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单词 tajikistan
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Tajikistan

enUK
Tajikistan

Ta·jik·i·stan

also Ta·dzhik·i·stan T0019875 (tä-jĭk′ĭ-stăn′, -stän′) A country of south-central Asia. The region was settled by the Tajik before the 10th century and conquered by Mongols in the 13th century. By the mid-19th century it was divided among several weak khanates. The region was acquired by Russia by 1895 and was a constituent state of the USSR, the Tadzhik Soviet Socialist Republic, from 1929 to 1991, when it declared its independence. Dushanbe is the capital and the largest city.

Tajikistan

(tɑːˌdʒɪkɪˈstɑːn; -stæn) ,

Tadzhikistan

or

Tadjikistan

n (Placename) a republic in central Asia: under Uzbek rule from the 15th century until taken over by Russia in the 1860s, it became an autonomous Soviet republic in 1929 and gained full independence from the Soviet Union in 1991; it is mainly mountainous. Official language: Tajik or Tajiki. Religion: believers are mainly Muslim. Currency: somoni. Capital: Dushanbe. Pop: 7 910 041 (2013 est). Area: 143 100 sq km (55 240 sq miles)

Ta•jik•i•stan

or Ta•dzik•i•stan

(təˈdʒɪk əˌstæn, -ˌdʒi kə)
n. a republic in S central Asia, S of Kyrgyzstan: a former constituent republic of the U.S.S.R. 6,102,854; 55,240 sq.mi. (143,100 sq.km). Cap.: Dushanbe.
Thesaurus
Noun1.Tajikistan - a landlocked mountainous republic in southeast central Asia to the north of AfghanistanTajikistan - a landlocked mountainous republic in southeast central Asia to the north of Afghanistan; formerly an Asian sovietRepublic of Tajikistan, Tadjik, Tadzhikistan, Tajik, TadzhikCIS, Commonwealth of Independent States - an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991capital of Tajikistan, Dusanbe, Dushanbe, Dyushambe, Stalinabad - the capital of Tajikistan; formerly Stalinabad 1926-1991Asia - the largest continent with 60% of the earth's population; it is joined to Europe on the west to form Eurasia; it is the site of some of the world's earliest civilizationsCommunism Peak, Mount Communism, Mount Garmo, Stalin Peak - the highest mountain peak in the Pamir Mountains; near the Chinese border in northeastern Tajikistan (24,590 feet high)Pamir Mountains, the Pamirs - a mountain range in central Asia that is centered in Tajikistan but extends into Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan and Pakistan and western ChinaTadzhik, Tajik - a native or inhabitant of Tajikistan and neighboring areas of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan and China
Translations
塔吉克斯坦

Tajikistan

塔吉克斯坦zhCN

Tajikistan

enUK

Tajikistan

(təjĭkĭstän`), officially Republic of Tajikistan, republic (2015 est. pop. 8,192,000), 55,251 sq mi (143,100 sq km), central Asia. It borders on China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, Kyrgyzstan in the north, and Uzbekistan in the west and northwest. DushanbeDushanbe
, city (1991 pop. 582,400), capital of Tajikistan, W Tajikistan. It is a major industrial and cultural center in a rich agricultural area. Coal, lead, and arsenic are mined nearby.
..... Click the link for more information.
 is the capital and largest city.

Land and People

Parts of the Pamir and Trans-Alai mt. systems are in the east, and the highest peaks in the country are Ismoili Somoni Peak (24,590 ft/7,495 m) and Ibn Sina, or Lenin, Peak, also known as Kuh-i-Gamo and formerly called Kaufmann Peak (23,405 ft/7,134 m). The southeast is occupied by an arid plateau c.12,000 to 15,000 ft (3,660–4,570 m) high. The only extensive low districts are the Tajik section of the Fergana ValleyFergana Valley
or Ferghana Valley,
region, 8,494 sq mi (22,000 sq km), Central Asia, divided among Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. The Fergana Range (part of the Tian Shan system) rises in the northeast and the Pamir in the south.
..... Click the link for more information.
 in the north and the hot, dry Gissar and Vakhsh valleys in the southwest. In the Fergana Valley, there are two small exclaves of Tajikistan, one surrounded by Kyrgyzstan, the other by Uzbekistan. The Amu Darya, Syr Darya, and Zeravshan are the chief rivers and are used for irrigation. Dams and irrigation projects, notably the Nurek dam and the Great Gissar Canal, have opened almost 1 million acres (400,000 hectares) of land to cultivation and also provide hydroelectric power, but the country experiences critical energy shortages in the winter when water levels are lower. The Roghun Dam, on the Vakhsh River, intended to help generate additional electricity, strained relations with Uzbekistan, which is concerned over access to irrigation water and other issues. Although still unfinished, it finally began generating power in 2018. In addition to the capital of Dushanbe, other important cities are KhudjandKhudjand,
 Khujand,
or Khudzhand
, city (1991 pop. 164,500), capital of Leninobod region, in Tajikistan, on the Syr Darya River at its exit from the Fergana Valley.
..... Click the link for more information.
, Uroteppa, and Qŭrghonteppa.

Most of Tajikistan's people are concentrated in its narrow, deep intermontane valleys. About 80% of the population is composed of Tajiks (also spelled Tadjiks or Tadzhiks), a Sunni Muslim people who speak a language virtually indistinguishable from Persian (Farsi). The rest of the people are mainly Uzbeks (15%), Russians, Kyrgyz, and others. Tajik is the official language. Russian, once widely spoken as an interethnic common language, has become less prevalent since independence.

Economy

Tajikistan's economy is dependent on agriculture and livestock raising. Two thirds of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture, and as much as half of the workforce has been employed in Russia or other foreign countries; the remittances of workers abroad forms a significant portion (40% to 50%) of Tajikistan's GDP. More than half the country's population lives in poverty, and official corruption is a serious problem.

Tajikistan's lowlands specialize in the cultivation of cotton, wheat, barley, fruit (including wine grapes), vegetables, and mulberry trees (for silk). Karakul sheep, dairy cattle, goats, and yaks are raised. The republic's mountains hold deposits of silver, gold, uranium, tungsten, zinc, lead, coal, antimony, salt, and mercury, and mining and aluminum, zinc, and lead processing are important industries. There is some petroleum. Tajikistan is well provided with hydroelectric resources, but due to poor management the country has suffered from seasonal power shortages in recent years. Other industries include light manufacturing (textiles, chemicals, and fertilizers) and food processing.

Aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, and textiles are exported. Imports include electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment. Trade is primarily with the Netherlands, Russia, Uzbekistan, and Turkey. The country's economic problems and political turmoil have led Tajikistan to become an important heroin smuggling transit point.

Government

Tajikistan is governed under the constitution of 1994. The president, who is head of state, is popularly elected for a seven-year term and is eligible for a second term (the limitation does not apply to President Emomali Rakhmon). The government is headed by the prime minister, who is appointed by the president. There is a bicameral legislature. The National Assembly has 34 members; 25 are selected by local deputies, eight are appointed by the president, and one seat is reserved for the former president. Members of the 63-seat Assembly of Representatives are popularly elected. All legislators serve five-year terms. Administratively, the country is divided into two provinces and the autonomous province of Gorno-BadakhshanGorno-Badakhshan
or Badakhshan,
Tajik Kuhistoni Badakhshon, autonomous province (1991 est. pop. 167,100), c.24,600 sq mi (63,710 sq km), roughly constituting the eastern half of Tajikistan, in the Pamir.
..... Click the link for more information.
, which roughly constitutes the eastern half of Tajikistan.

History

The people of Tajikistan are probably descended from the inhabitants of ancient SogdianaSogdiana
, part of the ancient Persian Empire in central Asia between the Oxus (Amu Darya) and Jaxartes (Syr Darya) rivers. Corresponding to the later emirate of Bukhara and region of Samarkand, it was also known as Transoxiana.
..... Click the link for more information.
. By the 9th and 10th cent., the Tajiks had achieved much success in fruit growing, cattle raising, and the development of handicrafts and trade. The Tajik territory was conquered by the Mongols in the 13th cent. In the 16th cent., it became part of the khanate of Bukhara. By the mid-19th cent., the Tajiks were divided among several internally weak khanates.

Russia took control of the Tajik lands in the 1880s and 90s, but the Tajiks remained split among several administrative-political entities, and their territories were economically backward and were exploited for their raw materials. In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution, the Tajiks rebelled against Russian rule; the Red Army did not establish control over them until 1921. Tajikistan was made an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan in 1924; in 1929 it became a constituent republic of the USSR. In the 1930s canals and other irrigation projects vastly increased cultivated acreage as agriculture was more thoroughly collectivized; population also increased rapidly. Further expansion of irrigated agriculture occurred after World War II, especially in the late 1950s, as the area became increasingly important as a cotton producer. In 1978 there were anti-Russian riots in the republic.

In Dec., 1990, the Tajikistan parliament passed a resolution of sovereignty. The Republic of Tajikistan declared its independence in Sept., 1991, and in December it signed the treaty establishing the Commonwealth of Independent StatesCommonwealth of Independent States
(CIS), community of independent nations established by a treaty signed at Minsk, Belarus, on Dec. 8, 1991, by the heads of state of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. Between Dec. 8 and Dec.
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. When the acting president sought to suspend the country's Communist party, the Communist-led parliament replaced him, and former Communist party chief Rakhmon Nabiyev was elected president in Nov., 1991. In 1992, Nabiyev was deposed by opposition militias.

An ethnically based civil war quickly erupted. Forces allied with the former Nabiyev government retook the capital and most of the country, and the parliament elected Russian-supported Emomali Rakhmonov president. Fighting between government troops, supported by the Russian army, and pro-Islamic forces, with bases and support in Afghanistan, persisted along the Afghan border despite a number of cease-fires. In the Nov., 1994, elections, which were boycotted by the Islamic opposition, Rakhmonov defeated another former Soviet leader to retain the presidency. In early 1996 there was a brief mutiny by Uzbek commanders, who seized towns in the south and west.

A peace accord was signed between the government and opposition forces in mid-1997, but some factions continued fighting. In a 1999 referendum, voters backed constitutional changes that would extend the president's term to seven years and allow the formation of Islamic political parties, and Rakhmonov was subesequently reelected. By the end of the 2000 a truce prevailed in most of Tajikistan. From 30,000 to 100,000 were estimated to have died in the fighting, and war and neglect had devastated much of the country's infrastructure, making the nation one of the poorest in the world. The government has continued to mount crackdowns against any Muslims that it regards as extremists, closing a number of mosques, contributing to simmering Islamist militancy.

Tajikistan remains dependent on support from Russia's military to preserve its tenuous stability and security, although Russian help patrolling the Afghan border ended in 2005 and Russia's military presence was scaled back a decade later. Russian economic aid is also extremely important. A drought in W and central Asia in the late 1990s had particularly severe consequences in impoverished Tajikistan. The Feb., 2005, parliamentary elections resulted in a lopsided victory for the ruling People's Democratic party (PDP); the results were denounced by opposition parties, the usually progovernment Communist party, and European observers. The president's reelection in Nov., 2006, was boycotted by the main opposition parties and generally regarded as neither free nor fair. In Mar., 2006, President Rakhmonov called upon Tajiks to revive their national traditions and derussify their names; he changed his surname to Rakhmon.

Long-standing tensions with Uzbekistan over Tajikistan's construction of additional hydroelectric facilities on the Vakhsh River, which could reduce the flow of water needed for irrigation in Uzbekistan, led Uzbekistan to withdraw from the Central Asian power grid in late 2009, preventing the importation of electricity into Tajikistan during the winter months. In further moves to isolate Tajikistan, Uzbekistan also held up transit of goods via rail, increased tariffs on goods transported to Tajikistan, and interrupted natural gas as well as electricity supplies to Tajikistan.

In Feb., 2010, the PDP again won a lopsided victory in the parliamentary elections, and the balloting was again denounced for failing to meet democratic standards. An ambush in September of government forces in the Rasht valley in the east led to fighting in the region between government forces and militants that continued into 2011; in mid-2012 there was fighting around Khorugh between government forces and armed groups associated with several warlords. President Rakhmon was reelected in Nov., 2013; the only significant opposition candidate had been banned from running. The PDP again secured a landslide parliamentary electoral win in Mar., 2015.

In Sept., 2015, the government accused a deputy defense minister and others associated with the former opposition forces of attempted munity; the minister was ultimately killed in fighting. Amid a severe political and religious crackdown, the only Islamist party was accused of complicity and banned, and a number of its leaders were sentenced to prison in 2016. The president was awarded the title of "Leader of the Nation" and he and members of his family were granted immunity from prosecution in Dec., 2015. In May, 2016, a constitutional amendment that exempted Rakhmon from presidential term limits was approved in a referendum. Ties between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan were increasingly normalized in 2017–18, and in early 2018 a number of closed border crossings were reopened and sales of electricity and natural gas between the two nations resumed.

Bibliography

See S. Akinev, Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union (1986).

Tajikistan

Official name: Republic of Tajikistan

Capital city: Dushanbe

Internet country code: .tj

Flag description: Three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmount­ed by seven gold five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe

Geographical description: Central Asia, west of China

Total area: 55,251 sq. mi. (143,100 sq. km.)

Climate: Mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Nationality: noun: Tajikistani(s); adjective: Tajikistani

Population: 7,076,598 (July 2007 CIA est.)

Ethnic groups: Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6%

Languages spoken: Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business

Religions: Sunni Muslim 85%, Shi’a Muslim 5%, other 10%

Legal Holidays:

Constitution DayNov 6
Independence DaySep 9
International Women's DayMar 8
Labor DayMay 1
New Year's DayJan 1
Unity DayJun 27
Victory DayMay 9

Tajikistan

, Tadzhikistan, Tadjikistan a republic in central Asia: under Uzbek rule from the 15th century until taken over by Russia in the 1860s, it became an autonomous Soviet republic in 1929 and gained full independence from the Soviet Union in 1991; it is mainly mountainous. Official language: Tajik or Tajiki. Religion: believers are mainly Muslim. Currency: somoni. Capital: Dushanbe. Pop.: 6 297 000 (2004 est.). Area: 143 100 sq. km (55 240 sq. miles)
References in periodicals archiveAccording to the preliminary results, the candidate from the Party of Economic Reform Olimjon Boboev gathered 140,733 or 3.8 per cent of votes, the head of the Central Commission on Elections and Referendum of Tajikistan Shermuhammadi Shohiyen told journalists.Tajik citizens in Baku vote for acting president Emomali RahmonTajikistan's Energy & Industry Minister Sherali Gul said that Tajikistan needed investment projects in order to export energy.(ECO) TURKEY-TAJIKISTAN TRADE VOLUME RISES TO $317 MLNThe ambassador stated that Tajikistan is interested in making use of Iran's Chabahar port for gaining access to international waters.Minister: Iran ready to provide its ports for TajikistanHe said in 2013, Pakistani cement companies were enjoying 60 percent market in Tajikistan and Pakistani cement manufacturers were invited to put up cement plants in Tajikistan, but due to their lack of interest, Chinese companies have now captured the market in his country.Tajikistan keen to promote bilateral trade with Pakistan'The president's official visit to Tajikistan is reflective of the Pakistan's vision to strengthen relations with regional countries and increase regional connectivity,' a statement said.President set to leave for Tajikistan on four-day visitThe president of Tajikistan had announced a strategy to develop the tourism industry, he revealed, adding Tajikistan would host a meeting of the working group on tourism in July in Dushanbe where leading tourist companies of Pakistan would be present to find ways to promote bilateral relations.Bilateral ties: Tajikistan eager to ink deal on tourism cooperationHe said that tourist flow between Pakistan and Tajikistan can be further enhanced by promoting each other's tourism destinations among nationals of both countries.Pakistan, Tajikistan to jointly promote tourismCGSS Chairman told the energy corridor would be advantageous for all regions and Tajikistan was a leader in energy resources.Energy corridor between Pakistan, Tajikistan could improve regional connectivity(Retd) Nasser Khan Janjua on Tuesday stressed significance of enhancing cooperation in education sector and people-to-people contacts between Pakistan and Tajikistan which would carry forward bilateral ties to newer heights.Pakistan, Tajikistan possess immense potential to expand spectrum of bilateral ties: Nasser JanjuaPrime Minister of Pakistan was in Dushanbe with a high level delegation during early week of July on the invitation of President of Tajikistan Mr.Tajikistan-A Trustworthy Regional Ally of PakistanSummary:
The Ambassador of Tajikistan, Sherali Saidamir Jononove, has said that Pakistan-Tajikistan bilateral trade and economic relations would be further strengthened following the finalisation of a trilateral transit trade agreement between Pakistan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan (PAT).PAKISTAN TAJIKISTAN TRADE RELATIONSThe United States established diplomatic relations with Tajikistan in 1992, following its independence from the Soviet Union.U.S. relations with Tajikistan
AcronymsSeeTJ

Tajikistan

enUK
Related to Tajikistan: Dushanbe
  • noun

Synonyms for Tajikistan

noun a landlocked mountainous republic in southeast central Asia to the north of Afghanistan

Synonyms

  • Republic of Tajikistan
  • Tadjik
  • Tadzhikistan
  • Tajik
  • Tadzhik

Related Words

  • CIS
  • Commonwealth of Independent States
  • capital of Tajikistan
  • Dusanbe
  • Dushanbe
  • Dyushambe
  • Stalinabad
  • Asia
  • Communism Peak
  • Mount Communism
  • Mount Garmo
  • Stalin Peak
  • Pamir Mountains
  • the Pamirs
  • Tadzhik
  • Tajik
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