| 释义 |
DictionarySeedyspneaEncyclopediaSeeDyspneaparoxysmal-nocturnal dyspnea
paroxysmal-nocturnal dyspnea Abbreviation: PND
Sudden attacks of dyspnea that usually occur when patients are asleep in bed. The affected patient awakens gasping for air and tries to sit up (often near a window) to relieve the symptom. PND is one of the classic symptoms of left ventricular failure, although it may also occasionally be caused by sleep apnea or by nocturnal cardiac ischemia. See also: dyspnea |