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DictionarySeeantibodyPra
PRAPRAgmatics.
The language used by COPS for specification of code generators.
["Metalanguages of the Compiler Production System COPS", J.Borowiec, in GI Fachgesprach "Compiler-Compiler", edW. Henhapl, Tech Hochs Darmstadt 1978, pp. 122-159].Pra a river in Riazan’ Oblast, RSFSR, a left tributary of the Oka. It is 167 km long and drains an area of 5,520 sq km. The Pra is fed primarily by snow. It has a mean flow rate of 25 cu m per sec and a maximum flow rate of approximately 600 cu m per sec. The river freezes at the end of November, and the ice breaks up in April. Timber is floated on the Pra. The Oka Preserve is located in the lower reaches. PRA
PRAAbbreviation for plasma renin activity; phosphoribosylamine.S100A6 A gene on chromosome 1q21 that encodes a member of the S100 family of proteins, which have 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localised in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells; they are involved in regulating cell cycle progression, differentiation and other intracellular activities. S100A6 is thought to play a role in stimulating Ca2+-dependent insulin release, stimulating prolactin secretion, and exocytosis.PRA 1. Plasma renin activity.2. Progesterone receptor assay, see there.PRA Abbreviation for plasma renin activity. antibody (ant'i-bod?e) [ anti- + body], Ab ANTIBODY: Structure of one igG moleculeA substance produced by B lymphocytes in response to a unique antigen. Each Ab molecule combines with a specific antigen to destroy or control it. All antibodies, except natural antibodies (antibodies to different blood types), are made by B cells stimulated by a foreign antigen, typically a foreign protein, polysaccharide, or nucleic acid. Synonym: immunoglobulin See: illustration; antigen; autoantibody; cytokine; isoantibodyAntibodies neutralize or destroy antigens in several ways. They can initiate lysis of the antigen by activating the complement system; neutralize toxins released by bacteria, coating (opsonizing) the antigen or forming a complex to stimulate phagocytosis; promote antigen clumping (agglutination); or prevent the antigen from adhering to host cells. An antibody molecule consists of four polypeptide chains (two light and two heavy), which are joined by disulfide bonds. The heavy chains form the complement-binding site, and the light and heavy chains form the site that binds the antigen.  ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDESacetylcholine receptor binding antibody Abbreviation: AChR-Ab
An autoantibody against acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction. Binding, blocking, or modulating antibodies against this receptor are found in the blood of most patients with generalized myasthenia gravis and in about half of all patients with ocular forms of the disease. illustrationagonistic antibodyAn antibody that stimulates or activates an organ. E.g., agonistic antibodies against the thyrotropin receptor in Grave disease stimulate the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones that produce hyperthyroidism. anticardiolipin antibody Abbreviation: aCLa
An autoantibody against the cell membrane lipid, diphosphatidyl glycerol. It produces abnormal and sometimes life-threatening blood clotting. The antibody is found in a variety of autoimmune and infectious diseases, including in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and syphilis. anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody Abbreviation: anti-CCP
An antibody found in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not in those with other joint or soft tissue diseases.anti–DNase B antibodyAn antibody formed during infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. It is used, retrospectively, to help diagnose recent streptococcal infections. antiendomysial antibodyAn antibody that cross-reacts with smooth muscle collagen and the gluten in wheat, found in the serum of people with celiac sprue and some related autoimmune diseases.antiendothelial cell antibodyAn autoantibody present in the serum of patients with a variety of autoimmune diseases, including scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), systemic lupus erythematosus, interstitial lung diseases, and sarcoidosis. They attach to antigens on the cells that line blood vessels and injure those cells, producing blood vessel injury and inflammation (vasculitis). antifibrillarin antibodyAn autoantibody to the nucleolar protein fibrillarin, found in patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), esp. those with relatively severe disease. It is identified more often in men than in women with the disease and in people of African descent as opposed to Europeans or Asians. antiganglioside antibodyAn antibody formed against the chemical components of nerves, found in the serum of those with Guillain-Barré syndrome.antigliadin antibodyAn antibody formed against the gluten in wheat, found in the serum of people with celiac sprue.antileukocyte antibodyAny antibody found in plasma that, when donated and infused into a recipient, damages the recipient's white blood cells. Leukocyte injury after plasma exchange or infusion is the event that triggers transfusion-related acute lung injury. anti-Hu antibodyAn autoantibody associated with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. It is also known as ANNA-1 (antineuronal nuclear antibody-1). antimicrosomal antibodyAn autoantibody found in the plasma of patients with thyroid injury, e.g., in several forms of thyroiditis and other rheumatologic or autoimmune diseases.anti-myeloperoxidase antibodyAn antibody found in patients with several autoimmune vasculitides, such as microscopic polyangitis. Synonym: perinuclear anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodyantineuronal nuclear antibody Abbreviation: ANNA
Any of several antibodies that bind to neuronal targets in the cerebrum and cerebellum, producing paraneoplastic neurological dysfunction. The antibodies are typically released by cancers such as small-cell carcinoma of the lung (also known as ANNA-1 and ANNA-2), testicular cancer (anti-Ta antibody), or breast cancer (ANNA-2). antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody Abbreviation: ANCA
An autoantibody found in the blood of patients with certain forms of vasculitis (such as Churg-Strauss syndrome, microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener granulomatosis) esp. when it affects small blood vessels.antinuclear antibody Abbreviation: ANA
Any of a group of autoantibodies that react against normal components of the cell nucleus. These antibodies are present in a variety of immunologic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, Sjögren syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis, and in some patients taking hydralazine, procainamide, or isoniazid. In addition, ANA is present in some normal people. Tests for ANAs are used in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune diseases. antiphospholipid antibody Abbreviation: aPLa
Any of a group of immunoglobulin autoantibodies that react with phospholipids, which are one of the primary components of the cell membrane (the other components are glycolipids and steroids). These antibodies are found in patients with a variety of connective tissue and infectious disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus, the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, syphilis, and malaria. They cause abnormal blood clotting, thrombocytopenia; and in women of childbearing age, repeated miscarriages. The anticardiolipin antibodies are one type of antiphospholipid antibody. anti–proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody Abbreviation: anti-PCNA
An antibody found in the blood of patients with diseases in which cells replicate rapidly. Such conditions include autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and malignancies. antiproteinase-3 antibodyAn autoantibody found in patients with small blood vessel vasculitides, such as Wegener granulomatosis. Synonym: diffusely cytoplasmic anti–neutrophil antibodyantireceptor antibodyAn antibody that reacts with the antigen receptor on a cell rather than with an antigen itself.antiribosomal P antibodyAn autoantibody found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, esp. those with neurological or psychiatric manifestations of the disorder.anti-scl-70 antibodyAnti-topoisomerase I antibody.antithyroperoxidase antibody Abbreviation: TPOAb
A serum marker of autoimmune thyroid destruction, i.e., of Grave disease or Hashimotothyroiditis.antititin antibodyAn antibody that reacts with striated muscle cells. It is found principally in people with myasthenia gravis who also have thymoma. anti-topoisomerase I antibodyAn autoantibody found in the serum of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis, silicosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Higher levels of the antibody correlate with worsening kidney, lung, and skin disease. Synonym: anti-scl-70 antibodyblocking antibodyAn antibody that prevents an antigen from binding with a cellular receptor.catalytic antibodyAbzyme.cross-reacting antibodyAn antibody that reacts with antigens other than its specific antigen because they contain binding sites that are structurally similar to its specific antigen. See: antigenic determinantcytotoxic antibodyAn antibody that lyses cells by binding to a cellular antigen and activating complement or killer cells.diffusely cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody Abbreviation: C-ANCA.
Antiproteinase-3 antibody.direct fluorescein-conjugated antibody Abbreviation: DFA
Direct fluorescent antibody.direct fluorescent antibody Abbreviation: DFA
A fluorescent antibody test performed on sputum to detect microorganisms that invade the respiratory tract, e.g., Legionella, Mycoplasma, or Bacillus anthracis. Synonym: direct fluorescein-conjugated antibody; direct immunofluorescence testDonath-Landsteiner antibody See: Donath-Landsteiner antibodyfluorescent antibody Abbreviation: FA
An antibody that has been stained or marked by a fluorescent material. The fluorescent antibody technique permits rapid diagnosis of various infections. glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody Abbreviation: GADA
An antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase. It is a serum marker of type 1 diabetes mellitus and is found in the blood of patients with stiff-person syndrome. immune antibodyAn antibody produced by immunization or as a result of transfusion of incompatible blood.maternal antibodyAn antibody produced by the mother and transferred to the fetus in utero or during breastfeeding.monoclonal antibody Abbreviation: MoAB
A type of antibody, specific to a certain antigen, created in the laboratory from hybridoma cells. Because monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cell line and raised against a single antigen, they are highly specific. Diagnostically, they are used to identify microorganisms, white blood cells, hormones, and tumor antigens. In patient care, they are used to treat transplant rejection, certain cancers, and autoimmune diseases. Hybridoma cells, used to produce monoclonal antibodies, are formed by the fusion of a spleen cell from a mouse immunized with an antigen and a multiple myeloma cell (a cancerous plasma B cell). The fused cells are screened to identify those that secrete antibodies against a specific antigen. A continuous supply of these antigen-specific monoclonal antibody secreting cells can then be grown in cultures. See: antibody; B cell; hybridomanatural antibodyAn antibody present in a person without known exposure to the specific antigen, such as an anti-A antibody in a person with B blood type.panel reactive antibody Abbreviation: PRA
A measure of an organ transplant recipient's level of sensitization to antigens on donated organs. It is the percentage of cells taken from a broad selection of blood donors against whose antigens the organ recipient's serum reacts. The higher the panel reactive antibody, the more challenging it is to match a donor organ to the recipient. perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodyAntimyeloperoxidase antibody.p504s antibody Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase.polyclonal antibodyAn antibody that reacts with many different antigens. protective antibodyAn antibody produced in response to an infectious disease. See: immunityradionuclide-linked monoclonal antibodyA monoclonal antibody to which a radioisotope has been attached. The antibody attaches to receptors on the surface of undesired cells (e.g., cancer cells) and delivers a dose of radiation directly to those cells, leaving healthy cells and tissues relatively unaffected. sensitizing antibodyReagin.toxin-linked monoclonal antibodyA monoclonal antibody to which a cell-killing drug has been attached. The antibody combines preferentially with receptors on undesired cells (such as cancer cells) and delivers its lethal drug to those cells but not to healthy cells and tissues. To increase their effectiveness and decrease immune responses to these cells, genes for antigen binding sites from human antibodies are added, creating humanized monoclonal antibodies. warm antibodyWarm autoagglutinin.illustration
panel reactive antibody Abbreviation: PRA
A measure of an organ transplant recipient's level of sensitization to antigens on donated organs. It is the percentage of cells taken from a broad selection of blood donors against whose antigens the organ recipient's serum reacts. The higher the panel reactive antibody, the more challenging it is to match a donor organ to the recipient. See also: antibodyFinancialSeePurchase and Resale AgreementPRA
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| PRA➣Physician's Recognition Award (AMA) | | PRA➣Progressive Retinal Atrophy | | PRA➣Postdoctoral Research Associate (various organizations) | | PRA➣Prudential Regulation Authority (UK) | | PRA➣Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 | | PRA➣Participatory Rural Appraisal | | PRA➣Probabilistic Risk Assessment | | PRA➣Political Research Associates | | PRA➣Pacifica Radio Archives (North Hollywood, CA) | | PRA➣Public Records Act (California) | | PRA➣Professional Rodeo Association (various locations) | | PRA➣Plasma Renin Activity | | PRA➣Physical Review A (American Physical Society journal of atomic, molecular, and optical physics) | | PRA➣Pharmaceutical Research Associates (various locations) | | PRA➣Pubblico Registro Automobilistico (Italy) | | PRA➣Patent Reform Act of 2011 | | PRA➣Programmable Resistor Array | | PRA➣Physical Record Address | | PRA➣Public Remote Access | | PRA➣Permission Role Assignment | | PRA➣Pre Release Agreement | | PRA➣Parallel Routing Algorithms | | PRA➣Portfolio Recovery Associates (Norfolk, VA) | | PRA➣Project Risk Analysis (various organizations) | | PRA➣Purported Responsible Address | | PRA➣Primary Rate Access | | PRA➣Panel Reactive Antibody (blood testing) | | PRA➣Popular Rotorcraft Association | | PRA➣Probabilistic Risk Analysis | | PRA➣Poker Runs America (boating trips) | | PRA➣Parental Rights Amendment | | PRA➣Paint Research Association (UK) | | PRA➣Presidential Records Act of 1978 | | PRA➣Property Rights Alliance | | PRA➣Petrol Retailers Association (UK) | | PRA➣Peace River Arch (Canada) | | PRA➣Pacific Racing Association (various locations) | | PRA➣Permanent Resident Alien | | PRA➣Policy Research and Analysis | | PRA➣Participatory Rural Assessment | | PRA➣Preliminary Risk Assessment | | PRA➣Personal Responsibility Agreement (social security) | | PRA➣Patient Record Architecture | | PRA➣Pest Risk Assessments (USDA subsidiary) | | PRA➣Plan de Reprise d'Activités (French: Plan Takeover Activity) | | PRA➣Professional Research Assistant | | PRA➣Personal Reemployment Account | | PRA➣Photon Research Associates, Inc. | | PRA➣Portfolio Risk Assessment (USACE) | | PRA➣Premium Reimbursement Arrangement (health insurance) | | PRA➣Pre-Retirement Association | | PRA➣Punk Rock Aerobics | | PRA➣Property Reserve Analysis | | PRA➣Planned Regulatory Action | | PRA➣Project Review Authority | | PRA➣Panel for Regulatory Accountability | | PRA➣Post-Release Analysis | | PRA➣Public Restroom Anxiety (behavioral disorder) | | PRA➣Probability of Raid Annihilation | | PRA➣Pay Readjustment Act of 1942 | | PRA➣Privileged Resource Architecture | | PRA➣Patient Reporting Activity | | PRA➣Particular Risk Analysis | | PRA➣Propagation Research Associates | | PRA➣Platte River Associates, Inc (Colorado) | | PRA➣Reserve and Auxiliary Division (US DoD) | | PRA➣Prenatal Risk Assessment | | PRA➣Parti pour le Renouveau Algerien | | PRA➣Parabolic Reflector Antenna | | PRA➣Participatory Research and Analysis | | PRA➣Parallel Retrograde Analysis | | PRA➣Pullet Rearers Association (UK) | | PRA➣Progressive Refinement Approach (algorithm) | | PRA➣Polarization Rotation Angle | | PRA➣Program Review Authority | | PRA➣Park and Recreation Area | | PRA➣Primary Retinal Atrophy | | PRA➣Pay Record Accessibility | | PRA➣Personal Responsibility Act of 1995 | | PRA➣Personal Refund Authority | | PRA➣Plutonium Recycle Acid | | PRA➣Principle Research Areas (CLIVAR) | | PRA➣Product Reliability Analysis | | PRA➣Product Release Authorization | | PRA➣Primary Reviewing Authority | | PRA➣Post Refit Analysis | | PRA➣Production Rate Approval | | PRA➣Production Readiness Assessment | | PRA➣Packet Resource Assignment | | PRA➣Persistent Ranging Algorithm | | PRA➣Process Amplifier Assembly | | PRA➣Perception-Reason-Action (artifical intelligence) |
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