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单词 sumer
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Sumer


Su·mer

S0879700 (so͞o′mər) An ancient country of southern Mesopotamia in present-day southern Iraq. Archaeological evidence dates the beginnings of Sumer to the fifth millennium bc. By 3000 a flourishing civilization existed, which gradually exerted power over the surrounding area and culminated in the Akkadian dynasty, founded c. 2300 by Sargon I. Sumer declined after 2000 and was later absorbed by Babylonia and Assyria. The Sumerians are believed to have invented the cuneiform system of writing.

Sumer

(ˈsuːmə) n1. (Placename) the S region of Babylonia; seat of a civilization of city-states that reached its height in the 3rd millennium bc2. (Historical Terms) the S region of Babylonia; seat of a civilization of city-states that reached its height in the 3rd millennium bc

Su•mer

(ˈsu mər)

n. an ancient region in S Mesopotamia containing a number of independent cities and city-states, fl. c3200–2000 b.c.
Thesaurus
Noun1.Sumer - an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day IraqSumer - an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day Iraq; site of the Sumerian civilization of city-states that flowered during the third millennium BCAl-Iraq, Irak, Iraq, Republic of Iraq - a republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the area now known as IraqBabylonia, Chaldaea, Chaldea - an ancient kingdom in southern Mesopotamia; Babylonia conquered Israel in the 6th century BC and exiled the Jews to Babylon (where Daniel became a counselor to the king)Ur - an ancient city of Sumer located on a former channel of the Euphrates RiverEnki - water god and god of wisdom; counterpart of the Akkadian EaEnlil, En-lil - god of the air and king of the Sumerian godsEreshkigal, Eresh-kigal, Ereshkigel - goddess of death and consort of NergalInanna - consort of Dumuzi (Tammuz)Ki - goddess personifying earth; counterpart of Akkadian AruruNammu - goddess personifying the primeval sea; mother of the gods and of heaven and earthNamtar, Namtaru - a demon personifying death; messenger of the underworld goddess Ereshkigal bringing death to mankindNanna - god of the Moon; counterpart of the Akkadian SinNinhursag, Ninkharsag, Ninkhursag - the great mother goddess; worshipped also as Aruru and Mama and NintuNinib, Ninurta - a solar deity; firstborn of Bel and consort was Gula; god of war and the chase and agriculture; sometimes identified with biblical NimrodUtu, Utug - sun god; counterpart of Akkadian ShamashZu, Zubird - evil storm god represented as a black birdEnkidu - legendary friend of GilgamishGilgamish - legendary Sumerian king and hero of Sumerian and Babylonian epics
Translations
Шумер

Sumer


Sumer

(so͞o`mər) and

Sumerian civilization

(so͝o-mēr`ēən). The term Sumer is used today to designate the southern part of ancient MesopotamiaMesopotamia
[Gr.,=between rivers], ancient region of Asia, the territory about the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, included in modern Iraq. The region extends from the Persian Gulf north to the mountains of Armenia and from the Zagros and Kurdish mountains on the east to the Syrian
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. From the earliest date of which there is any record, S Mesopotamia was occupied by a people, known as Sumerians, speaking a non-Semitic language. The questions concerning their origin cannot be answered with certainty. Some evidence suggests that they may have come as conquerors from the East (possibly from Iran or India). At any rate, as modern excavations have shown, there was in the 5th millennium B.C. a prehistoric village culture in the area. By 3000 B.C. a flourishing urban civilization existed. Sumerian civilization was predominantly agricultural and had a well-organized communal life. The Sumerians were adept at building canals and at developing effective systems of irrigation. Excavated objects such as pottery, jewelry, and weapons show that they were also skilled in the use of such metals as copper, gold, and silver and had developed by 3000 B.C. fine artistry as well as considerable technological knowledge. The Sumerians are credited with inventing the cuneiformcuneiform
[Lat.,=wedge-shaped], system of writing developed before the last centuries of the 4th millennium B.C. in the lower Tigris and Euphrates valley, probably by the Sumerians (see Sumer).
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 system of writing. Between the years 3000 and 2340 the kings of important Sumerian cities, such as KishKish
, ancient city of Mesopotamia, in the Euphrates valley, 8 mi (12.9 km) E of Babylon and 12 mi (19 km) east of the modern city of Hillah, Iraq. It was occupied from very ancient times, and its remains go back as far as the protoliterate period in Mesopotamia.
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, UrukUruk
or Erech
, ancient Sumerian city of Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates and NW of Ur (in present-day S Iraq). It is the modern Tall al Warka. Uruk, dating from the 5th millennium B.C., was the largest city in S Mesopotamia and an important religious center.
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, and UrUr
, ancient city of Sumer, S Mesopotamia. The city is also known as Ur of the Chaldees. It was an important center of Sumerian culture (see Sumer) and is identified in the Bible as the home of Abraham. The site was discovered in the 19th cent.
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, were able from time to time to extend their control over large areas, forming various dynasties. However, Mesopotamia was also the home of a group of people speaking Semitic languages and with a culture different from that of the Sumerians (see SemiteSemite
, originally one of a people believed to be descended from Shem, son of Noah. Later the term came to include the following peoples: Arabs; the Akkadians of ancient Babylonia; the Assyrians; the Canaanites (including Amorites, Moabites, Edomites, Ammonites, and
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). From the earliest times the Semites were in contact with Sumerian culture, and the increasing Semitic strength, which was already present in the north, culminated in the establishment (c.2340) of the Akkadian dynasty by SargonSargon
, king of Akkad in Mesopotamia (reigned c.2340–c.2305 B.C.). By conquest he established a great empire that included the whole of Mesopotamia and extended over Syria and Elam, and he controlled territories W to the Mediterranean and N to the Black Sea.
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, who for the first time imposed a wide imperial organization over the whole of Mesopotamia. This conquest gave impetus to the blending, already long in progress, of Sumerian and Semitic cultures. After the collapse of AkkadAkkad
, ancient region of Mesopotamia, occupying the northern part of later Babylonia. The southern part was Sumer. In both regions city-states had begun to appear in the 4th millennium B.C. In Akkad a Semitic language, Akkadian, was spoken.
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 (c.2180) under the pressure of invading barbarians from the northeast, peace and civilization were maintained only in LagashLagash
or Shirpurla
, ancient city of Sumer, S Mesopotamia, now located at Telloh, SE Iraq. Lagash was flourishing by c.2400 B.C., but traces of habitation go back at least to the 4th millennium B.C. After the fall of Akkad (2180 B.C.
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, under Gudea. However, the Sumerians were able to recover their political prestige and had a final revival under the third dynasty of Ur (c.2060). After this dynasty fell (c.1950) to the W Amorities and the Guti, a tribe from ElamElam
, ancient country of Asia, N of the Persian Gulf and E of the Tigris, now in W Iran. A civilization seems to have been established there very early, probably in the late 4th millennium B.C. The capital was Susa, and the country is sometimes called Susiana.
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, the Sumerians were never again able to gain a political hegemony. With the rise of HammurabiHammurabi
, fl. 1792–1750 B.C., king of Babylonia. He founded an empire that was eventually destroyed by raids from Asia Minor. Hammurabi may have begun building the tower of Babel (Gen. 11.4), which can now be identified with the temple-tower in Babylon called Etemenanki.
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, the control of the country passed to Babylonia, and the Sumerians, as a nation, disappeared.

Bibliography

See C. L. Woolley, The Sumerians (1929, repr. 1971); S. N. Kramer, The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character (1971), Sumerian Mythology (1973), and In the World of Sumer (1986).

Sumer

 

a historical region in southern Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in what is now the southern part of Iraq.

Until the end of the third millennium B.C., Sumer was inhabited primarily by Sumerians and, to a lesser extent, the Akkadians, an Eastern Semitic people who circa 2400 B.C. founded the city of Agade, from which the northern regions of Sumer, as far as the latitude of the modern city of Baghdad, came to be called Akkad. The time when the Sumerians settled southern Mesopotamia remains obscure; during the period of the Jemdet Nasr archaeological culture and probably during the period of earlier cultures— the Uruk and Ubaid (Ubayd or Obeid) cultures (fifth and fourth millennia B.C.) —the population was Sumerian (seeJEMDET NASR). A class society and state emerged in Sumer circa 3000 B.C. (the Protoliterate period). Researchers refer to the period 2700–2300 B.C., when a genuine writing system—the cuneiform system—had developed, as the Early Dynastic period.

The Early Dynastic period was characterized by numerous city-states, whose centers were vast temple domains, surrounded by large family communities. The chief producers were the community members, who possessed full rights, and temple clients, or dependents who were deprived of the ownership of the means of production. Slavery was a recognized institution. There was a wealthy community elite. The economy was based on river irrigation; floodwaters were collected in reservoirs, a practice that gave rise to continuous wars for head channels and irrigated fields. The military chieftains of individual city-states alternately achieved temporary hegemony over neighboring cities; the earliest well-known chieftains were the rulers of the First Dynasty of Kish and the First Dynasty of Uruk (or Erech) (28th and 27th centuries B.C.) and later rulers of Ur, Lagash, and other city-states. (SeeKISH; URUK; UR; and LAGASH.)

Within the cities a struggle was waged for power over the temple domains between the priestly-clan nobility and the secular palace nobility, which supported the ruler’s claims. The best-known manifestation of this struggle was the reform instituted by Urukagina (Uru’inimgina) in Lagash in the 24th century B.C. (seeURUKAGINA). The last Early Dynastic ruler was Lugal-zaggesi, the ruler of Umma, which bordered on Lagash, and later of Uruk as well (seeLUGAL-ZAGGESI and UMMA). The king of the city of Agade, Sargon I the Ancient (seeSARGON I THE ANCIENT), subjugated Umma, Uruk (Erech), Lagash, and other independent Sumerian states and established the Kingdom of the Four Regions of the World in Mesopotamia (Akkadian dynasty, 24th to 22nd centuries B.C.). The state of Akkad was destroyed by the onslaught of mountain Guti tribes. At the end of the 22nd century B.C., the Guti were driven out by the king of Uruk, Utu-khegal, after whose death power passed to Ur-Nammu, founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur and the Kingdom of Sumer and Akkad. The economy of this state was based on vast royal domains administered by an enormous apparatus of officials and overseers. Workers were reduced, in effect, to the status of slaves. The economic, political, and cultural life of the communities died out. Under the Third Dynasty of Ur, the pantheon of gods was unified, and kings were deified during their lifetimes. The idea of man’s slavelike dependence on the gods was inculcated. Circa 2000 B.C., the Third Dynasty of Ur fell as a result of the incursion of the Amor-ites, Western Semitic stock raisers, and the Elamites, a mountain people. (For information on Sumerian culture, seeBABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN CULTURE.)

REFERENCES

Struve, V. V. “Novye dannye ob organizatsii truda i sotsial’noi strukture obshchestva Sumera epokhi III dinastii Ura.” Sovetskoe vostokovedenie, 1949, vol. 6.
Tiumenev, A. I. Gosudarstvennoe khoziaistvo drevnego Shumera. Moscow-Leningrad, 1956.
D’iakonov, I. M. Obshchestvennyi i gosudarstvennyi stroi drevnego Dvurech’ia: Shumer. Moscow, 1959.
Fischer Weltgeschichte, vol. 2. Wiesbaden, 1966.

I. M. D’IAKONOV

Sumer

the S region of Babylonia; seat of a civilization of city-states that reached its height in the 3rd millennium bc

SUMER


AcronymDefinition
SUMERSolar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation

Sumer


Related to Sumer: Akkad
  • noun

Words related to Sumer

noun an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day Iraq

Related Words

  • Al-Iraq
  • Irak
  • Iraq
  • Republic of Iraq
  • Babylonia
  • Chaldaea
  • Chaldea
  • Ur
  • Enki
  • Enlil
  • En-lil
  • Ereshkigal
  • Eresh-kigal
  • Ereshkigel
  • Inanna
  • Ki
  • Nammu
  • Namtar
  • Namtaru
  • Nanna
  • Ninhursag
  • Ninkharsag
  • Ninkhursag
  • Ninib
  • Ninurta
  • Utu
  • Utug
  • Zu
  • Zubird
  • Enkidu
  • Gilgamish
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