thyroid gland

thyroid gland,

endocrine gland, situated in the neck, that secretes hormones necessary for growth and proper metabolism. It consists of two lobes connected by a narrow segment called the isthmus. The lobes lie on either side of the trachea, the isthmus in front of it. Thyroid tissue is composed of millions of tiny saclike follicles, which store thyroid hormone in the form of thyroglobulin, a glycoprotein. Blood capillaries attached to the gland yield a constant supply of plasma. The protein thyroglobulin is the chief component of the jellylike substance, called colloid, that is secreted by the follicles. It attaches to the thyroid hormone for storage purposes; when the hormone is ready to be released, the protein detaches itself. Before it is released into the bloodstream, the thyroid hormone is converted into thyroxinethyroxine
, substance secreted by the thyroid gland. The hormone thyroxine forms by combining the amino acid tyrosine with iodine. Complexed to a protein, it is stored in the follicle stems between thyroid cells.
..... Click the link for more information. and small quantities of the other closely related thyroid hormones. The amount of thyroxine production (and therefore the metabolic rate) is dependent on a sufficient intake of iodine and on stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary glandpituitary gland,
small oval endocrine gland that lies at the base of the brain. It is sometimes called the master gland of the body because all the other endocrine glands depend on its secretions for stimulation (see endocrine system).
..... Click the link for more information. . The thyroid gland also produces the hormone calcitonin, which is involved in the regulation of serum calcium in the body.

Metabolic disorders result when the thyroid secretes too little or too much thyroxine. Deficiencies in thyroid secretion (hypothyroidism) occur when there is insufficient iodine in the diet. A disease known as goiter results from the deficiency, although it has been virtually eliminated by the use of iodized salt. Hypothyroidism that results from glandular malfunction is known as myxedema in the adult and cretinismcretinism
, condition produced in infants and children due to lack of thyroid hormone. It usually results from a congenital defect (e.g., absence of the thyroid, presence of only a rudimentary gland, inability of the gland to produce thyroxine).
..... Click the link for more information. in infancy and childhood. Treatment is by administration of the synthetic hormone levothyroxine. Excessive secretion of thyroxine, or hyperthyroidism, causes an increased metabolic rate, loss of weight despite good appetite, protrusion of the eyeballs, rapid pulse, and irritability. The condition, also known as Graves' disease, may be accompanied by enlargement of the thyroid. Hyperthyroidism may be treated through the use of medicines that block thryroxine production or the administration of radioactive iodine to kill thyroid cells.

See also endocrine systemendocrine system
, body control system composed of a group of glands that maintain a stable internal environment by producing chemical regulatory substances called hormones.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Thyroid gland

An endocrine gland found in all vertebrates that produces, stores, and secretes the thyroid hormones. In humans, the gland is located in front of, and on either side of, the trachea (see illustration). Thyrocalcitonin, one hormone of the thyroid gland, assists in regulating serum calcium by reducing its levels. The iodine-containing hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine regulate metabolic rate in warm-blooded animals and are essential for normal growth and development. To produce these, the thyroid gland accumulates inorganic iodides from the bloodstream and unites them with the amino acid tyrosine. This activity is regulated by thyrotropic hormone from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. See Thyroid hormone, Thyroxine

Ventral view of human thyroid gland shown in relation to trachea and larynx

Thyroid Gland

a specialized endocrine organ in vertebrate animals and man that manufactures and stores iodine-containing hormones that help regulate metabolism and the production of energy in the organism.

Anatomy. The thyroid gland develops in embryos from the epithelium of the branchial (pharyngeal) pouches embedded in the pharyngeal floor as a result of the transformation of the hypo-branchial groove (endostyle) in lower chordates. The unpaired thyroid of cyclostomes is situated under the inferior wall of the gill part of the gut, while that of fishes is situated at the anterior margin of the branchial arteries (in bony fishes it includes the ventral aorta near the anterior gill arches, and in dipnoan fishes it is divided into two parts).

The paired thyroid gland of amphibians is situated near the sublingual apparatus (behind the second arch in caudates and under the posterior cornua in tailless amphibians). The unpaired thyroid of reptiles, often divided into two lobes, is situated under the trachea. The paired thyroid of birds lies at the base of the bronchi. The thyroid of mammals consists of two lobes connected by the isthmus, but in some animals it is divided into two separate parts. In lower vertebrates, the last (fifth) pair of gill arches gives rise to the ultimobranchial bodies (seeULTIMOBRANCHIAL BODIES), which secrete the hormone thyrocalcitonin (seeTHYROCALCITONIN). In mammals, this tissue is represented by the C cells of the thyroid. In man, the gland is completely formed by the eighth or ninth month of development of the fetus. It consists of two lateral lobes and a transverse isthmus, connecting the lobes near the lower ends. Sometimes a third lobe, the pyramid, arises from the upper part of the isthmus. The thyroid gland is situated in the neck, in front of the trachea and on the side walls of the larynx next to the thyroid cartilage (hence the name of the gland). The lateral lobes abut the walls of the pharynx and esophagus in back.

The external, or superficial, surface of the thyroid is convex, while the internal, or deep, surface, facing the trachea and larynx, is concave. The gland is about 50–60 mm in diameter; at the isthmus, it is 6–8 mm in diameter. It weighs 15–30 g (somewhat more in women). It is abundantly supplied with blood vessels, including the inferior and superior thyroid arteries. The superior cervical and stellate sympathetic ganglia provide sympathetic innervation, while branches of the vagus nerve provide parasympathetic innervation.

The main structural and functional units of the thyroid gland are the thyroid follicles (spherical or of irregular geometric shape) filled with a colloid substance having an iodine-containing protein, thyroglobulin (seeTHYROGLOBULIN). The follicles are very close to one another. Their walls are lined with a single layer of glandular epithelium. The structure of the gland also includes connective-tissue stroma, which are adjacent to the follicular wall and consist of collagenous and elastic fibers interspersed with blood vessels and nerves. The shape, volume, and height of the follicular epithelial cells vary with the functional condition of the gland: the epithelium is normally cuboidal, high and columnar (or cylindrical) when very active, and flat when inactive. The size of Golgi’s complex and the number of mitochondria and secretory drops contained in the thyroid cells increases when secretion is active. The number and length of the microvilli arranged on the apical surface of the epithelium and facing the follicular cavity also increase when the gland is very active. The density, size, number, and location of the cytoplasmic (or albuminous) granules characterize both the process of biosynthesis and the secretion of specific products.

Physiology. Such basic biological processes as growth, development, and tissue differentiation depend on the normal functioning of the thyroid gland, which secretes two hormones— thyroxine and triiodothyronine (seeTHYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). The biological effects of normal levels of the thyroid hormones are reflected in the maintenance of the organism’s energy and biosynthesis processes at an optimal level. The action of the hormones on the process of biosynthesis and, consequently, on the body’s growth and development, is mediated by the regulation of tissue respiration. Excessive amounts of the hormones intensify all types of metabolism, with catabolic processes, expenditure of substances and energy in the form of heat, and products of incomplete and incorrect metabolism predominating. The mode of action of the thyroid hormones entails stages of “recognition” and perception of cell signals and generalization of the molecular processes responsible for the nature of the response. Specific protein receptors in the cells of the various tissues “recognize” a hormone and trigger a biochemical reaction. The growth-stimulating action of the thyroid hormones, associated with the intensification of protein biosynthesis, is realized through the formation in the nuclei of the cells of the hormone-receptor complex that activates the synthesis of messenger RNA and the subsequent stages in the synthesis of structural proteins and protein enzymes.

Thyroid function is regulated by the central nervous system. When external and internal factors are constantly changing, the cerebral cortex plays the major role in regulating the hypothalamus-hypophysis-thyroid system. The thyroid also interacts with other endocrine glands. The hypophysis is an important factor in the regulation of thyroid activity; it produces thyrotropin (seeTHYROTROPIN), which stimulates the development and functioning of the thyroid gland (seeNEUROSECRETION).

Thyroid diseases in man. Thyroid diseases—inflammations (seeTHYROIDITIS), tumors, injuries, and congenital anomalies—may cause the thyroid to enlarge (seeGOITER) and function pathologically. They may also lower the production of hormones (hypothyroidism to the point where myxedema develops) or increase them (seeGOITER, DIFFUSE TOXIC; HYPOTHYROIDISM; and MYXEDEMA).

REFERENCES

Mnogotomnoe rukovodstvo po vnutrennim bolezniam, vol. 7.
Bolezni endokrinnoi sistemy. Leningrad, 1966.
Mekhanizm deistviia gormonov. Tashkent, 1976.
Rukovodstvo po klinicheskoi endokrinologii. Leningrad, 1977.
Grollman, A. Clinical Endocrinology and Its Physiologic Basis. London, 1964.
Williams, R. H. Textbook of Endocrinology, 4th ed. Philadelphia-London, 1968.
Negoescu, J., A. Constantinescu, and C. Heltianu. Biochimia hormonilor tiroidieni. Bucharest, 1971.

V. G. BARANOV and G. S. STEPANOV

thyroid gland

[′thī‚rȯid ‚gland] (anatomy) An endocrine gland found in all vertebrates that produces, stores, and secretes the thyroid hormones.

thyroid gland

an endocrine gland of vertebrates, consisting in man of two lobes near the base of the neck. It secretes hormones that control metabolism and body growth

thyroid gland

gland

[gland] an aggregation of cells specialized to secrete or excrete materials not related to their ordinary metabolic needs. Glands are divided into two main groups, endocrine and exocrine. adj., adj glan´dular.
The endocrine glands, or ductless glands, discharge their secretions (hormones) directly into the blood; they include the adrenal, pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid glands, the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas, the gonads, the thymus, and the pineal body. The glands" >exocrine glands discharge through ducts opening on an external or internal surface of the body; they include the salivary, sebaceous, and sweat glands, the liver, the gastric glands, the pancreas, the intestinal, mammary, and lacrimal glands, and the prostate. The lymph nodes" >lymph nodes are sometimes called lymph glands but are not glands in the usual sense.

Classification of glands according to mode of secretion. From Applegate, 2000.acinous gland one made up of one or more acini" >acini (oval or spherical sacs).adrenal gland see adrenal gland.apocrine gland one whose discharged secretion contains part of the secreting cells.areolar g's Montgomery's glands.axillary g's lymph nodes in the axilla.Bartholin g's two small mucus-secreting glands, one on each side in the lower pole of the labium majus and connected to the surface by a duct lined with transitional cells, which opens just external to the hymenal ring. Their exact function is not clear but they are believed to secrete mucus to moisten the vestibule during sexual excitement. Called also major vestibular glands.Bowman's g's olfactory glands.bronchial g's seromucous glands in the mucosa and submucosa of the bronchial walls.Brunner's g's glands in the submucosa of the duodenum that secrete intestinal juice; called also duodenal glands.buccal g's seromucous glands on the inner surface of the cheeks; called also genal glands.bulbocavernous g's (bulbourethral g's) two glands embedded in the substance of the sphincter of the male urethra, posterior to the membranous part of the urethra; their secretion lubricates the urethra; called also Cowper's glands.cardiac g's mucus-secreting glands of the cardiac part (cardia) of the stomach.celiac g's lymph nodes anterior to the abdominal aorta.ceruminous g's cerumin-secreting glands in the skin of the external auditory canal.cervical g's 1. the lymph nodes of the neck.2. compound clefts in the wall of the uterine cervix.ciliary g's sweat glands that have become arrested in their development, situated at the edges of the eyelids; called also Moll's glands.circumanal g's specialized sweat and sebaceous glands around the anus; called also Gay's glands.Cobelli's g's mucous glands in the esophageal mucosa just above the cardia.coccygeal gland glomus coccygeum.compound gland one made up of a number of smaller units whose excretory ducts combine to form ducts of progressively higher order.Cowper's g's bulbourethral glands.ductless g's endocrine glands.duodenal g's Brunner's glands.Ebner's g's serous glands at the back of the tongue near the taste buds.eccrine gland one of the ordinary or simple sweat glands, which are of the merocrine type.endocrine g's see endocrine glands.exocrine g's glands that discharge their secretions through ducts opening on internal or external surfaces of the body; see gland" >gland.fundic g's (fundus g's) numerous tubular glands in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach that contain the cells that produce acid and pepsin.gastric g's the secreting glands of the stomach, including the fundic, cardiac, and pyloric glands.Gay's g's circumanal glands.genal g's buccal glands.glossopalatine g's mucous glands at the posterior end of the smaller sublingual glands.haversian g's synovial villi.holocrine gland one whose discharged secretion contains the entire secreting cells.intestinal g's straight tubular glands in the mucous membrane of the intestines, in the small intestine opening between the bases of the villi, and containing argentaffin cells. Called also crypts or glands of Lieberkühn.jugular gland a lymph node behind the clavicular insertion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.Krause's gland an accessory lacrimal gland deep in the conjunctival connective tissue, mainly near the upper fornix.lacrimal g's the glands that secrete tears; see also lacrimal apparatus.g's of Lieberkühn intestinal glands.lingual g's the seromucous glands on the surface of the tongue.lingual g's, anterior seromucous glands near the apex of the tongue.Littre's g's 1. preputial glands.2. the male urethral glands.lymph gland lymph node.major vestibular g's Bartholin glands.mammary gland a specialized gland of the skin of female mammals, which secretes milk for the nourishment of their young; it exists in a rudimentary state in the male. See also breast.meibomian g's sebaceous follicles between the cartilage and conjunctiva of the eyelids. Called also tarsal glands.merocrine gland one whose discharged secretion contains no part of the secreting cells.mixed g's 1. seromucous glands.2. glands that have both exocrine and endocrine portions.Moll's g's ciliary glands.Montgomery's g's sebaceous glands in the mammary areola; called also areolar glands.mucous g's glands that secrete mucus.olfactory g's small mucous glands in the olfactory mucosa; called also Bowman's glands.parathyroid g's see parathyroid glands.parotid g's see parotid glands.peptic g's gastric glands that secrete pepsin.pineal gland pineal body.pituitary gland see pituitary gland.preputial g's small sebaceous glands of the corona of the penis and the inner surface of the prepuce, which secrete smegma; called also Littre's glands and Tyson's glands.prostate gland prostate.pyloric g's the mucin-secreting glands of the pyloric part of the stomach.salivary g's see salivary glands.sebaceous gland a type of holocrine gland of the corium that secretes an oily material (sebum) into the hair follicles.

Glands: The relationship of the hair follicle, eccrine and apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands. From Copstead, 1995.sentinel gland an enlarged lymph node, considered to be pathognomonic of some pathologic condition elsewhere.seromucous g's glands that are both serous and mucous.serous gland a gland that secretes a watery albuminous material, commonly but not always containing enzymes.sex gland (sexual gland) gonad.simple gland one with a nonbranching duct.Skene's g's the largest of the female urethral glands, which open into the urethral orifice; they are regarded as homologous with the prostate. Called also paraurethral ducts.solitary g's solitary follicles.sublingual gland a salivary gland on either side under the tongue.submandibular gland (submaxillary gland) a salivary gland on the inner side of each ramus of the mandible.sudoriferous gland (sudoriparous gland) sweat gland.suprarenal gland adrenal gland.sweat gland see sweat gland.target gland any gland affected by a secretion or other stimulus from another gland, such as those affected by the secretions of the pituitary gland.tarsal g's meibomian glands.thymus gland thymus.thyroid gland see thyroid gland.tubular gland any gland made up of or containing a tubule or tubules.Tyson's g's preputial glands.unicellular gland a single cell that functions as a gland, e.g., a goblet cell.urethral g's mucous glands in the wall of the urethra; in the male, called also Littre's glands.uterine g's simple tubular glands found throughout the thickness and extent of the endometrium; they become enlarged during the premenstrual period.vesical g's mucous glands sometimes found in the wall of the urinary bladder, especially in the area of the trigone.vulvovaginal g's Bartholin's glands.Waldeyer's g's glands in the attached edge of the eyelid.Weber's g's the tubular mucous glands of the tongue.

thyroid

[thi´roid] 1. the thyroid gland.2. pertaining to the thyroid gland.3. scutiform.4. a preparation of thyroid gland from domesticated food animals, containing levothyroxine and liothyronine and used as replacement therapy in the diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism and the prevention and treatment of goiter and thyroid carcinoma; administered orally.thyroid crisis a sudden and dangerous increase of the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, seen in patients with severe hyperthyroidism or in the period immediately following a thyroidectomy. (However, good postoperative care and the use of radioiodine ablation techniques have greatly reduced the incidence of this once common postoperative complication.) Called also thyroid or thyrotoxic storm.

Thyroid crisis is a serious event that can be fatal if not brought under control. All of the body processes are accelerated to dangerously high levels. The pulse may rise to 200 beats per minute, and there is concurrent rise in the respiratory rate. The temperature control center loses control, bringing about a rapid and steady increase in body temperature. Pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure can also occur.
Treatment is aimed at correction of the hyperthyroidism, control of the symptoms, and prevention of further crisis by treating the underlying cause. Medications are employed to block synthesis of thyroid hormones, block their release, and inhibit conversion of triiodothyronine to thyroxine. plasmapheresis. plasma exchange, or hemodialysis may be necessary to remove the hormones from the circulation.
Supportive care includes administration of oxygen and measures to control hyperthermia, such as the use of ice packs or a hyperthermia blanket. Intravenous hydration is important to prevent shock. The use of glucocorticoids is associated with improved survival rates. propranolol, sympatholytics, and guanethidine are often used, as well as other medications that treat symptoms.thyroid function test a test of the functioning of the thyroid gland, such as its proper production of thyroid hormones. See radioiodineuptake test, thyroid-stimulating hormone test, thyrotropin-releasing hormone test, and triiodothyronine resin uptake test.thyroid gland the largest of the endocrine glands, consisting of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus; a third pyramidal lobe sometimes extends up from the isthmus. The thyroid gland is located in the front and sides of the neck just below the thyroid cartilage and produces hormones that are vital in maintaining normal growth and metabolism (see thyroid hormones). It also serves as a storehouse for iodine.

Diagnostic tests for thyroid disorders include radioimmunoassay for T₃, T₄, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine serum concentration, and free thyroxine index (FTI). These and other thyroid function tests can be distorted by preparations and foods containing iodine, and by oral contraceptives, phenytoin (Dilantin), and several other drugs. The thyroid scan is useful in detecting nodules and active thyroid tissue and, combined with radioactive iodine uptake, measures the ability of the thyroid gland to take in ingested iodine.
Persons who received radiation to the head and neck as children are at higher than normal risk for development of thyroid abnormalities. Of these disorders about one-third are carcinomas of the thyroid. Other problems related to radiation early in life include adenomas and other malignant and benign tumors, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, and thyroiditis. The American Thyroid Association suggests periodic laboratory testing and physical assessment of persons at high risk in order to detect these abnormalities when they are more amenable to treatment.

Thyroid gland.thyroid hormones iodothyronines secreted by the thyroid gland, principally thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine or T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃). The serum level of T₄ is normally 45 to 50 times the level of T₃. However, T₃ is several times more active than T₄, and most T₃ is produced by metabolism of T₄ in peripheral tissues. The pharmaceutical names for T₄ and T₃ are levothyroxine" >levothyroxine and liothyronine" >liothyronine, respectively. Thyroid hormones influence many metabolic processes. They stimulate the cellular production of heat; stimulate protein synthesis; regulate many aspects of carbohydrate metabolism; stimulate lipid synthesis, mobilization, and degradation; stimulate the synthesis of coenzymes from vitamins; and may affect the response of tissues to epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Secretion of thyroid hormones is regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid control system. Internal environmental conditions, such as low thyroid hormone and norepinephrine serum levels, or external factors, such as cold and stress, activate the hypothalamus, which secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone acts on the pituitary gland and brings about the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The TSH then stimulates the release of thyroid hormones such as T₃ and T₄ from the thyroid gland. When sufficient levels of serum thyroxine and other thyroid hormones have been reached, there is negative feedback to the hypothalamus and TRH is no longer secreted. See also hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.thyroid-stimulating hormone test a thyroid function test in which thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is administered intramuscularly and the thyroid gland is monitored over time with scintiscanning or radioimmunoassays for a response or areas of decreased responsiveness. Called also TSH test and TSH stimulation test.

thy·roid gland

[TA] an endocrine (ductless) gland consisting of irregularly spheroid follicles, lying in front and to the sides of the upper part of the trachea and lower part of the larynx and of horseshoe shape, with two lateral lobes connected by a narrow central portion, the isthmus; and occasionally an elongated offshoot, the pyramidal lobe, which passes upward from the isthmus in front of the larynx. It is supplied by branches from the external carotid and subclavian arteries, and its nerves are derived from the middle cervical and cervicothoracic ganglia of the sympathetic system. It secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin. Synonym(s): glandula thyroidea [TA], thyroid body, thyroidea

thyroid gland

n. A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin.

thy·roid gland

(thī'royd gland) [TA] An endocrine gland, consisting of irregularly spheroid follicles, lying in front and to the sides of the upper part of the trachea, of horseshoe shape, with two lateral lobes connected by a narrow central portion, the isthmus; occasionally an elongated offshoot, the pyramidal lobe, passes upward from the isthmus in front of the trachea. It is supplied by branches from the external carotid and subclavian arteries, and its nerves are derived from the middle cervical and cervicothoracic ganglia of the sympathetic system. It secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin.

THYROID GLAND

thyroid gland

A large endocrine gland located in the center of the base of the neck. The gland is composed of two lobes, one on each side of the trachea, and an isthmus of tissue connecting the lower two thirds of each lobe. The isthmus is usually located at the level of the second to third tracheal rings. The whole gland is surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule attached in back to the cricoid cartilage and the first few tracheal rings. The lobes of the thyroid lie under the sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles. The thyroid is filled with capillary networks (supplied by the superior and inferior thyroid arteries) that surround the many spherical units (follicles) packed inside the gland. Thyroid follicles consist of a ring of follicular cells surrounding a space filled with a clear colloid (a mixture of thyroglobulin proteins and iodine), from which the thyroid hormones (thyroxine and related molecules) are synthesized. These hormones regulate the rate of cellular metabolism throughout the body. All the steps in synthesizing and releasing thyroid hormones are stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by the pituitary gland. Another class of thyroid cells, the parafollicular or C cells, is found outside the follicles; C cells secrete calcitonin, a calcium-lowering hormone. See: illustrationSee also: gland

thyroid gland

An ENDOCRINE GLAND, situated in the neck like a bow tie across the front of the upper part of the windpipe (trachea). The gland secretes hormones that act directly on almost all the cells in the body to control the rate of their METABOLISM.

thyroid gland

a large endocrine organ situated in the region of the neck which produces THYROXINE, a hormone that contains iodine obtained from the diet. Thyroxine controls BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR), and also controls metamorphosis in amphibians. Undersecretion during development causes hypothyroidism (reduced physical and mental development) leading to CRETINISM in subadults. In the adult stage MYXOEDEMA results, and this gives rise to general slowness of thought and action, coarse skin and fatness. Overproduction, (hyperthyroidism) causes exophthalmic goitre, where the thyroid, and thus the neck, swells and the eyeballs protrude. Those so affected become restless and overactive, lose weight and have an accelerated heart rate. Deficiency or excess of iodine in the diet causes malfunction of the thyroid gland. A deficiency occurs naturally in, for example, parts of Derbyshire, where the symptoms are known as Derbyshire Neck.

Thyroid gland

A butterfly-shaped gland in front and to the sides of the upper part of the windpipe; influences body processes like growth, development, reproduction, and metabolism.Mentioned in: Thyroid Function Tests

thy·roid gland

(thī'royd gland) [TA] Endocrine (ductless) gland consisting of irregularly spheroid follicles, lying in front and to sides of upper part of trachea and lower part of larynx and of horseshoe shape, with two lateral lobes connected by a narrow central portion, the isthmus; secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin.

Patient discussion about thyroid gland

Q. Anyone know if there is a connection between Fibromyalgia and your Thyroid gland? I have Fibromyalgia and I read that if your diagnosed with this you can have Thyroid problems also. If anyone knows out there please inform me. Many thanks.A. Below is an interesting article on the subject. A significant percentage of the estimated 20 million people with hypothyroidism end up also being diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Some experts believe that like most cases of hypothyroidism, fibromyalgia is also autoimmune in nature. Others believe that fibromyalgia may be one manifestation of an under active metabolism – hypometabolism – and is therefore one variation on thyroid dysfunction.
http://thyroid.about.com/cs/fibromyalgiacfs/a/fibrothyroid.htm

Q. Is there any natural herb for a sluggish thyroid My uncle is suffering with thyroid for the past 8 months and the treatment he underwent is not successful. Is there any natural herb for a sluggish thyroid?A. first of all the thyroid gland is situated in the front of the neck, just below the larynx(voice box)it consist of two lobes,one one each side of the trachea(windpipe)joined by a narrower portion of tissue called the isthmus---the thyroid grand produces hormones that regulate metabolism(the chemical activitie in cells that release energy from nutrients or uses energy to create other substances,such as proteins)the thyroid gland regulates the level of calcium in the body.insufficient thyroid hormones prduction is known as hypothyroidism(sluggish thyroid)symtoms include tirednes/dry skin/hair loss/weight gain/constipation/and sensitivity to cold.--because iodine is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones/calcium-ASk your DR before trying natural meds-because they ma interfere with what your uncle is taking now?--and you need to find out from your DR WHY is his thyroid sluggish--mrfoot56--peace

Q. I was told to have my thyroid test and now after the result they have told me to go for MRI I am 23 years old lady……I was told to have my thyroid test and now after the result they have told me to go for MRI……..and I know one of my friend had same type of symptoms and after thyroid test she was on her medicines and now she is well…they say it may be fibromyalgia or sclerosis …why they want me to go for MRI…..there seems to be something serious?A. i think the MRI is to detect any signs of sclerosis. they try to get a differential diagnosis so they look for sclerosis or any other pathological sign. they didn't find anything in the Thyroid?

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Patient discussion about thyroid gland

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Synonyms for thyroid gland

noun located near the base of the neck

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