standard

stan·dard

S0701800 (stăn′dərd)adj.1. Serving as or conforming to an established or accepted measurement or value: a standard unit of volume.2. Widely recognized or employed as a model of authority or excellence: a standard reference work.3. Acceptable but of less than top quality: a standard grade of beef.4. Normal, familiar, or usual: the standard excuse.5. Commonly used or supplied: standard car equipment.6. Linguistics Conforming to models or norms of usage admired by educated speakers and writers: standard pronunciation.n.1. a. An acknowledged measure of comparison for quantitative or qualitative value; a criterion. See Synonyms at ideal.b. An object that under specified conditions defines, represents, or records the magnitude of a unit.2. a. The commodity or commodities used to back a monetary system.b. The set proportion by weight of gold or silver to alloy metal prescribed for use in coinage.3. a. A degree or level of requirement, excellence, or attainment: Their quality of work exceeds the standards set for the field.b. Something, such as a practice or a product, that is widely recognized or employed, especially because of its excellence.c. A set of specifications that are adopted within an industry to allow compatibility between products.d. A requirement of moral conduct: the standards of polite society.4. A flag, banner, or ensign, especially:a. The ensign of a chief of state, nation, or city.b. A long, tapering flag bearing heraldic devices distinctive of a person or corporation.c. An emblem or flag of an army, raised on a pole to indicate the rallying point in battle.d. The colors of a mounted or motorized military unit.5. Chiefly British A grade level in elementary schools.6. A pedestal, stand, or base.7. The large upper petal of the flower of a pea or related plant. Also called banner, vexillum.8. One of the narrow upright petals of an iris.9. A shrub or small tree that through grafting or training has a single stem of limited height with a crown of leaves and flowers at its apex.10. Music A composition that is continually used in repertoires: a pianist who knew dozens of Broadway standards.

[Middle English, flag, banner, standard measure (perhaps from the use of flags as points of reference in battle) , from Old French estandard, flag marking a rallying place, from Frankish *standhard, probably originally meaning standing firmly, steadfast : *standan, to stand; see stā- in Indo-European roots + *hard, firm, hard; see kar- in Indo-European roots.]

stan′dard·ly adv.

standard

(ˈstændəd) n1. an accepted or approved example of something against which others are judged or measured2. (often plural) a principle of propriety, honesty, and integrity: she has no standards. 3. a level of excellence or quality: a low standard of living. 4. (Heraldry) any distinctive flag, device, etc, as of a nation, sovereign, or special cause5. (Military) a. any of a variety of naval or military flagsb. the colours of a cavalry regiment6. (Military) a flag or emblem formerly used to show the central or rallying point of an army in battle7. (Heraldry) a large tapering flag ending in two points, originally borne by a sovereign or high-ranking noble8. (Economics) the commodity or commodities in which is stated the value of a basic monetary unit: the gold standard. 9. (Units) an authorized model of a unit of measure or weight10. (Units) a unit of board measure equal to 1980 board feet11. (Banking & Finance) (in coinage) the prescribed proportion by weight of precious metal and base metal that each coin must contain12. an upright pole or beam, esp one used as a support13. (Furniture) a. a piece of furniture consisting of an upright pole or beam on a base or supportb. (as modifier): a standard lamp. 14. (Botany) a. a plant, esp a fruit tree, that is trained so that it has an upright stem free of branchesb. (as modifier): a standard cherry. 15. (Music, other) a song or piece of music that has remained popular for many years16. (Botany) the largest petal of a leguminous flower, such as a sweetpea17. (Education) (in New Zealand and, formerly, in England and Wales) a class or level of attainment in an elementary schooladj18. of the usual, regularized, medium, or accepted kind: a standard size. 19. of recognized authority, competence, or excellence: the standard work on Greece. 20. (Linguistics) denoting or characterized by idiom, vocabulary, etc, that is regarded as correct and acceptable by educated native speakers. Compare nonstandard, informal21. (Cookery) Brit (formerly) (of eggs) of a size that is smaller than large and larger than medium[C12: from Old French estandart gathering place, flag to mark such a place, probably of Germanic origin; compare Old High German stantan to stand, Old High German ort place]

stand•ard

(ˈstæn dərd)

n. 1. something considered by an authority or by general consent as a basis of comparison. 2. an object regarded as the most common size or form of its kind. 3. a rule or principle that is used as a basis for judgment. 4. an average or normal quality, quantity, or level: The work isn't up to his usual standard. 5. standards, the morals, ethics, customs, etc., regarded generally or by an individual as acceptable. 6. the authorized exemplar of a unit of weight or measure. 7. a certain commodity in or by which a basic monetary unit is stated: gold standard. 8. the legally established content of full-weight coins. 9. the prescribed degree of fineness for gold or silver. 10. Brit. a class or grade in elementary schools. 11. a musical piece of sufficiently enduring popularity to be made part of a permanent repertoire, esp. a popular song. 12. a flag indicating the presence of a sovereign or public official. 13. a flag or emblematic figure used as a rallying point for an army, fleet, etc. 14. a. any of various military or naval flags. b. the colors of a mounted military unit. 15. a long, narrow, tapering flag bearing heraldic devices and personal to an individual or group. 16. something that stands or is placed upright. 17. an upright support. 18. a long candlestick or candelabrum used in a church. 19. a plant trained or grafted to have a single, erect, treelike stem. 20. a distinct petal, larger than the rest, of certain flowers; a vexillum. adj. 21. serving as a basis of weight, measure, value, comparison, or judgment. 22. of recognized excellence or established authority: a standard reference book. 23. usual or customary. 24. manual; not electric or automatic: standard transmission. 25. conforming in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, etc., to the usage of most educated native speakers and widely considered acceptable or correct. Compare nonstandard (def. 2). 26. officially approved; authorized. 27. (of meat, esp. beef or veal) of or designating a grade immediately below select or good. [1125–75; Middle English < Old French, probably < Frankish *standord (compare German Standort standing-point), conformed to -ard -ard]

standard

An exact value, a physical entity, or an abstract concept, established and defined by authority, custom, or common consent to serve as a reference, model, or rule in measuring quantities or qualities, establishing practices or procedures, or evaluating results. A fixed quantity or quality.

Standard

a quantity of timber, 1858; a body of troops kept in reserve, 1297; a company of cavalry.Examples: standard of apparel (suit of clothes), 1630; a standard of feathers (a set of plumes), 1578; a cornet or standard of horsemen, 1580.

standard

1. A tree or shrub pruned and trained with a clean stem.2. The upright petal at the back of pea or bean flower.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	standard - a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated; "the schools comply with federal standards"; "they set the measure for all subsequent work"criterion, touchstone, measurebenchmark - a standard by which something can be measured or judged; "his painting sets the benchmark of quality"earned run average, ERA - (baseball) a measure of a pitcher's effectiveness; calculated as the average number of earned runs allowed by the pitcher for every nine innings pitchedGPA, grade point average - a measure of a student's academic achievement at a college or university; calculated by dividing the total number of grade points received by the total number attemptedprocrustean bed, procrustean rule, procrustean standard - a standard that is enforced uniformly without regard to individualityyardstick - a measure or standard used for comparison; "on what kind of yardstick is he basing his judgment?"medium of exchange, monetary system - anything that is generally accepted as a standard of value and a measure of wealth in a particular country or regionsystem of measurement, metric - a system of related measures that facilitates the quantification of some particular characteristicgraduated table, ordered series, scale, scale of measurement - an ordered reference standard; "judging on a scale of 1 to 10"standard of measurement, gauge - accepted or approved instance or example of a quantity or quality against which others are judged or measured or comparedbaseline - an imaginary line or standard by which things are measured or compared; "the established a baseline for the budget"norm - a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical; "the current middle-class norm of two children per family"
	2.	standard - the ideal in terms of which something can be judged; "they live by the standards of their community"criterioncontrol condition, control - a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment; "the control condition was inappropriate for the conclusions he wished to draw"ideal - the idea of something that is perfect; something that one hopes to attaindesign criteria - criteria that designers should meet in designing some system or device; "the job specifications summarized the design criteria"
	3.	standard - a board measure = 1980 board feetcapacity measure, capacity unit, cubage unit, cubature unit, cubic content unit, cubic measure, displacement unit, volume unit - a unit of measurement of volume or capacity
	4.	standard - the value behind the money in a monetary systemmonetary standardvalue - the quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable; "the Shakespearean Shylock is of dubious value in the modern world"gold standard - a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of goldsilver standard - a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of silverbimetallism - a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by stated amounts of two metals (usually gold and silver) with values set at a predetermined ratio
	5.	standard - an upright pole or beam (especially one used as a support); "distance was marked by standards every mile"; "lamps supported on standards provided illumination"post - an upright consisting of a piece of timber or metal fixed firmly in an upright position; "he set a row of posts in the ground and strung barbwire between them"
	6.	standard - any distinctive flag bannerflag - emblem usually consisting of a rectangular piece of cloth of distinctive designoriflamme - a red or orange-red flag used as a standard by early French kings
Adj.	1.	standard - conforming to or constituting a standard of measurement or value; or of the usual or regularized or accepted kind; "windows of standard width"; "standard sizes"; "the standard fixtures"; "standard brands"; "standard operating procedure"normal - conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal; "serve wine at normal room temperature"; "normal diplomatic relations"; "normal working hours"; "normal word order"; "normal curiosity"; "the normal course of events"nonstandard - varying from or not adhering to a standard; "nonstandard windows"; "envelopes of nonstandard sizes"; "nonstandard lengths of board"
	2.	standard - commonly used or supplied; "standard procedure"; "standard car equipment"common - having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual; "the common man"; "a common sailor"; "the common cold"; "a common nuisance"; "followed common procedure"; "it is common knowledge that she lives alone"; "the common housefly"; "a common brand of soap"
	3.	standard - established or well-known or widely recognized as a model of authority or excellence; "a standard reference work"; "the classical argument between free trade and protectionism"orthodox - adhering to what is commonly accepted; "an orthodox view of the world"nonstandard - not standard; not accepted as a model of excellence; "a nonstandard text"
	4.	standard - conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers; "standard English" (American); "received standard English is sometimes called the King's English" (British)receivedlinguistics - the scientific study of languagenonstandard - not conforming to the language usage of a prestige group within a community; "a nonstandard dialect is one used by uneducated speakers or socially disfavored groups"; "the common core of nonstandard words and phrases in folk speech"- A.R.Dunlap
	5.	standard - regularly and widely used or sold; "a standard size"; "a stock item"stockregular - in accordance with fixed order or procedure or principle; "his regular calls on his customers"; "regular meals"; "regular duties"

standard

noun1. level, grade, calibre, quality There will be new standards of hospital cleanliness.2. criterion, measure, guideline, example, model, average, guide, pattern, sample, par, norm, gauge, benchmark, yardstick, touchstone systems that were by later standards absurdly primitive3. (often plural) principles, ideals, morals, rule, ethics, canon, moral principles, code of honour My father has always had high moral standards.4. flag, banner, pennant, colours, ensign, pennon a gleaming limousine bearing the royal standardadjective1. usual, normal, customary, set, stock, average, popular, basic, regular, typical, prevailing, orthodox, staple It was standard practice for them to advise in cases of murder.
usual strange, unusual, extraordinary, exceptional, abnormal, irregular, uncommon, singular, atypical2. accepted, official, established, classic, approved, recognized, definitive, authoritative a standard text in several languages
accepted unofficial, unconventional, unauthorisedQuotations
"Standards are always out of date. That's what makes them standards" [Alan Bennett Forty Years On]

standard

noun1. Fabric used especially as a symbol:banderole, banner, banneret, color (used in plural), ensign, flag, jack, oriflamme, pennant, pennon, streamer.2. A means by which individuals are compared and judged:benchmark, criterion, gauge, mark, measure, test, touchstone, yardstick.3. One that is worthy of imitation or duplication:beau ideal, example, exemplar, ideal, mirror, model, paradigm, pattern.adjective1. Having or arising from authority:authoritative, conclusive, official, sanctioned.2. Being of no special quality or type:average, common, commonplace, cut-and-dried, formulaic, garden, garden-variety, indifferent, mediocre, ordinary, plain, routine, run-of-the-mill, stock, undistinguished, unexceptional, unremarkable.

Translations

标准标准的规范军旗

standard

(ˈstӕndəd) noun1. something used as a basis of measurement. The kilogram is the international standard of weight.标准2. a basis for judging quality, or a level of excellence aimed at, required or achieved. You can't judge an amateur artist's work by the same standards as you would judge that of a trained artist; high standards of behaviour; His performance did not reach the required standard.规范3. a flag or carved figure etc fixed to a pole and carried eg at the front of an army going into battle. 军旗 adjective (accepted as) normal or usual; The Post Office likes the public to use a standard size of envelope. 标准的ˈstandardize, ˈstandardise verb to make or keep (eg products) of one size, shape etc for the sake of convenience etc. 标准化ˌstandardiˈzation, ˌstandardiˈsation noun标准化ˈstandard-bearer noun a person who carries a standard or banner. 旗手be up to / below standard to (fail to) achieve the required standard. Her work is well up to standard. 符合（不符合）标准 standard of living the level of comfort and welfare achieved in any particular society. 生活水准

standard

→ 标准zhCN, 标准的zhCN

A standard class cabin → 一张普通舱的
A standard transmission, please (US)
A manual, please (UK) → 我要一辆手动档的

standard

1. the commodity or commodities in which is stated the value of a basic monetary unit 2. an authorized model of a unit of measure or weight 3. a unit of board measure equal to 1980 board feet 4. a. a plant, esp a fruit tree, that is trained so that it has an upright stem free of branches b. (as modifier): a standard cherry 5. a song or piece of music that has remained popular for many years 6. the largest petal of a leguminous flower, such as a sweetpea 7. (in New Zealand and, formerly, in England and Wales) a class or level of attainment in an elementary school

Standard

An accepted reference sample which is used for establishing a unit for the measurement of physical quantities. A physical quantity is specified by a numerical factor and a unit; for example, a mass might be expressed as 8 g, a length as 6 cm, and a time interval as 2 min. Here the gram is a mass unit defined in terms of the international kilogram, which serves as the primary standard of mass. The centimeter is defined in terms of the international meter, which is the primary standard of length and is defined as the length of path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. In similar fashion, the minute is a time interval defined as 60 s, where the second is the international standard of time and is defined as the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine energy levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States and comparable laboratories in other countries are responsible for maintaining accurate secondary standards for various physical quantities. See Electrical units and standards, Light, Metric system, Physical measurement, Time

Standard

in the broad sense of the word, a sample or model used as an original for purposes of comparison with other objects; a normative technical document related to standardization that establishes a set of norms, rules, and requirements for the object being standardized and is approved by a recognized authority. Standards may be formulated for materials and technical objects (products, models, samples), as well as for norms, rules, general technical requirements, and requirements relating to organization and methodology. Standards are used in all spheres of human activity, including science, engineering, industrial and agricultural production, construction, public health, and transportation.

In the USSR, standards are classified according to the field in which they are used and the extent to which they have been adopted. State standards (GOST’s) are approved by the State Committee on Standards of the USSR (with the exception of standards ratified by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the State Committee for Construction of the USSR, and the Ministry of Public Health of the USSR) and are applied throughout the USSR. Sectorial standards (OST’s) are approved by a single ministry and are compulsory for all enterprises in that particular sector. Standards of the Union republics (RST’s) are approved by a republic’s Council of Ministers and are compulsory for all enterprises located in the republic regardless of the departments to which the enterprises are subordinate. Enterprise and association standards (STP’s) are compulsory only for the enterprises adopting them. Standards of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON standards), which reflect the activity of COMECON standardization bodies, have been introduced in the USSR. Adherence to COMECON standards is compulsory for all enterprises, organizations, and institutions under Union, republic, or local jurisdiction in all branches of the national economy. Alongside standards, the USSR uses technical specifications for specific grades, brands, and types of output.

Standards are also classified according to purpose. One category includes general technical rules and norms and rules and norms pertaining to organization and methodology; a second group encompasses general requirements, indexes, and norms for product quality. Operating features, technical characteristics, and methods for inspecting uniform items that are used interin-dustrially constitute a third group. Another group includes safety norms and procedures and terms and designations. Fundamental units of physical quantities constitute a separate group, as do state standards for units of physical quantities and testing schemes. Methods and means of testing measuring equipment are in a separate group, as are requirements for standard samples with regard to the properties and composition of the substances and materials. Systems of documentation, for example, those pertaining to design and technology, form yet another group. A separate category is also reserved for systems of classifying and codifying technical and economic information and systems of organizing production and effecting a scientific organization of labor. The final category of standards covers the most important types of output.

Production standards include those governing technical specifications, general technical requirements, parameters, types, design, grades, assortments, rules for acceptance, monitoring methods, grading rules for marking, packaging, transportation, storage maintenance and technological processes. All standards are systematically reviewed and updated to conform with the latest advances of science, technology, and production. In the USSR, standards are mandatory in the fields in which they have been adopted. Procedures for the formulation and adoption of standards are set forth in GOST 1.2–68. All official information concerning USSR state standards is published in the monthly Informatsionnyi ukazatel’ gosudarstvennykh standartov SSSR (Information Directory of State Standards of the USSR) and in the annual Ukazatel’ gosudarstvennykh standartov SSSR (Directory of State Standards of the USSR).

V. V. BOITSOV

Standard

(1) The banner carried by Russian cavalry units from 1731 to 1917 and by various foreign armies from the 18th to the 20th century. It consisted of a square cloth smaller than the regular banner. The staff was fitted to the stirrup and grasped by the horseman by means of a looped strap.

(2) The personal flag of a head of state, such as a monarch or president, used in several countries in the 19th and 20th centuries, including Russia. It served to mark the position of the head of state, for example, in the palace or on board a ship.

Standard

(in Russian, etalon), a measuring device (sredstvo izmerenii) or a set of measuring devices that reproduces and preserves the adopted value of a unit of a physical quantity or that transfers the size of such a unit to other measuring devices. Without standards, it is impossible to compare the results of measurements made with different instruments, in different places, or at different times.

Because standards must be extremely accurate, the establishment, maintenance, and use of standards requires special research and development work, which is carried out by national metrology laboratories. For the international standardization of units, international standards—in particular, the standards of the member states of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)—are established. In addition, national standards are established within an individual country.

In the USSR, standards are classified as primary, special, and secondary. A primary standard reproduces a given unit to the highest level of accuracy attainable in the country. Special standards are used to reproduce units under special conditions—for example, at high or ultralow temperatures or pressures—where primary standards cannot be used. Primary and special standards are accepted as national standards (gosudarstvennye etalony), that is, as the standards at the top of all-Union calibration hierarchies for the corresponding types of measurements (seeCALIBRATION OF MEASURING DEVICES). Secondary standards are used to transfer the sizes of units to base standards (obraztsovye sredstva izmerenii) and to the most accurate working standards (rabochie sredstva izmerenii).

Depending on their metrological purpose, secondary standards are subdivided into transfer standards, reserve standards, comparison standards, and working standards (rabochie etalony). Transfer standards are substituted for national standards when the sizes of units are transferred to working standards. Reserve standards are used to check the constancy of national standards and the invariability of units reproduced by national standards. Comparison standards are used to intercompare the standards maintained at different metrology laboratories when the transportation of the standards to be intercompared is impossible or undesirable. Working standards are used for routine work in the transfer of the sizes of units to base standards.

All the standards used in the USSR constitute the basis for metrological work in the national economy. This basis includes standards for the base units of the International System of Units (SI), a number of primary standards for SI derived units, and special standards (see).

The SI base units include the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin (formerly “degree Kelvin”), and candela. The standard for the meter is a standard interferometer and a krypton lamp; the standard meter is equal to a certain number of wavelengths of the orange line in the spectrum of krypton-86. The kilogram mass standard consists of a platinum-iridium weight and standard scales. The time and frequency standard, which is used to establish the second and the hertz, is a set of equipment for generating electromagnetic oscillations of a strictly constant and known frequency and for transmitting time and frequency radio signals. The standard for the ampere consists of a current balance and equipment both for controlling the balance and for the absolute determination of the electromotive force of a reference voltage. The standard for the kelvin comprises primary fixed temperature points and interpolation equipment (seeINTERNATIONAL PRACTICAL TEMPERATURE SCALE). The standard for the candela consists of a complete, or blackbody, radiator at the freezing point of platinum and devices for comparing standard photometric lamps with the complete radiator (seePHOTOMETRIC STANDARD).

State standards (gosudarstvennye standarty) are published for national standards and all-Union calibration hierarchies. National standards must be recorded in a special catalog.

In the USSR, standards are kept at specialized metrology institutes of the State Committee for Standards of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (Gosstandart SSSR), mainly at the D. I. Mendeleev All-Union Research Institute of Metrology in Leningrad. Some working standards have been transferred to institutes that are affiliated with other ministries or agencies and that carry out metrological work of an especially high accuracy.

In other countries, the classification of standards differs somewhat from that presented above since the standards used also include base standards (obraztsovyesredstva izmerenii). Every metrological agency has its own reference standards and working standards. National calibration hierarchies are not organized in all countries. The most important metrology laboratories that establish and maintain national standards include the National Bureau of Standards in the USA, the National Physical Laboratory in Great Britain, the National Research Council of Canada, the Federal Institute of Physics and Technology in the Federal Republic of Germany, and the National Standards Laboratory in Australia.

International standards established in the framework of the Metric Treaty are kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sevres, near Paris. International standards established in the framework of COMECON are kept at authorized national metrology laboratories in the member states of COMECON.

REFERENCES

Burdun, G. D., and B. N. Markov. Osnovy metrologii. Moscow, 1972.
Metrologicheskaia sluzhba SSSR. Moscow, 1968.
Gosudarstvennye etalony SSSR: Spravochnik. Moscow, 1976.

K. P. SHIROKOV

standard

[′stan·dərd] (physics) An accepted reference sample used for establishing a unit for the measurement of a physical quantity.

standard

1. A document prepared by a recognized standard-setting organization that prescribes methods and materials for the safe use and consistent performance of specific technologies; usually a procedure that has been developed by consensus of the interested parties. 2. As used by governmental agencies, a document which sets certain legally permissible limits. 3.See measurement.4. A document containing mandatory requirements indicated by the word shall.

standard

(standard)Standards are necessary for interworking,portability, and reusability. They may be de facto standards for various communities, or officially recognisednational or international standards.

Andrew Tanenbaum, in his Computer Networks book, once said,"The nice thing about standards is that there are so many ofthem to choose from", a reference to the fact that competingstandards become a source of confusion, division,obsolescence, and duplication of effort instead of anenhancement to the usefulness of products.

Some bodies concerned in one way or another with computingstandards are IAB (RFC and STD), ISO, ANSI, DoD,ECMA, IEEE, IETF, OSF, W3C.

standard

A specification for hardware or software that is either widely used and accepted (de facto) or is sanctioned by a standards organization (de jure). See standards.

standard

stan·dard

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stand•ard

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double standard

gold standard

new standard

standard fare

standard-bearer

bog standard

come up to standards

come up to someone's standards

double standard

the standard bearer

bog ˈstandard

standard

standard

Standard

Standard

Standard

Standard

REFERENCES

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Synonyms for standard

noun level

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noun criterion

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noun principles

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noun flag

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adj usual

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adj accepted

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Synonyms for standard

noun fabric used especially as a symbol

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noun a means by which individuals are compared and judged

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noun one that is worthy of imitation or duplication

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adj having or arising from authority

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adj being of no special quality or type

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Synonyms for standard

noun a basis for comparison

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Related Words

noun the ideal in terms of which something can be judged

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noun a board measure = 1980 board feet

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noun the value behind the money in a monetary system

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