| 释义 |
pathology
pa·thol·o·gy P0112000 (pă-thŏl′ə-jē)n. pl. pa·thol·o·gies 1. The scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences. Also called pathobiology.2. The anatomic or functional manifestations of a disease: the pathology of cancer.3. A departure or deviation from a normal condition: "Neighborhoods plagued by a self-perpetuating pathology of joblessness, welfare dependency, crime" (Time).
pa·thol′o·gist n.pathology (pəˈθɒlədʒɪ) n, pl -gies1. (Medicine) the branch of medicine concerned with the cause, origin, and nature of disease, including the changes occurring as a result of disease2. (Medicine) the manifestations of disease, esp changes occurring in tissues or organs3. any variant or deviant condition from normal paˈthologist npa•thol•o•gy (pəˈθɒl ə dʒi)
n., pl. -gies. 1. the science or the study of the origin, nature, and course of diseases. 2. the conditions and processes of a disease. 3. any deviation from a healthy, normal, or efficient condition. [1590–1600; earlier pathologia < Latin < Greek pathología. See patho-, -logy] pa•thol′o•gist, n. pa·thol·o·gy (pə-thŏl′ə-jē)1. The scientific study of disease and its causes, processes, and effects.2. The physical changes in the body and its functioning as a result of illness or disease.pathology1. the branch of medical science that studies the origin, nature, and course of diseases.
2. the conditions and processes of a disease. — pathologist, n. — pathologic, pathological, adj.See also: Disease and Illness
the branch of medicine that specializes in the study of disease. — pathologist, n.See also: Medical SpecialtiespathologyThe branch of medicine that deals with the nature and causes of diseases.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  pathology - the branch of medical science that studies the causes and nature and effects of diseasesspasm - (pathology) sudden constriction of a hollow organ (as a blood vessel)strangulation - (pathology) constriction of a body part so as to cut off the flow of blood or other fluid; "strangulation of the intestine"jactation, jactitation - (pathology) extremely restless tossing and twitching usually by a person with a severe illnessnebula - (pathology) a faint cloudy spot on the corneaverruca, wart - (pathology) a firm abnormal elevated blemish on the skin; caused by a virusplaque - (pathology) a small abnormal patch on or inside the bodybleb, bulla, blister - (pathology) an elevation of the skin filled with serous fluidexcrescence - (pathology) an abnormal outgrowth or enlargement of some part of the bodymedical science - the science of dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of diseasepalaeopathology, paleopathology - the study of disease of former times (as inferred from fossil evidence)shock - (pathology) bodily collapse or near collapse caused by inadequate oxygen delivery to the cells; characterized by reduced cardiac output and rapid heartbeat and circulatory insufficiency and pallor; "loss of blood is an important cause of shock"insufficiency - (pathology) inability of a bodily part or organ to function normallygrowth - (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)cold gangrene, dry gangrene, mumification necrosis, mummification - (pathology) gangrene that develops in the presence of arterial obstruction and is characterized by dryness of the dead tissue and a dark brown colorclostridial myonecrosis, emphysematous gangrene, emphysematous phlegmon, gangrenous emphysema, gas gangrene, gas phlegmon, progressive emphysematous necrosis - (pathology) a deadly form of gangrene usually caused by clostridium bacteria that produce toxins that cause tissue death; can be used as a bioweaponirritation - (pathology) abnormal sensitivity to stimulation; "any food produced irritation of the stomach"amyloid - (pathology) a waxy translucent complex protein resembling starch that results from degeneration of tissueincubation - (pathology) the phase in the development of an infection between the time a pathogen enters the body and the time the first symptoms appearactive - tending to become more severe or wider in scope; "active tuberculosis"inactive - (pathology) not progressing or increasing; or progressing slowlyfunctional - involving or affecting function rather than physiology; "functional deafness"organic - involving or affecting physiology or bodily organs; "an organic disease"specific - being or affecting a disease produced by a particular microorganism or condition; used also of stains or dyes used in making microscope slides; "quinine is highly specific for malaria"; "a specific remedy"; "a specific stain is one having a specific affinity for particular structural elements"nonspecific - not caused by a specific agent; used also of staining in making microscope slides; "nonspecific enteritis"benign - not dangerous to health; not recurrent or progressive (especially of a tumor)malignant - dangerous to health; characterized by progressive and uncontrolled growth (especially of a tumor) | | 2. | pathology - any deviation from a healthy or normal conditionacidosis - abnormally high acidity (excess hydrogen-ion concentration) of the blood and other body tissuesalkalosis - abnormally high alkalinity (low hydrogen-ion concentration) of the blood and other body tissuesanchylosis, ankylosis - abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of a jointarteriectasia, arteriectasis - an abnormal distension of an arteryarthropathy - a pathology or abnormality of a jointasynergia, asynergy - absence of coordination of organs or body parts that usually work together harmoniouslyasystole, cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary arrest - absence of systole; failure of the ventricles of the heart to contract (usually caused by ventricular fibrillation) with consequent absence of the heart beat leading to oxygen lack and eventually to deathdiverticulosis - presence of multiple diverticula in the walls of the colonflux - excessive discharge of liquid from a cavity or organ (as in watery diarrhea)health problem, ill health, unhealthiness - a state in which you are unable to function normally and without painfluorosis - a pathological condition resulting from an excessive intake of fluorine (usually from drinking water)gammopathy - a disturbance in the synthesis of immunoglobulins; proteins having antibody activity increase greatly in the bloodglossolalia - repetitive nonmeaningful speech (especially that associated with a trance state or religious fervor)angiopathy - any disease of the blood vessels or lymph ductsaphagia - loss of the ability to swallowstenosis, stricture - abnormal narrowing of a bodily canal or passagewayatherogenesis - the formation of atheromas on the walls of the arteries as in atherosclerosisascites - accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavityazymia - absence of an enzymebacteremia, bacteriaemia, bacteriemia - transient presence of bacteria (or other microorganisms) in the bloodinduration, sclerosis - any pathological hardening or thickening of tissuelipomatosis - pathology in which fat accumulates in lipomas in the bodylithiasis - the formation of stones (calculi) in an internal organcartilaginification - abnormal formation of cartilage from other tissues; observed in some Asianscyst - a closed sac that develops abnormally in some body structureadenomyosis, endometriosis - the presence of endometrium elsewhere than in the lining of the uterus; causes premenstrual pain and dysmenorrheaadhesion - abnormal union of bodily tissues; most common in the abdomenbronzed diabetes, hemochromatosis, iron overload, iron-storage disease - pathology in which iron accumulates in the tissues; characterized by bronzed skin and enlarged liver and diabetes mellitus and abnormalities of the pancreas and the jointsinfarct, infarction - localized necrosis resulting from obstruction of the blood supplymacrocytosis - the presence of macrocytes in the bloodfibrosis - development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organmalacia - a state of abnormal softening of tissuemastopathy, mazopathy - any pathology of the breastneuropathy - any pathology of the peripheral nervesmyopathy - any pathology of the muscles that is not attributable to nerve dysfunctionosteoporosis - abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones attributable to a lack of calcium; most common in postmenopausal womenpriapism - condition in which the penis is continually erect; usually painful and seldom with sexual arousaldemineralisation, demineralization - abnormal loss of mineral salts (especially from bone)pyorrhea, pyorrhoea - discharge of pusazotaemia, azotemia, uraemia, uremia - accumulation in the blood of nitrogenous waste products (urea) that are usually excreted in the urineazoturia - excess of urea in the urinelesion - any localized abnormal structural change in a bodily partlymphadenopathy - chronic abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes (usually associated with disease)gangrene, slough, sphacelus - necrotic tissue; a mortified or gangrenous part or masshyperbilirubinemia - abnormally high amounts of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the bloodpalilalia - a pathological condition in which a word is rapidly and involuntarily repeatedreflux - an abnormal backward flow of body fluidsotorrhea - discharge from the external ear |
Translationspathology (pəˈθolədʒi) noun the science of diseases. 病理學 病理学paˈthologist noun 病理學家 病理学家ˌpathoˈlogical adjective 病理學的 病理学的ˌpathoˈlogically adverb 病理學地 病理学地
pathology
pathology, study of the cause of diseasedisease,
impairment of the normal state or functioning of the body as a whole or of any of its parts. Some diseases are acute, producing severe symptoms that terminate after a short time, e.g., pneumonia; others are chronic disorders, e.g.
..... Click the link for more information. and the modifications in cellular function and changes in cellular structure produced in any cell, organ, or part of the body by disease. The changes in tissue include degeneration, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and inflammation. The microscope is an important factor in detecting tissue changes, especially in the examination of small sections of tissue removed for diagnosis (biopsy); for this reason real progress in pathology was not made until the 19th cent. Other diagnostic techniques for testing body fluids and tissues for abnormal composition or metabolisms are electronmicroscopy, immunocytochemistry, and molecular pathologies. Bibliography See E. R. Long, A History of Pathology (1962, repr. 1965); W. A. Anderson and T. M. Scotti, Synopsis of Pathology (8th ed. 1972); L. V. Crowley, Introductory Concepts in Pathology (1972); L. Crowley, Introduction to Human Disease (1989). Pathology a multidisciplinary science that deals with the etiology, development, and outcome of diseases and individual pathological processes in man and animals. The beginnings of pathology can be found in the speculative teachings of ancient medicine on humoral and solidistic pathology. At first, the methods of pathology consisted solely of bedside observation and systematization and generalization of practical medical experience, since until the mid-19th century pathology developed as the theoretical branch of clinical medicine. At the beginning of the 17th century, the term “general pathology” came into use to designate the system of ideas that had been established on the essential nature and causes of disease. Study of the causes, mechanism of development, and course of individual diseases was the role of special pathology. As the body of medical knowledge grew and became more specialized, special pathology as one of the branches of a theoretical discipline—pathology—continued to be the focus of scientific research, but as a subject matter to be taught it was included in the corresponding clinical disciplines. For example, the special pathology of nervous diseases was taught under neuropathology. The method of comparing clinical observations with pathologicoanatomical findings, which was introduced by several scientists, for example, G. Morgagni, and K. Rokitansky, gave rise in the second half of the 18th century to pathological anatomy, among whose earliest successes was the discovery of the underlying physical cause of many diseases as reflected in macroscopic and microscopic changes in organs and tissues. In the mid-19th century, R. Virchow’s theory that “all pathology is cellular pathology” related ideas about disease to concrete changes in the structure of cells and organs, and the result was the emergence of anatomical localization as the dominant approach to the study of disease. The pathologicomorphological line of research as supported by experimental, histological, and biochemical studies was effectively developed in Russia by several schools, including those of A. I. Polunin, M. M. Rudnev, N. A. Khrzhonshchevskii, and V. V. Podvysotskii. The shortcomings of certain descriptive methods in uncovering the etiologic and pathogenetic patterns of pathological processes and organismic responses were evident to many of Virchow’s contemporaries, who were promoters of the study of the ailing human organism as an integral whole. Advances in physiology promoted the development of functional pathology and the introduction of experimental physiological methods of investigating the etiology and pathogenesis of disease. The foundations of experimental pathology were established by the British surgeon J. Hunter in the second half of the 18th century and by later researchers, notably F. Magendie, A. M. Filomafitskii, S. P. Botkin, and C. Bernard. During the second half of the 19th century, experimental pathology evolved into a new scientific discipline—pathophysiology—under the influence of V. V. Pashutin, A. B. Fokht, and others. Studies on biochemical and physicochemical phenomena in the ailing body, notably the work of E. S. London, gave rise to medical chemistry. I. I. Mechnikov established the bases of comparative and evolutionary pathology and the general biological trend in pathology to focus on the biological principles that govern the origin of pathological processes. The further development of this trend in the works of many scientists, including L. A. Tarasevich, G. P. Sakharov, A. A. Bogomolets, N. N. Sirotinin, and I. V. Davydovskii, was applied to discovering the fundamental patterns and mechanisms that underlie adaptability in the sick. The trend also was applied to developing the concept of reactivity from the standpoint of evolutionary theory. In the 20th century paleopathology—the study of pathological changes in extinct organisms, early man, and ancient animals—has become an independent science. Human pathology as it is affected by geographical factors is studied under geopathology and medical geography. The adverse effects of socioeconomic factors and occupational hazards on human health are the concern of social medicine and occupational medicine. The major concerns of modern pathology are the general study of disease; reactivity; microcirculatory pathology and the pathology of permeability of biological membranes; mechanisms by which vital functions are impaired or restored; and mechanisms of adaptation. Work in these areas is especially promising owing to the high technical level of the research. Experimental results are compared with pathomorphological and clinical data, and histochemical and cytochemical methods are extensively used. Other major technical breakthroughs include electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, autoradiography, and special kinds of microphotography and motion-picture photography that rely on ultrahigh-speed and slow-motion techniques and on laser technology. These techniques make it possible to study the initial stages, ultrastructure, and genetic basis of pathological processes, thereby encouraging the development of a new branch of pathology, molecular pathology. The first societies of pathologists were organized in New York (1844) and London (1846). The Society of Pathologists was founded in St. Petersburg in 1909, and the Russian Society of Pathologists was founded in 1922. The First All-Russian Congress of Pathologists was held in 1923 in Petrograd, and the First All-Union Congress of Pathologists was held in 1927 in Kiev. The principal international organizations of pathologists include the World Association of Societies of Anatomic and Clinical Pathology (since 1947), the International Council of Societies of Pathology (since 1950), the International Academy of Pathology (since 1955), and the European Society of Pathology (since 1954). International congresses of pathologists have been held since 1948. The first journal to deal with pathology was Virchows Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medizin. It first appeared in 1847, and today it is published in two series: Series A, Pathologische Anatomie, and Series B, Zellpathologie. The principal specialized periodicals that are published in the USSR are Arkhiv patologii (since 1935), Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental’naia terapiia (since 1957), and Biulleten’ eksperimental’noi biologii i meditsiny (since 1936). REFERENCESMechnikov, I. I. Lektsii o sravnitel’noi patologii vospaleniia. St. Petersburg, 1892.
Podvysotskii, V. V. Osnovy obshchei i eksperimental’noi patologii, 4th ed. St. Petersburg, 1905.
Speranskii A. D. Elementy postroeniia teorii meditsiny. Moscow, 1937.
Anichkov, N. N. “O putiakh razvitiia sravnitel’noi patologii i ee znachenie dlia biologii i meditsiny.” Izv. AN SSR, Ser. biol., 1945, no. 2, p. 160.
Davydovskii, I. V. Obshchaiia patologiia cheloveka, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1969.
Kaznacheev, V. P., and M. Ia. Subbotin. Etiudy k teorii obshchei patologii. Novosibirsk, 1971.
Avtandilov, G. G. Morfometriia v patologii. Moscow, 1973.
Virchow, R. Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre, 2nd ed. Berlin, 1859.
Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie, vols. 1–2. Edited by L. Krehl and F. Marchand. Leipzig, 1908–13.
Karsner, H. T. Human Pathology, 8th ed. Philadelphia-Montreal, 1955.
Prolegomena einer allgemeinen Pathologie. Berlin, 1969.
Horst, A. Patologia molekularna, 2nd ed. Warsaw, 1970.I. A. PIONTKOVSKII and IU. A. SHILINIS pathology[pə′thäl·ə·jē] (medicine) The study of the causes, nature, and effects of diseases and other abnormalities. pathology1. the branch of medicine concerned with the cause, origin, and nature of disease, including the changes occurring as a result of disease 2. the manifestations of disease, esp changes occurring in tissues or organs
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www.cdc.gov/healthpathology
pathology [pah-thol´o-je] 1. the branch of medicine treating of the essential nature of disease, especially of the changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by disease.2. the structural and functional manifestations of a disease. adj., adj patholog´ic, patholog´ical.clinical pathology pathology applied to the solution of clinical problems, especially the use of laboratory methods in clinical diagnosis.comparative pathology that which considers human disease processes in comparison with those of other animals.experimental pathology the study of artificially induced pathologic processes.oral pathology that which treats of conditions causing or resulting from morbid anatomic or functional changes in the structures of the mouth.speech pathology (speech-language pathology) a field of the health sciences dealing with the evaluation of speech, language, and voice disorders and the rehabilitation of patients with such disorders not amenable to medical or surgical treatment. See also speech-language pathologist.surgical pathology the pathology of disease processes that are surgically accessible for diagnosis or treatment.pa·thol·o·gy (pa-thol'ŏ-jē), Avoid the jargonistic use of this word in the sense of 'disease' or 'abnormality.'The form of medical science and specialty practice concerned with all aspects of disease, but with special reference to the essential nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes that result from the disease processes. [patho- + G. logos, study, treatise] pathology (pă-thŏl′ə-jē)n. pl. patholo·gies 1. The scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences. Also called pathobiology.2. The anatomic or functional manifestations of a disease: the pathology of cancer.
pa·thol′o·gist n.pathology 1. The medical science and specialty dedicated to the study and diagnosis of disease processes, based on analysis of objective parameters–eg, gross examination of tissues, microscopy, chemical and immune-mediated assays, cultures of microorganisms, etc. See Anatomic pathology, Anatomic/clinical pathology, Chemical pathology, Clinical pathology, Comparative pathology, Digital pathology, Immunopathology, Neuropathology, Speech pathology, Stereopathology, Surgical pathology, Telepathology.2. A term used in working medical parlance for a pathologic lesion.pa·thol·o·gy (pă-thol'ŏ-jē) The medical science, and specialty practice, concerned with all aspects of disease but with special reference to the essential nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes that result from the disease processes. [patho- + G. logos, study, treatise]pathology The branch of medical science dealing with bodily disease processes, their causes, and their effects on body structure and function. Subspecialties in pathology include MORBID ANATOMY, HISTOPATHOLOGY, HAEMATOLOGY and CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. Practitioners of forensic pathology apply all these disciplines to criminal investigation.pathology the study of the structural and functional changes caused by disease.PathologyThe branch of medicine that looks at abnormal changes in cells and tissues which signal disease.Mentioned in: Joint Biopsypa·thol·o·gy (pă-thol'ŏ-jē) Avoid the jargonistic use of this word in the sense of disease' or 'abnormality.'Form of medical science and specialty practice concerned with all aspects of disease, but with special reference to the essential nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions and structural and functional changes that result from disease. [patho- + G. logos, study, treatise]Patient discussion about pathologyQ. what is the most accurate pathological test to identify the primary source of a cystic mass in the neck? the mass was removed. Pathologist was unable to identify the source and diagnosed the mass as a branchilogic carcinmoa (which is extremely rare, if exists at all). Therefore, I am looking for the most updated test and examinations that can be applied to blocks of the mass and determine their origin (primary source)A. Pathologic examinaions under a microscope are the most accurate ones there are, and sometimes even they don't help to identify the cell types. I do not have any other ideas on other tests you can do, and I believe you should follow the treatment your doctors will advise you based on this diagnosis they have made. More discussions about pathologyPathology
Related to Pathology: speech pathologyPATHOLOGY, med. jur. The science or doctrine of diseases. In cases of homicides, abortions, and the like, it is of great consequence to the legal practitioner to be acquainted, in some degree, with pathology. 2 Chit. Pr. 42, note. pathology
Related to pathology: speech pathology |