bending may be pure (in the presence of only bending moments) or transverse (when transverse forces are also present). A special case of bending—buckling (Figure l,c), which is characterized by swelling of a rod under the action of longitudinal compressive forces—is considered in engineering practice. The simultaneous action of forces directed along the axis of the rod and perpendicular to it causes transverse buckling (Figure l, d).  Figure 1. Bending of a beam: (a) pure bending, (b) transverse bending, (c) buckling, (d) transverse buckling
The approximate design of a straight beam for the action of bending in the elastic stage is made on the assumption that the cross sections of the beam are flat until bending and remain flat even after bending (the hypothesis of flat sections); it is also assumed that upon bending the longitudinal fibers of the beam do not press against each other and do not tend to separate from each other. In cases of plane bending, normal and tangential stresses arise in the cross sections of the beam. The normal stresses σ in an arbitrary fiber of any cross section of a beam (Figure 2) that lies at a distance y from the neutral axis are defined by the formula σ = Mzy/Iz where Mz is the bending moment in the section and Iz is the moment of inertia of the cross section with respect to the neutral axis. The greatest normal stresses arise in the outermost fibers of the section: σmax = |Mz/Wz where Wz = Iz/ymax is the moment of resistance of the cross section. The tangential stresses T that arise during transverse bending are determined according to D. I. Zhurav-skii’s formula τ = QySz/Izb, where Qy is the transverse force in the section, Sz is the static moment with respect to the neutral axis of that part of the area of the cross section that lies above or below the fiber under consideration, and b is the width of the section at the level of the fiber under consideration. The nature of the change in the bending moments and transverse forces along the length of the beam is usually represented by diagrammed curves, on the basis of which their calculated values are determined. The axis of the beam is twisted under the influence of bending, and its curvature is defined by the expression 1/p = Mz/EIz, where p is the radius of curvature of the axis of the bent beam in the section under consideration and E is Young’s modulus for the material of the beam. In cases of small deformations the curvature may be expressed approximately by the second derivative of the buckling V, and therefore the differential relation d2V/dx2 =MZ/EIZ called the differential equation of the axis of a bent beam, exists between the coordinates of the bent axis and the bending moment. The elastic line of a girder or beam is defined by the solution of this equation.  Figure 2. Pure bending of a straight beam in the elastic stage: (a) beam member, (b) cross section, (c) normal-stress curve
The design of a beam for bending, taking into consideration plastic deformations, is carried out approximately on the assumption that as the load (bending moment) increases, plastic deformations arise, first at the outermost points (fibers) and then throughout the entire cross section. The distribution of stresses in the limiting state has the form of two rectangles with ordinates equal to the yield stress σY of the material; here the curvature of the beam increases without limit. In a section this state is called plastic articulation, and the moment corresponding to it is the limiting moment and is determined according to the formula Mlim = σ y (S1 + S2) in which S1 and S2) are the static moments of the compressed and extended parts of the section with respect to the neutral axis. L. V. KASAB’IAN
Bending (mathematics) deformation of a surface in which the length of each arc of any curve on the surface remains unchanged. The rolling up of a sheet of paper into a cylinder or cone (provided that the paper cannot be stretched so that the length of each arc of any curve drawn on the paper remains unchanged) is a graphic example of bending. By contrast, inflation of a balloon made of a fine rubber film is an example of a deformation that is not a bending. The bending of surfaces is studied in differential geometry. Gauss’ theorem asserts that on bending a surface the product of the principal curvatures (the total curvature) at each point remains unchanged. It follows from this theorem that it is not possible to use a bending deformation to convert a piece of a sphere into a piece of a sphere of different radius or a piece of a plane. In modern differential geometry investigations involving the possibility or impossibility of the bending of various surfaces occupy a particularly important place. It has been proved that no closed convex surface (such as a sphere or an ellipsoid) can be bent and that if an arbitrary small piece is removed from such a surface, then the remainder admits bending. This was proved by the German mathematician S. Cohn-Vossen and the Soviet mathematicians A. D. Aleksandrov and A. V. Pogorelov. The study of the bending of a surface is of great importance for the theory of thin shells in mechanics. REFERENCESCohn-Vossen, S. E. “Izgibaemosf poverkhnostei v tselom.” Uspekhi matematicheskikh nauk, 1936, issue 1.
Efimov, N. V. “Kachestvennye voprosy teorii deformatsii poverkhnostei.” Ibid., 1948, vol. 3, issue 2.
Rashevskii, P. K. Kurs differentsial’noi geometrii, 3rd ed. Moscow-Leningrad, 1950.
Pogorelov, A. V. Izgibanie vypuklykh poverkhnostei.Moscow-Lenin-grad, 1951.MedicalSeeflexurebending
Synonyms for bendingadj having bends, curves, or anglesSynonymsSynonyms for bendingnoun movement that causes the formation of a curveSynonymsRelated Words- motion
- movement
- deflexion
- refraction
- deflection
noun the property of being bent or deflectedSynonymsRelated Words- physical property
- wind deflection
- windage
- refractiveness
- refractivity
noun the act of bending somethingRelated Words- change of shape
- flexion
- flexure
- crouch
- hunch
- incurvation
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