range

R0039800 (rānj)n.1. a. A number or grouping of things in the same category or within specified limits: offers a range of financial services; jobs at different pay ranges.b. An amount or extent of variation: a wide price range; the range of genetic diversity.c. Music The gamut of tones that a voice or instrument is capable of producing. Also called compass.d. A class, rank, or order: the lower ranges of society.2. a. Extent of perception, knowledge, experience, or ability: Calculus is simply out of my range.b. The area or sphere in which an activity takes place: beyond the range of the court's jurisdiction.3. a. The maximum extent or distance limiting operation, action, or effectiveness, as of a sound, radio signal, instrument, firearm, or aircraft: the limited range of the telescope; out of range of their guns; within hearing range.b. The maximum distance that can be covered by a vehicle with a specified payload before its fuel supply is exhausted.c. The distance between a projectile weapon and its target.4. a. A place equipped for practice in shooting at targets.b. A testing area at which rockets and missiles are launched and tracked.c. A place or business where golf shots can be practiced.5. An extensive area of open land on which livestock wander and graze.6. The geographic region in which a plant, animal, or other organism normally lives or grows.7. The opportunity or freedom to wander or explore: We had free range of the campus.8. a. Mathematics The set of all values a given function may take on.b. Statistics The difference or interval between the smallest and largest values in a frequency distribution or a set of data.9. A group or series of things extending in a line or row, especially a row or chain of mountains.10. One of a series of double-faced bookcases in a library stack room.11. A north-south strip of townships, each six miles square, numbered east and west from a specified meridian in a US public land survey.12. A stove with spaces for cooking a number of things at the same time.v. ranged, rang·ing, rang·es v.intr.1. To vary within specified limits: sizes that range from small to extra large.2. To extend in a particular direction: a river that ranges to the east.3. To cover or have application to a number of things: Their conversation ranged over the major issues of the day. Her responsibilities range across all aspects of the negotiations.4. a. To move through, along, or around in an area or region: Raiders ranged up and down the coast.b. To wander freely; roam: allowed the animals to range freely.5. To look over something or around an area or place: The teacher's eyes ranged over the class.6. To live or grow within a particular region: "Some animals and plants range over a large portion of the world, yet retain the same character" (Charles Darwin).v.tr.1. To arrange or dispose in a particular order, especially in rows or lines: "In the front seats of the galleries were ranged the ladies of the court" (Carolly Erickson).2. To assign to a particular category; classify: Her works are often ranged under the headings Mystery and Science Fiction.3. To move through or along or around in (an area or region): The scouts ranged the mountain forests. The patrol boat ranged the coast.4. To look over or throughout (something): His eyes ranged the room, looking for the letter.5. To turn (livestock) onto an extensive area of open land for grazing.6. a. To align (a gun, for example) with a target.b. To determine the distance of (a target).c. To be capable of reaching (a maximum distance).7. Nautical To uncoil (an anchor cable) on deck so the anchor may descend easily.

[Middle English, row, rank, from Old French, from earlier, renge, from rengier, to put in a row, from renc, reng, row, of Germanic origin; see sker- in Indo-European roots.]Synonyms: range, ambit, compass, orbit, purview, reach, scope, sweep
These nouns denote an area within which something acts, operates, or has power or control: the range of the book's subject; the ambit of municipal legislation; information within the compass of the article; countries within the political orbit of a world power; regulations under the government's purview; outside the reach of the law; issues within the scope of an investigation; outside the sweep of federal authority. See Also Synonyms at wander.

range

(reɪndʒ) n1. the limits within which a person or thing can function effectively: the range of vision. 2. the limits within which any fluctuation takes place: a range of values. 3. (Commerce) the total products of a manufacturer, designer, or stockist: the new autumn range. 4. (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) a. the maximum effective distance of a projectile fired from a weaponb. the distance between a target and a weapon5. (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) an area set aside for shooting practice or rocket testing6. the total distance which a ship, aircraft, or land vehicle is capable of covering without taking on fresh fuel: the range of this car is about 160 miles. 7. (General Physics) physics the distance that a particle of ionizing radiation, such as an electron or proton, can travel through a given medium, esp air, before ceasing to cause ionization8. (Mathematics) maths logic a. (of a function) the set of values that the function takes for all possible arguments. Compare domain^7ab. (of a variable) the set of values that a variable can takec. (of a quantifier) the set of values that the variable bound by the quantifier can take9. (Logic) maths logic a. (of a function) the set of values that the function takes for all possible arguments. Compare domain^7ab. (of a variable) the set of values that a variable can takec. (of a quantifier) the set of values that the variable bound by the quantifier can take10. (Statistics) statistics a measure of dispersion obtained by subtracting the smallest from the largest sample values11. (Music, other) the extent of pitch difference between the highest and lowest notes of a voice, instrument, etc12. (Agriculture) a. an extensive tract of open land on which livestock can grazeb. (as modifier): range cattle. 13. (Biology) the geographical region in which a species of plant or animal normally grows or lives14. a rank, row, or series of items15. (Physical Geography) a series or chain of mountains16. (Cookery) a large stove with burners and one or more ovens, usually heated by solid fuel17. the act or process of ranging18. (Nautical Terms) nautical a line of sight taken from the sea along two or more navigational aids that mark a navigable channel19. (Surveying) the extension or direction of a survey line, established by marking two or more points20. (Library Science & Bibliography) a double-faced bookcase, as in a library21. (Philosophy) range of significance philosophy logic the set of subjects for which a given predicate is intelligiblevb22. to establish or be situated in a line, row, or series23. (foll by: with) to put into a specific category; classify: she ranges herself with the angels. 24. (foll by on) to aim or point (a telescope, gun, etc) or (of a gun, telescope, etc) to be pointed or aimed25. (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) to establish the distance of (a target) from (a weapon)26. (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) (intr) (of a gun or missile) to have a specified range27. (when: intr, foll by over) to traverse (an area); roam (over)28. (Biology) (foll by: over) (of an animal or plant) to live or grow in its normal habitat29. (Agriculture) (tr) to put (cattle) to graze on a range30. (intr) to fluctuate within specific limits: their ages range from 18 to 21. 31. (intr) to extend or run in a specific direction32. (Nautical Terms) (tr) nautical to coil (an anchor rope or chain) so that it will pay out smoothly33. (Nautical Terms) (intr) nautical (of a vessel) to swing back and forth while at anchor34. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) (tr) to make (lines of printers' type) level or even at the margin[C13: from Old French: row, from ranger to position, from renc line]

range

(reɪndʒ)

n., adj., v. ranged, rang•ing. n. 1. the extent to which or the limits between which variation is possible: the range of steel prices. 2. the extent or scope of something: one's range of vision. 3. the distance to which a projectile may be sent by a weapon. 4. the distance of the target from the weapon. 5. an area equipped with targets for practice in shooting: a rifle range. 6. an area used for flight-testing missiles. 7. the distance of something from the point of operation, as in sound ranging. 8. the distance that can be covered by an aircraft, ship, etc., carrying a normal load without refueling. 9. the difference between the largest and smallest values in a statistical distribution. 10. a continuous course of masonry of the same height from end to end. 11. a. the horizontal direction or extension of a survey line established by two or more marked points. b. one of a series of divisions of tracts of public land numbered east and west from the principal meridian of a survey and consisting of a tier of townships. 12. (in navigation) a line established by markers or lights on shore for the location of soundings. 13. a rank, class, or order. 14. a row, line, or series, as of persons or things. 15. the act of moving around, as over an area or region. 16. Also called rangeland. an area or tract that is or may be ranged over, esp. an open region for the grazing of livestock. 17. the region over which a population or species is distributed: the range of the Baltimore oriole. 18. Math. the set of all values attained by a given function throughout its domain. 19. a chain of mountains forming a single system: the Cascade Range. 20. a large cooking stove having burners on the top surface and containing one or more ovens. adj. 21. working or grazing on a range. v.t. 22. to draw up or arrange (persons or things) in rows or lines or in a specific position. 23. to place in a particular class; classify. 24. to make straight, level, or even, as lines of type. 25. to pass over or through (an area or region), as in exploring. 26. to pasture (cattle) on a range. 27. to direct or train, as a telescope. 28. to ascertain the distance of. 29. to lay out (an anchor cable) so that the anchor may descend smoothly. v.i. 30. to vary within certain limits: Prices range from $20 to $50. 31. to extend within extreme points of a scale: emotions ranging from smugness to despair. 32. to move around or through a region, as animals. 33. to roam or wander: talks ranging over a variety of subjects. 34. to extend in a certain direction: a boundary ranging from east and west. 35. to lie or extend in the same line or plane as another or others. 36. to extend or occur over an area or throughout a period, as an animal or plant. 37. to find the range of something aimed at or to be located. Idioms: in range, Naut. (of two or more objects observed from a vessel) located one directly behind the other. [1350–1400; (n.) < Old French renge row]

range

(rānj)1. The set of all values that a given function may have. Compare domain.2. The difference between the smallest and largest values in a set of data. If the lowest test score of a group of students is 54 and the highest is 94, the range is 40.

range

1. The distance between any given point and an object or target.
2. Extent or distance limiting the operation or action of something, such as the range of an aircraft, ship, or gun.
3. The distance that can be covered over a hard surface by a ground vehicle, with its rated payload, using the fuel in its tank and its cans normally carried as part of the ground vehicle equipment.
4. Area equipped for practice in shooting at targets. In this meaning, also called target range.

Range

a series of things; a row, line, or file.Examples: range of beehives, 1836; of books, 1863; of buildings, 1618; of campfires, 1677; of cliffs, 1859; of colours; of emotions; of hunters; of islands, 1748; of ladies, 1760; of morasses, 1791; of mountains, 1705; of oars, 1652; of outbuildings; of ovens; of pillars, 1511; of piles; of pupils, 1847; of soldiers; of trees, 1695; of vases, 1786.

range

Past participle: ranged
Gerund: ranging

Imperative
range
range

Present
I range
you range
he/she/it ranges
we range
you range
they range

Preterite
I ranged
you ranged
he/she/it ranged
we ranged
you ranged
they ranged

Present Continuous
I am ranging
you are ranging
he/she/it is ranging
we are ranging
you are ranging
they are ranging

Present Perfect
I have ranged
you have ranged
he/she/it has ranged
we have ranged
you have ranged
they have ranged

Past Continuous
I was ranging
you were ranging
he/she/it was ranging
we were ranging
you were ranging
they were ranging

Past Perfect
I had ranged
you had ranged
he/she/it had ranged
we had ranged
you had ranged
they had ranged

Future
I will range
you will range
he/she/it will range
we will range
you will range
they will range

Future Perfect
I will have ranged
you will have ranged
he/she/it will have ranged
we will have ranged
you will have ranged
they will have ranged

Future Continuous
I will be ranging
you will be ranging
he/she/it will be ranging
we will be ranging
you will be ranging
they will be ranging

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been ranging
you have been ranging
he/she/it has been ranging
we have been ranging
you have been ranging
they have been ranging

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been ranging
you will have been ranging
he/she/it will have been ranging
we will have been ranging
you will have been ranging
they will have been ranging

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been ranging
you had been ranging
he/she/it had been ranging
we had been ranging
you had been ranging
they had been ranging

Conditional
I would range
you would range
he/she/it would range
we would range
you would range
they would range

Past Conditional
I would have ranged
you would have ranged
he/she/it would have ranged
we would have ranged
you would have ranged
they would have ranged

Range

1. A region used for livestock grazing.2. Often used interchangeably with “cookstove,” but sometimes implying a large cookstove, and sometimes meaning a cookstove with a shelf or warming oven above the main stove surface.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	range - an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"; "a piano has a greater range than the human voice"; "the ambit of municipal legislation"; "within the compass of this article"; "within the scope of an investigation"; "outside the reach of the law"; "in the political orbit of a world power"ambit, scope, reach, compass, orbitextent - the distance or area or volume over which something extends; "the vast extent of the desert"; "an orchard of considerable extent"approximate range, ballpark - near to the scope or range of something; "his answer wasn't even in the right ballpark"confines - a bounded scope; "he stayed within the confines of the city"contrast - the range of optical density and tone on a photographic negative or print (or the extent to which adjacent areas on a television screen differ in brightness)internationality, internationalism - quality of being international in scope; "he applauded the internationality of scientific terminology"latitude - scope for freedom of e.g. action or thought; freedom from restrictionpurview, horizon, view - the range of interest or activity that can be anticipated; "It is beyond the horizon of present knowledge"expanse, sweep - a wide scope; "the sweep of the plains"gamut - a complete extent or range: "a face that expressed a gamut of emotions"spectrum - a broad range of related objects or values or qualities or ideas or activitiespalette, pallet - the range of colour characteristic of a particular artist or painting or school of art
	2.	range - the limits within which something can be effective; "range of motion"; "he was beyond the reach of their fire"reachearreach, earshot, hearing - the range within which a voice can be heard; "the children were told to stay within earshot"eyeshot, view - the range of the eye; "they were soon out of view"limit - as far as something can gorifle range, rifle shot - the distance that a rifle bullet will carry; "the target was out of rifle range"
	3.	range - a large tract of grassy open land on which livestock can graze; "they used to drive the cattle across the open range every spring"; "he dreamed of a home on the range"home range, home territory - the area in which an animal normally rangesparcel of land, piece of ground, piece of land, tract, parcel - an extended area of land
	4.	range - a series of hills or mountains; "the valley was between two ranges of hills"; "the plains lay just beyond the mountain range"chain of mountains, mountain chain, mountain range, range of mountains, chaingeological formation, formation - (geology) the geological features of the earthmassif - a block of the earth's crust bounded by faults and shifted to form peaks of a mountain rangemountain pass, notch, pass - the location in a range of mountains of a geological formation that is lower than the surrounding peaks; "we got through the pass before it started to snow"
	5.	range - a place for shooting (firing or driving) projectiles of various kinds; "the army maintains a missile range in the desert"; "any good golf club will have a range where you can practice"facility, installation - a building or place that provides a particular service or is used for a particular industry; "the assembly plant is an enormous facility"practice range - a place for practicing golf shotsrifle range - a range where people can practice shooting rifles; "during the war they turned the bowling alleys into rifle ranges"test range - a range for conducting tests
	6.	range - a variety of different things or activities; "he answered a range of questions"; "he was impressed by the range and diversity of the collection"band - a range of frequencies between two limitsassortment, miscellanea, miscellany, mixed bag, motley, potpourri, salmagundi, smorgasbord, variety, mixture - a collection containing a variety of sorts of things; "a great assortment of cars was on display"; "he had a variety of disorders"; "a veritable smorgasbord of religions"
	7.	range - (mathematics) the set of values of the dependent variable for which a function is defined; "the image of f(x) = x^2 is the set of all non-negative real numbers if the domain of the function is the set of all real numbers"range of a function, imagemath, mathematics, maths - a science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangementset - (mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols; "the set of prime numbers is infinite"
	8.	range - the limit of capability; "within the compass of education"grasp, compass, reachcapableness, potentiality, capability - an aptitude that may be developedken, sight - the range of vision; "out of sight of land"
	9.	range - a kitchen appliance used for cooking food; "dinner was already on the stove"cooking stove, kitchen range, kitchen stove, stovecharcoal burner - a stove that burns charcoal as fuelcookstove - a stove for cooking (especially a wood- or coal-burning kitchen stove)electric range - a kitchen range in which the heat for cooking is provided by electric powergas cooker, gas range, gas stove - a range with gas rings and an oven for cooking with gasgrate, grating - a frame of iron bars to hold a firekitchen appliance - a home appliance used in preparing foodpotbelly stove, potbelly - a bulbous stove in which wood or coal is burnedPrimus stove, Primus - a portable paraffin cooking stove; used by campersspirit stove - a stove that burns a volatile liquid fuel such as alcohol
Verb	1.	range - change or be different within limits; "Estimates for the losses in the earthquake range as high as $2 billion"; "Interest rates run from 5 to 10 percent"; "The instruments ranged from tuba to cymbals"; "My students range from very bright to dull"runbe - have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"extend, run, lead, pass, go - stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point; "Service runs all the way to Cranbury"; "His knowledge doesn't go very far"; "My memory extends back to my fourth year of life"; "The facts extend beyond a consideration of her personal assets"lead, run - cause something to pass or lead somewhere; "Run the wire behind the cabinet"
	2.	range - move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment; "The gypsies roamed the woods"; "roving vagabonds"; "the wandering Jew"; "The cattle roam across the prairie"; "the laborers drift from one town to the next"; "They rolled from town to town"roam, rove, stray, vagabond, wander, ramble, swan, drift, tramp, cast, rollgo, locomote, move, travel - change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically; "How fast does your new car go?"; "We travelled from Rome to Naples by bus"; "The policemen went from door to door looking for the suspect"; "The soldiers moved towards the city in an attempt to take it before night fell"; "news travelled fast"maunder - wander aimlesslygad, gallivant, jazz around - wander aimlessly in search of pleasuredrift, err, stray - wander from a direct course or at random; "The child strayed from the path and her parents lost sight of her"; "don't drift from the set course"wander - go via an indirect route or at no set pace; "After dinner, we wandered into town"
	3.	range - have a range; be capable of projecting over a certain distance, as of a gun; "This gun ranges over two miles"carry - be conveyed over a certain distance; "Her voice carries very well in this big opera house"
	4.	range - range or extend over; occupy a certain area; "The plants straddle the entire state"straddleconstitute, make up, comprise, be, represent - form or compose; "This money is my only income"; "The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance"; "These constitute my entire belonging"; "The children made up the chorus"; "This sum represents my entire income for a year"; "These few men comprise his entire army"spread-eagle - stretch over; "His residences spread-eagle the entire county"
	5.	range - lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line; "lay out the clothes"; "lay out the arguments"array, lay out, set outarrange, set up - put into a proper or systematic order; "arrange the books on the shelves in chronological order"compart - lay out in parts according to a plan
	6.	range - feed as in a meadow or pasture; "the herd was grazing"graze, pasture, browse, cropeat, feed - take in food; used of animals only; "This dog doesn't eat certain kinds of meat"; "What do whales eat?"range - let eat; "range the animals in the prairie"pasture, graze, crop - let feed in a field or pasture or meadow
	7.	range - let eat; "range the animals in the prairie"feed, give - give food to; "Feed the starving children in India"; "don't give the child this tough meat"graze, pasture, browse, crop, range - feed as in a meadow or pasture; "the herd was grazing"
	8.	range - assign a rank or rating to; "how would you rank these students?"; "The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide"grade, rate, rank, place, ordersuperordinate - place in a superior order or rank; "These two notions are superordinated to a third"shortlist - put someone or something on a short listseed - distribute (players or teams) so that outstanding teams or players will not meet in the early roundsreorder - assign a new order tosubordinate - rank or order as less important or consider of less value; "Art is sometimes subordinated to Science in these schools"prioritise, prioritize - assign a priority to; "we have too many things to do and must prioritize"sequence - arrange in a sequencedowngrade - rate lower; lower in value or esteemupgrade - rate higher; raise in value or esteempass judgment, evaluate, judge - form a critical opinion of; "I cannot judge some works of modern art"; "How do you evaluate this grant proposal?" "We shouldn't pass judgment on other people"

range

noun1. series, variety, selection, assortment, lot, collection, gamut The two men discussed a range of issues.2. limits, reach, distance, sweep, extent, pale, confines, parameters (informal), ambit The average age range is between 35 and 55.3. scope, area, field, bounds, province, orbit, span, domain, compass, latitude, radius, amplitude, purview, sphere The trees on the mountain within my range of vision had all been felled.4. series, line, row, file, rank, chain, string, sequence, tier the massive mountain ranges to the north5. pasture, grass, paddock, grassland, grazing land, pastureland The job requires workers to attend herds on the range.verb1. vary, run, reach, extend, go, stretch, fluctuate offering merchandise ranging from the everyday to the esoteric2. arrange, order, line up, sequence, array, dispose, draw up, align More than 1,500 police are ranged against them.3. roam, explore, wander, rove, sweep, cruise, stroll, ramble, traverse, go walkabout (Austral.) They range widely in search of carrion.4. group, class, file, rank, arrange, grade, catalogue, classify, bracket, categorize, pigeonhole The pots are all ranged in neat rows.

range

noun1. The extent of one's perception, understanding, knowledge, or vision:horizon, ken, purview, reach, scope.2. The ability or power to seize or attain:capacity, compass, grasp, reach, scope.3. An area within which something or someone exists, acts, or has influence or power:ambit, compass, extension, extent, orbit, purview, reach, realm, scope, sphere, sweep, swing.4. Approximate size or amount:vicinity.Informal: neighborhood.verb1. To put into a deliberate order:arrange, array, deploy, dispose, marshal, order, organize, sort, systematize.2. To place in or form a line or lines:align, line (up).3. To assign to a class or classes:categorize, class, classify, distribute, grade, group, pigeonhole, place, rank, rate.4. To change or fluctuate within limits:extend, go, run, vary.5. To move about at random, especially over a wide area:drift, gad, gallivant, meander, peregrinate, ramble, roam, rove, stray, traipse, wander.

Translations

射程山脉投射范围距离排列排列成行

range

(reindʒ) noun1. a selection or variety. a wide range of books for sale; He has a very wide range of interests. 类，种范围，领域 2. the distance over which an object can be sent or thrown, sound can be heard etc. What is the range of this missile?; We are within range of / beyond the range of / out of range of their guns. 射程，投射范围距离 3. the amount between certain limits. I'm hoping for a salary within the range $30,000 to $34,000; the range of a person's voice between his highest and lowest notes.变化范围4. a row or series. a mountain range.一行或一系列5. in the United States, land, usually without fences, on which cattle etc can graze. 放牧区6. a place where a person can practise shooting etc; a rifle-range. 射击场7. a large kitchen stove with a flat top. 炉灶 verb1. to put in a row or rows. The two armies were ranged on opposite sides of the valley.排列成行2. to vary between certain limits. Weather conditions here range between bad and dreadful / from bad to dreadful. （在一定范围内）变动 3. to go, move, extend etc. His talk ranged over a number of topics. 涉及，漫游 ˈranger noun1. a person who looks after a forest or park. 园林看守, ，护林员 2. (American) a soldier who is a member of a specially trained force; a commando. 别动队队员，突击队员

range

→ 射程zhCN, 山脉zhCN, 排列zhCN

range

range,

large area of land unsuited to cultivation but supporting native grasses and other plants suitable for livestock grazing. Principal areas in the western hemisphere are the pampaspampas
, wide, flat, grassy plains of temperate S South America, c.300,000 sq mi (777,000 sq km), particularly in Argentina and extending into Uruguay. Although the region gradually rises to the west, it appears mostly level. Precipitation decreases from east to west.
..... Click the link for more information. of South America and the prairiesprairies,
generally level, originally grass-covered and treeless plains of North America, stretching from W Ohio through Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa to the Great Plains region.
..... Click the link for more information. of the United States and Canada. Originally the entire ranges of the W United States and Canada were unfenced public land. Under the Homestead Act (1862), more than 50% of the Western range land in the United States passed to private ownership and was fenced with barbed wire. The national forests and other public lands of the West still contain vast unfenced ranges; grazing permits are purchased by ranch owners. Ranges are known as summer or winter ranges according to the time of year when grazing conditions are best. Range management involves regulation of grazing and other economically productive uses of range land to prevent overgrazing or other abuse of the resource.

Range

In masonry, a course of stonework laid in courses.

range

see MEASURES OF DISPERSION.

Range

(Russian areal), the part of the earth’s land surface or water area within the limits of which one or another species (genus, family, and so on) of animals or plants can be found. A range is called continuous if a species is found over the entire region in habitats suitable for its survival. It is called discontinuous or disjunctive if between two or more areas inhabited by a species there are intervening spaces of sufficient size that any contact between populations of a species divided by these spaces is impossible. Sometimes the range is basically continuous, but near its outer limits there are isolated sections which are called island habitats or exclaves. Ranges vary in size: some animals and plants inhabit only a very limited area (for example, a particular mountain top, an island, a mountain gorge, or an isolated lake); others are widely distributed over several continents, on which they occupy enormous areas. Groups of organisms (families and other higher categories—for example, cereals or passerine birds) that are found practically over the entire planet (more exactly, over all dry land or in all oceans) are called cosmopolitan; there are probably no cosmopolitan species.

The range originally represents an area in which a species originates. This may be expanded at some later stage when the species is dispersed; the scale of dispersion depends on the means of dispersal, ability to adapt, and external factors, such as change of climate and other environmental conditions, relationship between dry land and bodies of water, and so on. The range may decrease as a result of the extinction of the species in part of the total area occupied by it. The development of the species may be interrupted, or it may decrease to an insignificant remnant which, as a rule, anticipates extinction of the species. In studying ranges it is essential to map them. The comparative study of ranges is very important in studying flora and fauna. Charts of ranges are widely used in computing the distribution of plant and animal resources, farm and forest pests, disease carriers, and so on.

REFERENCE

Tolmachev, A. I. Osnovy ucheniia ob arealakh. Leningrad, 1962.

A. I. TOLMACHEV

Range

a stove for cooking in residences, canteens, and restaurants. The traditional type of range uses solid fuel and generally has a cast-iron heating surface with burners, an oven, and sometimes a hot-water tank. The frame is made of brick or a metal such as cast iron or steel. These ranges often also heat the rooms adjoining the kitchen; in this case they have a heating panel— a wall, usually of brick, containing gas pipes for the hot gases, which then go into the chimney.

Gas ranges made of sheet steel and of cast iron are in wide use. Their disadvantage is that the combustion products of the gas, including carbon monoxide, enter the kitchen. Most desirable are electric ranges, which automatically regulate heat in the preparation of food and which are easy to keep clean.

Range

in statistics, the difference between the greatest and least values of observation results. Suppose X₁,…, X_n are mutually independent random variables with the distribution function F(x) and probability density f(x). In this case, the range W_n is defined as the difference between the greatest and least values of x₁, …, X_n; it is a random variable to which there corresponds the distribution function

where w ≥ 0. If w < 0, then P{W≤w) = 0.

In mathematical statistics, an appropriately normalized range is used as an estimate of an unknown standard deviation. Suppose, for example, X_k has a normal distribution with parameters (a, a). For n = 5 and n = 10, the quantities 0.42991 w₅ and 0.3249 W_l0, respectively, are unbiased estimates of σ Such estimates are often used in statistical quality control, since complex calculations are not required to determine the range of several results.

REFERENCE

Hald, A. Matematicheskaia statistika s tekhnicheskimi prilozheniiami. Moscow, 1956. (Translated from English.)

range

[rānj] (civil engineering) Any series of contiguous townships of the U.S. Public Land Survey system. (communications) In printing telegraphy, that fraction of a perfect signal element through which the time of selection may be varied to occur earlier or later than the normal time of selection without causing errors while signals are being received; the range of a printing telegraph receiving device is commonly measured in percent of a perfect signal element by adjusting the indicator. Upper and lower limits through which the index arm of the range-finder mechanism of a teletypewriter may be moved and still receive correct copy. (control systems) The maximum distance a robot's arm or wrist can travel. Also known as reach. The volume comprising the locations to which a robot's arm or wrist can travel. (ecology) The area or region over which a species is distributed. (engineering) The distance capability of an aircraft, missile, gun, radar, or radio transmitter. A line defined by two fixed landmarks, used for missile or vehicle testing and other test purposes. (mathematics) The range of a function ƒ from a set X to a set Y consists of those elements y in Y for which there is an x in X with ƒ(x) = y. (mechanics) The horizontal component of a projectile displacement at the instant it strikes the ground. (navigation) A line of bearing defined by a radio range. (communications) radio range (nucleonics) The distance that a given ionizing particle can penetrate a given medium before its energy drops to the point that the particle no longer produces ionization. (physics) The greatest distance between two particles at which a given force between them is appreciable. (statistics) The difference between the maximums and minimums of a variable quantity.

range

1. In masonry, a row or course, as of stone. 2. A line of objects in direct succession, as a range of columns.

range

1. the total products of a manufacturer, designer, or stockist 2. Physics the distance that a particle of ionizing radiation, such as an electron or proton, can travel through a given medium, esp air, before ceasing to cause ionization 3. Maths Logica. (of a function) the set of values that the function takes for all possible arguments b. (of a variable) the set of values that a variable can take c. (of a quantifier) the set of values that the variable bound by the quantifier can take 4. the extent of pitch difference between the highest and lowest notes of a voice, instrument, etc. 5. the geographical region in which a species of plant or animal normally grows or lives 6. a series or chain of mountains 7. Nautical a line of sight taken from the sea along two or more navigational aids that mark a navigable channel 8. range of significance Philosophy Logic the set of subjects for which a given predicate is intelligible

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range

(1) In data entry validation, a group of values from a minimum to a maximum.

(2) With spreadsheets, a series of cells that are worked on as a group. It may refer to a row, column or rectangular block defined by one corner and its diagonally opposite corner.

(3) A geographic distance.

(4) A group of frequencies.

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Synonyms for range

noun series

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noun limits

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noun scope

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noun series

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noun pasture

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verb vary

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