| 释义 |
patronage
pa·tron·age P0117500 (pā′trə-nĭj, păt′rə-)n.1. The support or encouragement of a patron, as for an institution or cause.2. Support or encouragement proffered in a condescending manner: Our little establishment has finally been deemed worthy of the bank's patronage.3. The trade given to a commercial establishment by its customers: Shopkeepers thanked Christmas shoppers for their patronage.4. Customers or patrons considered as a group; clientele: The grand old hotel has a loyal but demanding patronage.5. a. The power to distribute or appoint people to governmental or political positions.b. The act of distributing or appointing people to such positions.c. The positions so distributed or filled.6. The right to grant an ecclesiastical benefice to a member of the clergy.patronage (ˈpætrənɪdʒ) n1. a. the support given or custom brought by a patron or patronessb. the position of a patron2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) (in politics)a. the practice of making appointments to office, granting contracts, etcb. the favours so distributed3. a. a condescending mannerb. any kindness done in a condescending way4. (Anglicanism) Christianity the right to present a clergyman to a beneficepa•tron•age (ˈpeɪ trə nɪdʒ, ˈpæ-)
n. 1. the financial support or business provided to a store, hotel, or the like, by customers, clients, or paying guests. 2. patrons collectively; clientele. 3. a. the power of public officials to make appointments to government jobs or grant other favors to their supporters. b. the distribution of such jobs or favors. c. the jobs or favors so distributed. 4. a condescending manner or attitude in granting favors, in dealing with people, etc.; condescension. 5. the encouragement or support of a patron, as toward an artist or institution. 6. advowson. [1350–1400; Middle English < Middle French] Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  patronage - the act of providing approval and support; "his vigorous backing of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives"backing, championship, backupapproval, approving, blessing - the formal act of approving; "he gave the project his blessing"; "his decision merited the approval of any sensible person" | | 2. | patronage - customers collectively; "they have an upper class clientele"clientele, businesspeople - (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively; "old people"; "there were at least 200 people in the audience" | | 3. | patronage - a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipientcondescension, disdainderogation, disparagement, depreciation - a communication that belittles somebody or something | | 4. | patronage - (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political supportsocial control - control exerted (actively or passively) by group actionnomenklatura - the system of patronage in communist countries; controlled by committees in the Communist Partypolitical science, politics, government - the study of government of states and other political units | | 5. |  patronage - the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers; "even before noon there was a considerable patronage"tradebusiness - the volume of commercial activity; "business is good today"; "show me where the business was today"custom - habitual patronage; "I have given this tailor my custom for many years" | | Verb | 1. | patronage - support by being a patron ofmaintain, sustain, keep - supply with necessities and support; "She alone sustained her family"; "The money will sustain our good cause"; "There's little to earn and many to keep" | | 2. | patronage - be a regular customer or client of; "We patronize this store"; "Our sponsor kept our art studio going for as long as he could"keep going, patronise, patronize, supportnurture, foster - help develop, help grow; "nurture his talents"keep going, run on - continue uninterrupted; "The disease will run on unchecked"; "The party kept going until 4 A.M." |
patronagenoun1. support, promotion, sponsorship, backing, help, aid, championship, assistance, encouragement, espousal, benefaction Japan is moving into international patronage of the arts.2. nepotism, bias, favouritism, preferential treatment, partiality a system based on corruption and political patronage3. condescension, contempt, disdain, snobbery, patronizing, deigning, snobbishness exuding all the patronage that was to be expected from a descendant of dogespatronagenoun1. Aid or support given by a patron:aegis, auspice (often used in plural), backing, patronization, sponsorship.2. The commercial transactions of customers with a supplier:business, custom, trade, traffic.3. Customers or patrons collectively:clientele.4. The political appointments or jobs that are at the disposal of those in power:spoil (used in plural).Slang: pork.Translationspatron (ˈpeitrən) noun1. a person who supports (often with money) an artist, musician, writer, form of art etc. He's a patron of the arts. 贊助者 赞助者2. a (regular) customer of a shop etc. The manager said that he knew all his patrons. 主顧 主顾patronage (ˈpӕtrənidʒ) , ((American) ˈpei-) noun the support given by a patron. 贊助 惠顾，赞助 ˈpatronize, ˈpatronise (ˈpӕ-) , ((American) ˈpei-) verb1. to behave towards (someone) in a way which is kind and friendly but which nevertheless shows that one thinks oneself to be more important, clever etc than that person. He's a nice fellow but he does patronize his assistants. 庇護 庇护2. to visit (a shop, theatre, society etc) regularly. That's not a shop I patronize nowadays. 光顧 光顾ˈpatronizing, ˈpatronising adjective 傲慢的 以恩人自居的，要人领情的 ˈpatronizingly, ˈpatronisingly adverb 傲慢地 傲慢地patron saint a saint who protects a particular person, group of people, country etc. St Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland. 守護神 守护神
Patronage
patronage1. in politicsa. the practice of making appointments to office, granting contracts, etc. b. the favours so distributed 2. Christianity the right to present a clergyman to a benefice Patronage in ancient Italy, a form of protection that in practice established the dependence of poor citizens and citizens with less than full rights upon wealthy citizens. In the period of the disintegration of the clan system, members of impoverished clans, as well as some plebeians, placed themselves under the patronage of influential fellow citizens. In the period of the late Roman Empire, petty landowners or even whole villages, communities, and towns placed themselves under the patronage of various senators. By transferring their land to a patron and receiving it back in the form of a precarium (property held at the will of the grantor), petty landowners attempted to avoid burdensome taxation and protect themselves from oppression by officials, judges, and usurers. The patronage system is discussed by F. Engels in The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 21, page 149).
Patronage (release on surety), in Soviet criminal law, one of the forms by which a person is freed from criminal responsibility when his actions did not have serious consequences and he does not present a great social danger. Upon petition of an organization or workers’ collective, the offender is turned over to that organization or collective for reeducation and correction by decision of a court or procurator or by decision of an investigator or agency of inquiry with the consent of a procurator. Release on surety is not possible for recidivists and persons who have been released on surety earlier. If a person so released does not justify the trust of the collective in the course of one year, the collective’s decision to terminate its patronage is sent to the court or procurator and the question of criminal responsibility is then reviewed (art. 9 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR). PatronageSee also Philanthropy.Alidorofairy godfather to Italian Cinderella. [Ital. Opera: Rossini, Cinderella, Westerman, 120–121]Alphonso, Donsupports Bias in return for political favors. [Fr. Lit.: Gil Blas]Dionysusinspired men through wine; considered a patron of the arts. [Gk. Myth.: NCE, 767]Fairy Godmothermaternal fairy abets Cinderella in ball preparations. [Fr. Fairy Tale: “Cinderella”]Patronage
PatronageThe practice or custom observed by a political official of filling government positions with qualified employees of his or her own choosing. When the candidate of a political party wins an election, the newly elected official has the right to appoint a certain numbers of persons to jobs in the government. This is the essence of the patronage system, also known as the spoils system ("To the victor go the spoils"): appointing persons to government positions on the basis of political support and work rather than on merit, as measured by objective criteria. Though the patronage system exists at all levels of U.S. government, the number of positions that are available through patronage has decreased dramatically since the 1880s. The patronage system thrived in the U.S. federal government until 1883. In 1820 Congress limited federal administrators to four-year terms, leading to constant turnover. By the 1860s and the Civil War, patronage had led to widespread inefficiency and political corruption. Where patronage had once been confined to the cabinet, department heads, and foreign ambassadorships, by the 1860s low-level government positions were subject to patronage. The loss of a presidential election by a political party signaled wholesale turnover in the federal government. When President Benjamin Harrison took office in 1889, 31,000 federal postmaster positions changed hands. The assassination of President james garfield in 1881 by a disgruntled office seeker who did not receive a political appointment spurred Congress to pass the Civil Service Act, or Pendleton Act of 1883 (5 U.S.C.A. § 1101 et seq.). The act, which at the time only applied to 10 percent of the federal workforce, created a Civil Service Commission and advocated a merit system for the selection of government employees. By 1980, 90 percent of federal positions had become part of the civil service system. In addition, the passage in 1939 of the Hatch Act (53 Stat. 1147) curtailed or restricted most partisan political activities of federal employees. State and local governments have employed large patronage systems. Big-city political machines in places such as New York, Boston, and Chicago thrived in the late nineteenth century. A patronage system not only rewards political supporters for past support, it also encourages future support, because persons who have a patronage job try to retain it by campaigning for the party at the next election. Large-scale patronage systems declined steadily during the twentieth century. During the Progressive Era (1900–1920), "good government" reformers overthrew political machines and installed civil service systems. Chicago, under Mayor Richard J. Daley, remained the last bastion of patronage, existing in its purest form until the late 1970s. Patronage has its defenders. It is a way to maintain a strong political organization by offering campaign workers rewards. More importantly, patronage puts people into government who agree with the political agenda of the victor. Cooperation, loyalty, and trust flow from this arrangement. Finally, patronage guarantees some turnover, bringing new people and new ideas into the system. Opponents have long agreed that patronage is acceptable at the highest levels of government. Presidents, governors, and mayors are entitled to select their cabinet and department heads. However, history indicates that patronage systems extending far down the organizational chain are susceptible to inefficiency and corruption. Congress took another look at patronage issues in the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 1121–1131, 5 U.S.C.A. 1201–1209). Concerned that federal bureaucrats were too independent and unresponsive to elected officials, the act replaced the Civil Service Commission with the Office of Personnel Management, under closer control of the president. The act also created the Senior Executive Service, which gives the president greater discretion in reassigning top officials to departments and agencies. Cross-references Bureaucracy; Civil Service; Tammany Hall. PATRONAGE. The right of appointing to office; as the patronage of the president of the United States, if abused, may endanger the liberties of the people.
2. In the ecclesiastical law, it signifies the right of presentation to a church or ecclesiastical benefice. 2 Bl. Com. 21. patronage
Synonyms for patronagenoun supportSynonyms- support
- promotion
- sponsorship
- backing
- help
- aid
- championship
- assistance
- encouragement
- espousal
- benefaction
noun nepotismSynonyms- nepotism
- bias
- favouritism
- preferential treatment
- partiality
noun condescensionSynonyms- condescension
- contempt
- disdain
- snobbery
- patronizing
- deigning
- snobbishness
Synonyms for patronagenoun aid or support given by a patronSynonyms- aegis
- auspice
- backing
- patronization
- sponsorship
noun the commercial transactions of customers with a supplierSynonyms- business
- custom
- trade
- traffic
noun customers or patrons collectivelySynonymsnoun the political appointments or jobs that are at the disposal of those in powerSynonymsSynonyms for patronagenoun the act of providing approval and supportSynonyms- backing
- championship
- backup
Related Words- approval
- approving
- blessing
noun customers collectivelySynonymsRelated Wordsnoun a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipientSynonymsRelated Words- derogation
- disparagement
- depreciation
noun (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political supportRelated Words- social control
- nomenklatura
- political science
- politics
- government
noun the business given to a commercial establishment by its customersSynonymsRelated Wordsverb support by being a patron ofRelated Wordsverb be a regular customer or client ofSynonyms- keep going
- patronise
- patronize
- support
Related Words- nurture
- foster
- keep going
- run on
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